Protection Coordination

PERPETUAL
ENERGIA
CORPORATION
Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro CityPhilippines 9000
PROTECTION COORDINATION
2ND IIEE-CDO TECHNICAL WEBINAR
JULY 11, 2020
ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE

E-mail: ecdirecto@gmail.com
Contact No.: 0917-320-4527
ABSTRACT
The objective of the topic is to provide learning about the Protection Coordination
of Webinar participant of the IIEE-CDO Chapter. Sometimes Protection Coordination is not
properly implemented on electrical worksites and lead to a system protection failure which
results to property damage or life-threatening condition. At the end of Webinar, the
participant will learn to value Protection Coordination and implement it on their respective
projects or work assignments.
.
ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

e-mail: ecdirecto@gmail.com PROTECTION COORDINATION ENERGIA
Contact No.: 0917-320-4527 CORPORATION
What is Protection Coordination?
Protective device coordination is the process of selecting and arranging protective
devices to limit the effects of an overcurrent (short-circuit) situation to the smallest area.
Deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the disconnection
of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network.
This study can be used to determine fuse sizes, settings for breakers and relays, or as
an aid to selection of new equipment.
Why Protection Coordination Essential?

The objective of a protection coordination is to keep the power system stable by
isolating only the components that are under fault, which leaving as much of the network as
possible still in operation. The devices that are used to protect the power systems from
faults are called protection devices.

How Often Should These Studies Be Done?
The initial short-circuit/protection coordination study should be done when a power
system is first designed. However, for many systems, this is mistakenly the last time it is
done. Over time, power systems usually undergo different changes that can impact the
potential short-circuit currents or the coordination of protective devices.
Since utility systems are continually growing and changing, the contribution of
short-circuit current from the power company changes as well. For this reason alone, these
studies should be done on a regular basis.
The frequency of performing short-circuit/protection coordination studies varies
with each facility. If a change is constant, then regular analysis should be done in
conjunction with planned modifications. For more static situations, the baseline studies
should be re-evaluated every five to six years.
Preventive maintenance and testing alone will not ensure that an electric power
system will operate reliably and safely when an abnormal condition occurs. The
combination of a comprehensive preventive maintenance program and sound engineering
analysis should be done on a regular basis.
How is a Protection-Coordination Study Done?
•Short-circuit study
An analysis of available fault currents in the power system is performed.
•Data collection
information is gathered on present settings and ratings of all protective
devices.
•Manufacturer’s data
Each protective device has unique response characteristics, documented on
manufacturer’s “time-current curves” that are needed for the study.
•Computer analysis
Allows the engineer to determine the optimum settings that will provide the
best protection for the system.
•Tabulate results
The settings and ratings of each protective device are put in a table for
comparison with present field settings and ratings.
•Final Report
A detailed report with recommendations is published.
Four types of short-circuit conditions as per IEC 60909
The most common and dangerous fault that occurs in a power system is the short
circuit or shunt fault. On the occurrence of the short circuit fault, heavy or short-circuit
current flow through the circuit which damages the insulation of current carrying phase
conductors corresponding to earth or in the insulation between phases.

Four types of short-circuit conditions as per IEC 60909 Cont…
Single Phase to Ground Fault – It is also called a line-to-ground fault. It mainly
occurs due to insulation breakdown between one of the phase and earth. Single-line-to-
fault is most frequently occurs in the power system. Their chances of appearance in the
power system are 70%.

Phase-to-Phase Fault – Such type of fault rarely occurred on the power system. It is
also called Line-to-line fault. It occurs when two conductors are short circuited. Their chance
of appearance is hardly 15 % in the power system.

Two Phases to Ground Fault – In this type of fault breakdowns of insulation
between two phases and earth occur. It is the most severe type of fault but rarely occurs in
the power system. It is also called Line-to-line-to-ground fault (L-L-G). Their chance of
occurrence is hardly 10 %.

All the three Phases Short Circuited – This type of fault mainly occurs due to a
breakdown of insulation between all the three phases. Their appearance is rarely 2 % to 3%
in the power system.

IEC-60909 Short-Circuit Calculated Values
Standard IEC 60909 gives calculation methodology of the maximum and minimum
short circuit currents.
Maximum short circuit currents are

used for sizing circuit breakers.
Minimum short circuit currents are

used for setting protective relays.

IEC-60909 Short-Circuit Calculated Values Cont….
Ik” - Initial symmetrical short-circuit current
ip - Peak short-circuit current
Ib - Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current at 0.02s, 0.05s, 0.1s and 0.25s
idc -DC component of short circuit-current at breaking times
Ik - Steady-state short-circuit current

IEC-60909 Short-Circuit Calculated Values Cont….
The peak current, 𝐼𝑝 , as per IEC 60909 is given by
−𝟑.𝑹
"
𝑰𝒑 = 𝟐 . 𝑰 𝒌 . (𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖. 𝒆 𝑿 )
The limit factor is when X/R approaches ∞ giving

−𝟑.𝑹
. 𝑰"
𝑰𝒑(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝒌 . (𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖. 𝒆 𝑿 ) or
𝑰𝒑(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝟐. 𝟐 . 𝑰𝑨𝑪

Circuit Breaker Evaluation

F1 Line Current
Magnitude
Downstream
Line Current
Upstream Line
F2
Current
F3

Example:
F1
1) Evaluate Circuit Breaker Integrity and
2) Solve for Instantaneous Overcurrent Setting
CONDITION 1:
1) UTILITY SOURCE - 50 MVA SC
CONDITION 2:
2) UTILITY SOURCE - 100 MVA SC
PROBLEM:
1) CALCALCULATE FAULT CURRENT IN COND. 1
F2
A) 3 PHASE FAULT
B) LINE-GROUND FAULT
C) LINE-LINE FAULT
D) LINE-LINE-GROUND FAULT
2) CALCALCULATE FAULT CURRENT IN COND. 2

F3
A) 3 PHASE FAULT
B) LINE-GROUND FAULT
C) LINE-LINE FAULT
D) LINE-LINE-GROUND FAULT

CONDITION 1 CONDITION 2
F1
F2
F3
3-PHASE FAULT

F1
F2
F3
SINGLE-LINE FAULT

F1
F2
F3
LINE-LINE FAULT

F1
F2
F3
LINE-LINE-GROUND FAULT

Summary of Short Circuit Current of Buses (Condition 1&2)
Fault F1 @Bus 1
Fault F2 @Bus 2
Fault F3 @Bus 3

Evaluation of Circuit Breaker CB2 & CB5 @ Bus 2, CB4 @ Bus 3 (Condition 1)

Evaluation of Circuit Breaker CB2 & CB5 @ Bus 2, CB4 @ Bus 3 (Condition 2)

Protection Setting
𝑩𝑼𝑺 𝑺𝑯𝑶𝑹𝑻 𝑪𝑰𝑹𝑪𝑼𝑰𝑻 𝑪𝑼𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻

𝑪𝑩 𝑰𝑵𝑺𝑻. 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑻𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑺𝑬𝑻𝑻𝑰𝑵𝑮@ 𝑩𝑼𝑺 =
𝑪𝑩 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑻𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑵𝑮
6,010 𝐴𝑀𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝐵 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇. 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺@ 𝐵𝑈𝑆1 =
600 𝐴𝑀𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝐵 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇. 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺@ 𝐵𝑈𝑆1 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐏. 𝐔.
24,480 𝐴𝑀𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝐵 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇. 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺@ 𝐵𝑈𝑆2 = 6.12 P. U. … … . 𝟔 𝐏. 𝐔.
23,330 𝐴𝑀𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝐵 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇. 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺@ 𝐵𝑈𝑆2 = 5.83 P. U. … … . 𝟓. 𝟓 𝐏. 𝐔.

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Curves

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Curves (As per IEC-255-3)
There are three major types of IDMT relays curves. These are the following:
1) Standard Inverse (I)
2) Very Inverse (VI)
3) Extremely Inverse (EI)

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Curves
1) Invers (I) type IDMT relay curve does not vary much with the current magnitude. This is
commonly used in systems where the short-circuit current does not vary much with
distance and variations to the source impedance.
2) Very Inverse (VI) Type

Recommended in systems with a substantial reduction of short-circuit current with distance.
The VI type IDMT relay curve has faster operating times for higher currents and slower
operating time for lower currents.
3) Extremely Inverse (EI) Type

The ‘EI’ type IDMT relay curve operates at very fast at high short-circuit currents and very
slow at low short-circuit currents. This type of IDMT curve is most suited for coordination
with fuses.

Protection Coordination
AS-FOUND SETTING RECCOMENDED SETTING

Protection Coordination

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PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

Why Protection Coordination Essential?

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

Maximum short circuit currents are

Minimum short circuit currents are

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

The limit factor is when X/R approaches ∞ giving

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

2) CALCALCULATE FAULT CURRENT IN COND. 2

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

𝑩𝑼𝑺 𝑺𝑯𝑶𝑹𝑻 𝑪𝑰𝑹𝑪𝑼𝑰𝑻 𝑪𝑼𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻

𝐶𝐵 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇. 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺@ 𝐵𝑈𝑆1 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐏. 𝐔.

𝐶𝐵 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇. 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺@ 𝐵𝑈𝑆2 = 6.12 P. U. … … . 𝟔 𝐏. 𝐔.

𝐶𝐵 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇. 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺@ 𝐵𝑈𝑆2 = 5.83 P. U. … … . 𝟓. 𝟓 𝐏. 𝐔.

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

2) Very Inverse (VI) Type

3) Extremely Inverse (EI) Type

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

AS-FOUND SETTING RECCOMENDED SETTING

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

ENGR. ERWIN C. DIRECTO, PEE PERPETUAL

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