Dilutions and Volumetric Analysis - Set A 2020

DILUTIONS AND VOLUMETRIC
ANALYSIS
• Most solutions used in the laboratory are
often purchased when already prepared in
high concentrations. These highly
concentrated solutions are called stock
solutions. When you want to use the stock
solutions, they are diluted to the required
concentrations suitable for carrying out
specific experiments.
• When a solution is being diluted by adding
more solvent to it e.g. water, notice that the
number of moles of solute in the solution
remains constant neither does the mass of
solute altered after dilution. However, both
the volume and concentration of the solution
change upon dilution. That is the volume of
the solution increases after dilution while the
concentration decreases. This principle gives
the dilution law.
• The formula used for dilution is as follows;
• M1 x V1 = M2 x V2, where; “M” represents
molarity or concentration while “V” represents
volume. M1 x V1 is the initial concentration and volume
of the solution while M2 x V2 represents the final
concentration and volume respectively. When the
concentration changes from M1 to the new
concentration M2 the volume changes is inversely
proportional. That is as the new concentration
decreases, the volume increases and vice versa. The
dilution law can be used to solve stoichiometric
dilution problems.
EXAMPLES
1. 0.25dm3 of concentrated sulfuric acid of a
concentration of 18.0M is diluted to give a
solution of 2.0M. What is the new volume of
the solution?
SOLUTION
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
18.0 X 0.25 = 2.0 X V2
V2 = 18.0 x 0.25 / 2.0
V2 = 2.25dm3
2. Calculate the volume of 4M hydrochloric acid
required to make 2.5dm3 of 0.2M hydrochloric
acid.
SOLUTION
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
4 x V1 = 0.2 x 2.5
V1 = 0.2 x 2.5 / 4
V1 = 0.125dm3
3. What volume of water must be added to
30cm3 of 2M nitric acid solution to produce
0.2M solution?
SOLUTION
• We need to find the total volume of the entire
solution required to know how much of the water
will be added to make it up to that volume found.
• Volume of the entire solution will be;
• M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
• 2 x 30 = 0.2 x V2
• V2 = 2 x 30 / 0.2
• V2 = 300cm3.
• Now that we know the final volume of the
solution, we can easily find the volume of
water required to add to 30cm3 to make it up
to 300cm3
• Volume of water = 300 – 30
• = 270 cm3
2. The concentration of the stock solution of
hydrochloric acid solution is 12M. Calculate
the volume of the stock solution needed to
prepare 250cm3 of 2.15M solution of
hydrochloric acid.
SOLUTION
• M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
• 12 x V1 = 2.15 x 250
• V1 = 2.15 x 250 /12
• V1 = 44.79cm3
• There are some cases were the same principle
is used to analyze acid- base titrations. This is
an acid reacts with a base. The formula used
in this case is;
•
• MA x VA /MB x VB = mole ratio of acid/ mole
ratio base.
• The principle above is coming from a balanced
chemical equation.
EXAMPLES
1. When 2.4dm3 of 0.05M sulfuric acid reacts
with 1.8dm3 sodium hydroxide, a salt and
water are produce. What is the molarity of
sodium hydroxide used in the reaction above?
SOLUTION
• We need to write a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction above.
• H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) +2H2O (l)
• We apply the formula to calculate the molarity of sodium
hydroxide.
•
• MA x VA /MB x VB = mole ratio of acid/ mole ratio base.
•
• 0.05 x 2.4 / MB x 1.8 = 1/ 2
• MB = 0.05 x 2.4 x 2 / 1.8
• MB = 0.13M or MB = 0.13 moldm-3
2. What is the molarity of a solution of sulfuric
acid if 28.40cm3 is required to neutralize
completely 25.00cm3 of 0.120M potassium
hydroxide solution? Calculate also the
concentration in gdm-3.
SOLUTION
• We need to write a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction above.
• H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) +2H2O (l)
• We apply the formula to calculate the molarity of sulfuric
acid.
•
• MA x VA /MB x VB = mole ratio of acid/ mole ratio base.
• MA x 28.40 / 0.120 x 25.00 = 1/2
•
• MA = 0.120 x 25.00 / 28.4 x 2
• MA = 0.053M or MA = 0.053 moldm-3
Concentration in gmol-3
• We just multiply the molarity by the molar

mass of the acid.
•
• Concentration in gmol-3 = 0.053moldm-3 x 98g
mol-1
• = 5.194gdm-3
CONCENTRATION IN PPM
• Concentrations of solutions can also be
compared using parts per million or ppm. It is
often used for pollutants in water. Think of
the word “percent” – the “cent” part refers to
100, so 50% means 50 out of 100, and parts
per million means out of a million. 50ppm
means 50 parts out of 1000000 parts. The
parts usually refer to the mass. The parts can
be measured in any unit of mass, but grams or
milligrams are the mostly commonly used.
• A concentration of 1ppm means 1g in 1000000g
or 1mg in 1000000mg
• This expression can used to calculate
concentration in ppm
•
• Concentration in ppm = mass of solute x
1000000/ mass of solvent.
• The masses can be in any units, but must be the
same units. If different units are give, then one of
them is converted.
EXAMPLES
1. A solution contains 0.17g of solute dissolved
in 750g of solvent. What is the concentration
in ppm?
SOLUTION
• Concentration in ppm = mass of solute x
1000000/ mass of solvent.
• = 0.17 x 1000000 / 750
• = 235ppm.
2. A mass of 23mg of sodium chloride is
dissolved in 900g of water. What is the
concentration of sodium chloride in the
solution in ppm?
SOLUTION
• As the units of solute and solvent are not the same, we
can chose to convert to either mass of our choice that
is g or mg.
• In this case we have converted the mass of sodium
chloride from mg to g.
• 23/ 1000 = 0.023g
•
• Concentration in ppm = mass of solute x 1000000/
mass of solvent.
• = 0.023 x 1000000 / 900
• = 26ppm.
3. A sample of river water contains phosphate
ions with a concentration of 17ppm. What is
the mass of phosphate ions in 500g of the
river water?
SOLUTION
• We use the subject of the formula to
rearrange the expression.
• Mass of solute = concentration in ppm x mass
of solvent / 1000000
• = 17 x 500 / 1000000
• = 0.0085g
END OF LESSON!!
END OF UNIT 1

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DILUTIONS AND VOLUMETRIC

• We just multiply the molarity by the molar

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