PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

LAW 111
1st semester, AY 2020-2021
Prof. Jacqueline F. Espenilla
Block G TTh 4:00-5:30pm
Block E WF 5:00-6:30pm

SYLLABUS

I. Course Description
An introduction to the international legal system with emphasis on sources and subjects
of law and international responsibility [3u.]

II. Minimum Course Outcomes (CO):

By the end of the course, students are expected to be able to:
CO1 Identify the international law issues in a set of facts
CO2 Analyze international law issues by applying relevant international law concepts,
rules, and principles
CO3 Formulate effective, convincing, and legally sound international law arguments
(1) supporting several alternative positions on an international law issues; and
(2) promoting the rule of law in the international legal system.
CO4 Evaluate an international law argument in terms of: (1) its legal validity in the
international legal system and, if applicable, in the Philippine national legal
system; and (2) its relation to establishing structures for a just, orderly, and
equitable society.

III. Class structure

The class will be conducted via a combination of asynchronous activities and synchronous
discussion sessions. To facilitate this structure, we will be using the Moodle Learning
Management System (LMS) and Zoom.

There will be three (3) types of asynchronous activities for this class: interactive lessons,
the completion of a collaborative class project (a public international law wiki), and the
submission of case digests.

• Interactive lessons: In lieu of the usual lecture and recitation, the student will be
asked to log on to the Moodle LMS and complete lessons within an allotted time.
This lesson could take the form of powerpoint presentations (pdf copies of which
may be downloaded from Moodle after successful completion of the lesson) or
pre-recorded lectures. Please note that in order to complete some of the lessons,
the student must be able to answer a number of challenge questions

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 interspersed throughout the presentation/lecture series. By design, Moodle
automatically reports the student’s progress to the Professor as well his/her
number of attempts and how well he/she did per attempt. In other cases, the
student will be asked to participate in a discussion board and/or submit 1-2page
essays.
• Public international law wiki: Although this wiki is meant to be a collaborative
class project, each student is required to research and write out a minimum of
fifteen (15) wiki entries, which can cover key concepts/principles,
treaties/agreements, legal customs, actors, etc. (wiki format of entries to be
discussed in class) of his/her choosing.
• Digests: Each student is required to personally prepare digests for the cases that
will be assigned to them (assignments to follow). I emphasize that these digests
are meant to be aids in learning for our class. Thus, they must be tailor-fit for the
specific topics under which they are listed, and must conform to the format that
will be prescribed by the professor. Moreover, they will be uploaded to the LMS
in order to be accessible to all members of the class.

The synchronous sessions will take the place of the customary in-classroom classes. I
intend to hold 1 synchronous session per module. Each session will last for approximately
1.5 hours and I will expect students to come prepared (i.e. must have read all the assigned
readings; must have completed the interactive lessons). Please note that, schedule
permitting, synchronous BATCH sessions may also be held under the supervision of all the
PIL professors.

IV. Criteria for grading

a. Synchronous sessions
i. Active participation during group discussions/reporting ------------ 20%
b. Asynchronous activities
i. Interactive lessons ------------------------------------------------------------ 20%
ii. PIL Wiki --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20%
iii. Digests ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15%
c. Final Exam (including DeptEx) ----------------------------------------------------- 25%
_______
100%

V. Completion Periods/Deadlines
a. Completion of interactive lessons on Moodle – any time after previous Module to any
time before relevant synchronous session
b. Digests – any time after previous Module to any time before relevant synchronous
session; must be uploaded to Moodle
c. PIL Wiki – Dec. 9 (Wed); contributions must be uploaded to Moodle

VI. Recommended textbooks:

a. Malcolm N. Shaw. International Law (8th ed.)

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 b. James Crawford. Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (8th ed.)

VII. Treaties and Other International Instruments

a. Charter of the United Nations [UN Charter]
b. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties [VCLT]
c. Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States [Montevideo Convention]
d. Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with
Commentaries [ARSIWA]
e. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea [UNCLOS]
f. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations [VCDR]
g. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations [VCCR]
h. Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection with Commentaries [ADP]
i. Draft Articles on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property [AJI]
j. Refugee Convention [RC]
k. Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR]
l. International Convention on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR]
m. International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [ICESCR]
n. 1st to 4th Geneva Conventions (Common Article 3; Selected provisions) and Additional
Protocol I and II (API and APII)
o. Stockholm Declaration

VIII. Consultation: via email only - jfespenilla@outlook.up.edu.ph

IX. Modules and required readings

a. MODULE 1: Concept and Origins of Public International Law (PIL)

i. Minimum outcomes:
After completing this module, the student should be able to –
1. Narrate the origins and evolution process of international law
2. Describe the concept of international law
3. Explain the general relationship between international law and Philippine law
4. Explain Philippine approaches to international law
ii. Topics:
1. Concept of international law
a) Is international law really law?
2. Origins/Historical development
3. Relationship of international law and municipal law
a) Monism vs Dualism
b) Philippine approach to international law; Incorporation vs
Transformation
iii. Required Materials:
1. Shaw, pp. 1-49; 96-105
2. Crawford, pp. 3-19; Crawford, pp. 48-61
3. 1987 Constitution, Art. II, Sec. 2; Art. VII, Sec. 21; Art. VIII, Sec. 5(2)(a)

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 4. D’Amato, Anthony. “Is International Law Really Law?” (2010) Faculty Working
Papers. Northwestern University School of Law. Paper 103
5. Brewster, Rachel. “Unpacking the State’s Reputation”
6. Koh, Harold. “Why Do Nations Obey International Law?”
7. Starke, J.G. “Monism and Dualism in the Theory of International Law”, 17 Brit.
Y.B. Int’L. 66 (1936).
8. US vs Guinto, G.R. No. 76607 (1990)
9. Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445 (2002)
10. Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Association vs Duque, G.R. No. 173034 (2007)
11. Poe-Llamanzares vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 221697 (2016)

b. MODULE 2: Sources of PIL

i. Minimum outcomes:
After completing this module, the student should be able to –
1. Compare and contrast: (1) the formal sources of international law, and (2)
material sources under international law.
2. Compare and contrast the incorporation clause and the treaty clause in the
Constitution
3. Explain the general principles of the international law on treaties, including:
(1) who are bound by a treaty, (2) ways by which a state may express its
consent to be bound by a treaty, (3) interpreting treaty provisions, and (4)
invalidity, termination, suspension of a treaty.
4. Compare and contrast: (1) the definition of “treaty” under VCLT and under
Philippine law, and (2) a treaty and an executive agreement under Philippine
law.
5. Explain the legal effects under international law of: (1) UN declarations, (2)
UN Security Council resolutions, (3) actions of organs of international
organizations created by treaty, (4) unilateral declarations, (5) erga omnes
obligations, (6) jus cogens norms, and (7) soft law.
ii. Topics
1. Formal
a) Custom
1) Elements
2) General and local/regional
3) Incorporation clause (Philippine constitution)
4) Protest, acquiescence and change
b) Treaties
1) PIL Rules
i. Definition and coverage
ii. Binding effect (pacta sunt servanda, obligation of
signatories, third parties)
iii. Consent (ratification, etc.)
iv. Interpretation
v. Validity

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 vi. Reservations and interpretative declarations
vii. Termination and suspension
2) Philippine Rules
i. Treaty clause
ii. Treaties and executive agreements
iii. Ratification
c) General Principles of Law
2. Material
a) Judicial decisions
b) Teachings/writings
3. Related Topics
a) Effects of UN declarations, UN Security Council resolutions
b) Effects of actions of organs of international organizations created by
treaty
c) Unilateral declarations
d) Erga omnes obligations
e) Jus cogens norms
f) Soft law
iii. Required Materials:
1. Art. 34-36, Art. 38, Art. 59, Statute of the International Court of Justice
2. Conclusions 4-6, 8, 10, 12, and 15, International Law Commission [ILC] Draft
Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law
3. Art. II, Sec. 2, Art. VII, Sec. 21, 1987 Philippine Constitution
4. Executive Order No. 459 (1997)
5. Arts. 1-6, 11-14, 18-23, 26-28, 31-36, 38, 45-53, and 60-62 of the 1969 Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties between States [VCLT]
6. Arts. 2, 10-14, 25, 33-38, and 48-50, Charter of the United Nations [UN
Charter]
7. Shaw, pp. 51-95
8. Crawford, pp. 20-47
9. Annex to ILC Report 69th Session re: General Principles of Law
10. Gonzales v. Hechanova, G.R. No. L-21897 (1963)
11. Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295 (1997)
12. Bayan v. Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, 138572, 138587, 138680, 138698 (2000)
13. Pimentel, Jr. v. Office of the Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088 (2005)
14. Dissenting Opinion of J. Carpio in Suplico v. NEDA, G.R. No. 17830 (2008)
15. Vinuya v. Romulo, G.R. No. 162230 (2010)
16. Nicolas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 175888, 176051, 176222 (2009)
17. Bayan Muna v. Romulo, G.R. No. 159618 (2011)
18. Land Bank v. Atlanta Industries, G.R. No. 193796 (2014)
19. Saguisag et al v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426 (2016)
20. China National Machinery v. Santamaria, G.R. No. 185572 (2012)
21. Lotus Case (France vs Turkey), PCIJ 1927
22. Right of Passage Over Indian Territory (Judgment) 12 April 1960

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 23. Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) June 15, 1962
24. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Judgment) ICJ 1969
25. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain,
Judgment, 1994 ICJ
26. Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya), Judgment,
2017 ICJ
27. Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment, 1997 ICJ
28. Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, 2012 ICJ
29. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New application:
2002)(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment ICJ
30. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
US), Judgment, 1986 ICJ
31. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1996, p. 226
32. Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), Judgment, 1999 ICJ
33. Asylum Case (Judgment) ICJ 1950
34. Reservations to the Genocide Convention, Advisory Opinion, ICJ 1951
35. Aegean Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment 1978 ICJ
36. Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Case (Jurisdiction) 1952 ICJ
37. Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Judgment) ICJ 13 December 1999
38. Land and Maritime Boundary Between Cameroon and Nigeria, Judgment,
2002 ICJ
39. Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from
Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion, ICJ 2019
40. Legal Status of Eastern Greenland, PCIJ Rep (1993)
41. Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, 1974 ICJ
42. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Judgment, 2012 ICJ
43. Barcelona Traction Case (Belgium v. Spain), 1970 ICJ
44. East Timor Case (Portugal v. Australia) 1995 ICJ

c. MODULE 3: Subjects of PIL

i. Minimum outcomes:
After completing this module, the student should be able to –
1. Describe the subjects of international law
2. Explain: (1) the qualifications of an entity in order to be considered a State,
and (2) how international organizations are created
ii. Topics:
1. Concept of international legal personality
2. States
a) Elements
b) Recognition
c) Continuity and succession

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 d) Extinction
3. International Organizations
4. Individuals
5. Others
iii. Required Materials:
1. Shaw, pp. 155-175; 193-198; 204-209
2. Crawford, pp. 115-126
3. Arts. 1-11, 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States
4. Arts. 1-14, 1949 ILC Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States
5. Art. 2(a), ILC Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International
Organizations
6. International Catholic v. Calleja, G.R. No. 85750, 89331 (1990)
7. Liang v. People, G.R. No. 125865 (2001)
8. Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations (Ad Op)
I.C.J. 1949
9. Tinoco Arbitration

d. MODULE 4: Sovereignty and Jurisdiction of States

i. Minimum outcomes:
After completing this module, the student should be able to –
1. Distinguish sovereignty from jurisdiction
2. Understand the concept of territory and determine how it is acquired
3. Explain the various principles which serve as basis of a State’s jurisdiction
4. Explain the general principles of the international law on immunities from a
State’s jurisdiction
ii. Topics:
1. Definition of sovereignty and jurisdiction
2. Territory in relation to sovereignty and jurisdiction
a) Modes of acquiring territory
b) Special topic: Law of the Sea
1) Baselines
i. Concept and importance
ii. Maritime delimitation
2) Maritime Zones
i. Internal waters
ii. Territorial sea
iii. Contiguous zone
iv. Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
v. Continental shelf and extended continental shelf
vi. High seas
vii. The Area
3) Archipelagic States
i. Concept and its origins
ii. Archipelagic baselines

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 iii. Archipelagic waters
3. Bases of jurisdiction
a) Territoriality principle
b) Nationality principle
c) Protective principle
d) Universality principle
e) Passive personality principle
4. Exemptions from jurisdiction
a) Sovereign immunity (including Act of State doctrine)
1) Absolute immunity vs restrictive immunity
b) Diplomatic and consular immunity (to be discussed in detail under the
module on Diplomatic and Consular Law)
c) International organizations and their officers
iii. Required Materials:
1. Crawford, pp. 203-242; 255-330; 447-449; 456-486
2. Shaw, pp. 361-396; 410-451; 483-521
3. UNCLOS, Arts. 2-26; 33; 34-45; 46-54; 55-74; 76-83; 86-94
4. AJI
5. Magallona v. Ermita, G.R. No. 187167 (2011)
6. USA v. Guinto, supra
7. Reagan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. L-26379 (1969)
8. DFA vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 113191 (1996)
9. Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzon, G.R. No. 154705 (2003)
10. Arigo vs Swift, G.R. No. 206510 (2014)
11. Case Concerning the SS Lotus (France v. Turkey), PCIJ Judgment 1927
12. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State, supra
13. Islands of Palmas Arbitration
14. Eastern Greenland Case, supra
15. Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso/Mali), Judgment 1986 ICJ
16. Eichman Case

e. MODULE 5: Diplomatic and Consular Law

i. Minimum outcomes: After completing this module, the student should be able to
explain the general principles of international law on diplomatic and consular
relations
ii. Topics:
1. Overview of diplomatic and consular law
2. Basis and rationale for immunity
3. Inviolability of the premises/mission; Protection of the premises/mission
4. Inviolability of the person
5. Waiver of immunity
6. Freedom of communication
iii. Required Materials:
1. Shaw, pp. 523-567; 567-588

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 2. Crawford, pp. 395-414; 487-506
3. Arts. 1-3, 14, 22, 24, 29-32, 38, 29, and 41, 1961 Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations, VCDR
4. Arts. 1-5, 9, 31, 36, and 40-43, VCCR
5. US vs Ruiz, G.R. No. L-35645 (1985)
6. Shauf vs Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 90314 (1990)
7. Holy See vs Rosario, G.R. No. 101949 (1994)
8. PCGG vs Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 124772 (2007)
9. GTZ vs Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 152318 (2009)
10. Arigo v. Swift, G.R. No. 206510 (2014)
11. Iran Hostages Case, supra
12. Arrest Warrant Case (Congo vs Belgium), ICJ Judgment (2002)

f. MODULE 6: International Law Issues Concerning the Person

i. Minimum outcomes:
After completing this module, the student should be able to –
1. Explain the general principles of the international law on: (1) nationality, (2)
diplomatic protection, (3) statelessness, (4) refugees, (5) treatment of aliens,
and (6) extradition
ii. Topics
1. International law rules on the nationality of natural and juridical persons
2. Diplomatic protection of nationals
3. Statelessness
4. Refugees
a) Principle of non-refoulement
b) Role and responsibilities of States
5. Treatment of aliens
6. Extradition
a) Fundamental principles under international law
b) Procedure under Philippine law
c) Distinguished from deportation
iii. Required Materials:
1. Crawford, pp. 509-533; 607-627
2. ADP
3. RC and its Protocol
4. Presidential Decree No. 1069 (1977)
5. Vinuya v. Romulo, supra
6. Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465 (2000)
7. Government of Hong Kong v. Olalia, G.R. No. 153675 (2007)
8. Government of Hong Kong v. Muñoz, G.R. No. 207342 (2016)
9. Mavrommatis Case, PCIJ, Series A, NO. 2 (1924)
10. Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein vs Guatemala), ICJ Reports (1955)
11. PCIJ Opinion on Tunis and Morocco Nationality Decrees
12. Barcelona Traction, supra

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 13. LaGrand Case, 2001 ICJ
14. Avena Case (Mexico vs US), Judgment, ICJ Reports (2004)
15. Diallo Case, Preliminary Objections, 2007 ICJ
16. Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (ELSI) Case, Judgment, 1989 ICJ
17. Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite, supra
18. Jadhav Case (India vs Pakistan) ICJ Report (2019)

g. MODULE 7: State Responsibility

i. Minimum outcomes: After completing this module, the student should be able to
explain the general principles of the international law on state responsibility,
including: (1) the conditions required to hold a state responsible for an
internationally wrongful act, (2) the conditions precluding wrongfulness of an act,
and (3) the legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act
ii. Topics:
1. Definition and coverage
2. Attribution
3. Breach
4. Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
5. Countermeasures and sanctions
6. Consequences of an internationally wrongful act (reparation, compensation,
etc.)
iii. Required Materials:
1. Crawford, pp. 539-589
2. Shaw, pp. 589-639
3. Arts. 1-15, 20-37, and 49-59, ARSIWA
4. Corfu Channel Case (UK v. Albania), Judgment 1940 ICJ
5. Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua, supra
6. Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand vs France), France-New Zealand Arbitration
Tribunal, 82 ILR 500, 1990
7. Factory at Chorzow (Germ. v. Pol.), 1928 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 17 (Sept. 13)
8. Gabçikovo-Nagymaros Case, supra
9. Iran Hostages Case (US v. Iran) ICJ Reports (1980)

h. MODULE 8: Basic Principles of International Human Rights (IHR)

i. Minimum outcomes: After completing this module, the student should be able to
explain the general principles of the international law on human rights as
reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic and
Social and Cultural Rights. The focus will be on international human rights that
have been recognized and applied in Philippine Supreme Court decisions.
ii. Topics:
1. International Bill of Human Rights
a) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
b) International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

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 c) International Convention on Economic and Socio-Cultural Rights
(ICESCR)
2. Other sources of human rights standards (regional conventions; conventions
dealing with specific rights; conventions dealing with particular categories or
groups; customary international law)
3. Derogable and non-derogable norms
4. Selected rights (including the right to life, right to self-determination, right to
security)
iii. Required Materials:
1. Shaw, pp. 210-254
2. Crawford, pp. 638-670
3. Preamble and Arts. 1(3) and 55, UN Charter
4. UDHR
5. ICCPR and its Optional Protocols
6. ICESCR and its Optional Protocol
7. Republic Act No. 9745 (2009) Ant-Torture Act
8. Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 104768 (2003) (third issue: legality of
search)
9. Secretary of National Defense v. Manalo, G.R. No. 180906 (2008)
10. Razon, Jr. v. Tagitis, G.R. No. 182498 (2009)
11. Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 190582 (2010)

i. MODULE 9: Use of Force

i. Minimum outcomes: After completing this module, the student should be able to
explain the general principles of the international law on the use of force by
States.
ii. Topics:
1. Legal concept of an armed attack
2. Prohibition
3. Self-defense
a) Individual
b) Collective
c) *Anticipatory
4. Actions through the United Nations
a) Security Council Action under Chapter VII of the UN Charter
iii. Required readings:
1. Crawford, pp. 744-774
2. Shaw, pp. 851-890
3. UN Charter, Arts. 2, Chapter VII
4. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, supra
5. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, supra
6. Oil Platforms Case (Iran vs USA), Judgment, ICJ Reports (2003)
7. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, Advisory Opinion July 9, 2004

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 8. Armed Activities Case (Congo vs Uganda), 2005 ICJ

j. MODULE 10: Basic Principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL)

i. Minimum outcomes:
After completing this module, the student should be able to –
1. Categorize events as: (1) and armed conflict, (2) an international armed
conflict, (3) a non-international armed conflict, or (4) war of national
liberation
2. Explain the general principles of: (1) international humanitarian law
(distinction and proportionality), and (2) the international law on neutrality
of States
3. Explain the core obligations of States under international humanitarian law,
including their obligations concerning civilians and prisoners of war
4. Identify the rules of international humanitarian law that have become part
of Philippine law
ii. Topics:
1. Categories of armed conflicts
a) International armed conflicts
b) Internal or non-international armed conflict
c) War of national liberation
2. Core international obligations of States
3. Principles of IHL (distinction and proportionality)
a) Treatment of civilians
b) Prisoners of war
4. Law on neutrality
5. IHL as part of Philippine law
iii. Required Materials:
1. Shaw, pp. 891-922
2. Selected provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1st to 4th)
3. Selected provisions of the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva
Conventions
4. Republic Act No. 9851 (2009) Philippine Act on Crimes Against International
Humanitarian Law, Genocide, and Other Crimes Against Humanity

k. MODULE 11: Law of the Sea

i. Minimum outcomes: After completing this module, the student should be able to
–
1. Explain the general concepts in the international law of the sea, including: (1)
land and maritime features, (2) baselines, (3) maritime zones, (4) continental
shelf, and (5) archipelagic States
2. Compare and contrast the rights of a coastal State in respect of the various
maritime zones
ii. Topics:
1. History and sources

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 2. Land and maritime features
3. Baselines, maritime zones, archipelagic states (recap lesson in Module 4)
a) Rights and responsibilities of States
4. Dispute settlement under the UNCLOS
a) International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
b) Arbitration
iii. Required Materials:
1. Arts. 1-21, 24-25, 27-33, 38-39, 46-60, 73-78, 83, 86-98, 121, 136-138, 287-
288, 297-299, Part XV, UNCLOS
2. Fisheries Case (UK v. Norway)
3. In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration before an Arbitral Tribunal
Constituted Under Annex VII to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea between the Republic of the Philippines and the People’s
republic of China, PCA Case No. 2013-19 (Philippines vs China Arbitration)

l. MODULE 12: International Environmental Law

i. Minimum outcomes: After completing this module, the student should be able to
explain the general principles of international environmental law, including: (1)
Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration which reflects the right to permanent
sovereignty over natural resources and the sic utere tuo principle, and (2) the
precautionary principle
ii. Topics:
1. Principle 21 of Stockholm Declaration
a) Right to permanent sovereignty over natural resources
b) Sic utere tuo principle
2. Precautionary Principle

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