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    Trigonometric Identities - Purplemath

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    Isi Oboh
    This document contains summaries of various trigonometric identities including: 1) Basic trigonometric ratio identities that relate reciprocal functions like csc and tan. 2) Pythagorean identities that relate trig functions of an angle to 1, like sin^2 + cos^2 = 1. 3) Angle sum and difference identities that express trig functions of sums and differences of angles in terms of individual angle functions. 4) Double angle identities that relate trig functions of twice an angle to individual angle functions. 5) Half angle identities that do the same for half an angle. 6) Sum and product identities that combine multiple angle trig functions.

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    Trigonometric Identities - Purplemath

    Uploaded by

    Isi Oboh
    86 views4 pages
    This document contains summaries of various trigonometric identities including: 1) Basic trigonometric ratio identities that relate reciprocal functions like csc and tan. 2) Pythagorean identities that relate trig functions of an angle to 1, like sin^2 + cos^2 = 1. 3) Angle sum and difference identities that express trig functions of sums and differences of angles in terms of individual angle functions. 4) Double angle identities that relate trig functions of twice an angle to individual angle functions. 5) Half angle identities that do the same for half an angle. 6) Sum and product identities that combine multiple angle trig functions.

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    Trigonometric Identities _ Purplemath

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    This document contains summaries of various trigonometric identities including: 1) Basic trigonometric ratio identities that relate reciprocal functions like csc and tan. 2) Pythagorean identities that relate trig functions of an angle to 1, like sin^2 + cos^2 = 1. 3) Angle sum and difference identities that express trig functions of sums and differences of angles in terms of individual angle functions. 4) Double angle identities that relate trig functions of twice an angle to individual angle functions. 5) Half angle identities that do the same for half an angle. 6) Sum and product identities that combine multiple angle trig functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    86 views4 pages

    Trigonometric Identities - Purplemath

    Uploaded by

    Isi Oboh
    This document contains summaries of various trigonometric identities including: 1) Basic trigonometric ratio identities that relate reciprocal functions like csc and tan. 2) Pythagorean identities that relate trig functions of an angle to 1, like sin^2 + cos^2 = 1. 3) Angle sum and difference identities that express trig functions of sums and differences of angles in terms of individual angle functions. 4) Double angle identities that relate trig functions of twice an angle to individual angle functions. 5) Half angle identities that do the same for half an angle. 6) Sum and product identities that combine multiple angle trig functions.

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    You are on page 1of 4

    (index.

    htm)

    Trigonometric Identities
    In mathematics, an "identity" is an equation which is always true. These can be "trivially" true, like "x = x"
    or usefully true, such as the Pythagorean Theorem's "a2 + b2 = c2" for right triangles. There are loads
    of trigonometric identities, but the following are the ones you're most likely to see and use.

    Basic & Pythagorean, Angle-Sum & -Difference, Double-Angle, Half-Angle, Sum, Product

    Basic and Pythagorean Identities


    1
    csc(x) =
    sin(x)
    1
    sin(x) =
    csc(x)
    1
    sec(x) =
    cos(x)
    1
    cos(x) =
    sec(x)
    1 cos(x)
    cot(x) = =
    tan(x) sin(x)
    1 sin(x)
    tan(x) = =
    cot(x) cos(x)
    Notice how a "co-(something)" trig ratio is always the reciprocal of some "non-co" ratio. You can use this
    fact to help you keep straight that cosecant goes with sine and secant goes with cosine.

    The following (particularly the first of the three below) are called "Pythagorean" identities.

    sin2(t) + cos2(t) = 1

    tan2(t) + 1 = sec2(t)

    1 + cot2(t) = csc2(t)

    Note that the three identities above all involve squaring and the number 1. You can see the
    Pythagorean-Thereom relationship clearly if you consider the unit circle (unitcirc.htm), where the angle is
    t, the "opposite" side is sin(t) = y, the "adjacent" side is cos(t) = x, and the hypotenuse is 1.

    We have additional identities related to the functional status of the trig ratios:

    sin(–t) = –sin(t)
    /
    cos(–t) = cos(t)

    tan(–t) = –tan(t)

    Notice in particular that sine and tangent are odd functions (fcnnot3.htm), being symmetric about the
    origin, while cosine is an even function (fcnnot3.htm), being symmetric about the y-axis. The fact that
    you can take the argument's "minus" sign outside (for sine and tangent) or eliminate it entirely
    (for cosine) can be helpful when working with complicated expressions.

    Angle-Sum and -Difference Identities

    sin(α + β) = sin(α) cos(β) + cos(α) sin(β)

    sin(α – β) = sin(α) cos(β) – cos(α) sin(β)

    cos(α + β) = cos(α) cos(β) – sin(α) sin(β)

    cos(α – β) = cos(α) cos(β) + sin(α) sin(β)

    tan(α) + tan(β)
    tan(α + β) =
    1 − tan(α) tan(β)

    tan(α) − tan(β)
    tan(α − β) =
    1 + tan(α) tan(β)
    By the way, in the above identities, the angles are denoted by Greek letters (grklttrs.htm). The a-type
    letter, "α", is called "alpha", which is pronounced "AL-fuh". The b-type letter, "β", is called "beta", which is
    pronounced "BAY-tuh".

    Double-Angle Identities

    sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x)

    cos(2x) = cos2(x) – sin2(x) = 1 – 2 sin2(x) = 2 cos2(x) – 1

    2 tan(x)
    tan(2x) =
    1 − tan2 (x)

    Half-Angle Identities

    x 1 − cos(x)
    sin ( ) = ±
    2 2

    x 1 + cos(x)
    cos ( ) = ±
    2 2

    x 1 − cos(x)
    tan ( ) = ±
    2 1 + cos(x)

    /
    1 − cos(x)
    =
    sin(x)

    sin(x)
    =
    1 + cos(x)
    The above identities can be re-stated by squaring each side and doubling all of the angle measures. The
    results are as follows:

    sin2 (x) = 12 [1 − cos(2x)]

    cos2 (x) = 12 [1 + cos(2x)]

    1 − cos(2x)
    tan2 (x) =
    1 + cos(2x)

    Sum Identities

    x+y x−y
    sin(x) + sin(y) = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
    2 2

    x+y x−y
    sin(x) − sin(y) = 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
    2 2

    x+y x−y
    cos(x) + cos(y) = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
    2 2

    x+y x−y
    cos(x) − cos(y) = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
    2 2

    Product Identities

    sin(x) cos(y) = 12 [ sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)]

    cos(x) sin(y) = 12 [ sin(x + y) − sin(x − y)]

    cos(x) cos(y) = 12 [ cos(x − y) + cos(x + y)]

    sin(x) sin(y) = 12 [ cos(x − y) − cos(x + y)]


    You will be using all of these identities, or nearly so, for proving other trig identities and for solving trig
    equations. However, if you're going on to study calculus, pay particular attention to the restated sine and
    cosine half-angle identities, because you'll be using them a lot in integral calculus.

    URL: https://www.purplemath.com/modules/idents.htm

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