Acknowledgement

Starting with the name of Allah, the most Magnificent, the Most Gracious . I am obliged to Him

who confounded me with the abilities to carry out this thesis work.

I like to indicate my honest appreciation to my supervisor Dr Humaira Afzal, for her friendly

behavior and forthrightness to my point of view, highly experienced human being, who provoked

enthusiasm in me for doing this whole thesis work. I am obliged for her worthy ideas, fertile

discussions, feedback and patience. It won’t be possible for me to finish this thesis without

her precious suggestions and endorsement.

At last I would like to show my wholehearted credit to my parents, siblings and pals for giving

me colossal assistance and ceaseless inspiration during the study duration and in the method of

exploring and noting down thesis. This accomplishment is unimaginable without their presence. 

Introduction
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have obtained a considerable scrutiny due to their operation in

various areas of potential accomplishment [1]. Furtherance in wireless communication helped to

flourish wireless sensor networks (WSN) comprised of mini devices, which gather information

by collaborating with each other. These compact sensing devices are known as nodes and it

includes transceiver (for receiving and sending data between nodes). All sensor’s dimensions

changes with utilization [2].

Wireless sensors nodes consist of minute electronic devices which have the ability of sensing,

computing and communicate data from one to other nodes. The sensor nodes are highly

contingent on energy, which evacuate at a larger speed because of the functioning they offer such

as; computing and transmission. Well organized passage can be introduced to ensure coherent

usage of energy resources of a sensor node and to gain actual time purpose.

Now wireless sensor networks are greatly utilized in the commercial and industrial region as in;

habitat observation, environmental observation, healthcare, process observation and inspection.

Wireless sensor networks can be manipulated to inspect an action in military area. If an

occurrence is noted, these sensor nodes recognize it and transfer the information to the base

station by interfacing with other nodes. The core of the network are sensor nodes. They are

instructed to gather and send this information back to base station.

The utilization of wireless sensor network is growing gradually but accompanying with it, it

sustains the complication of energy restraint. This seems to be the crucial matter in wireless

networks because every node is dependent on energy for its operations. The non-fulfilment of

one node can obstruct the whole system, passage or application.

 Energy exhaustion of sensor node consequences in coverage holes in the network, such as; these

types of nodes become non-functional and abate to engage information sensing or data gathering.
Furthermore, it may escort to connectivity dissipation in several parts of network because the

transferring passages may be destroyed due to the node foundering incidents [3]. 

Normally the Wireless sensor network is comprised of various nodes with restricted energy. The

inclusive presentation of the network is influenced explicitly by the lifespan of nodes in the

network. That’s why the energy draining of nodes always proved to be the trump card in wireless

sensor network[4]. There are isolated-path routing strategy and numerous-path strategy in

wireless sensor networks [5]. 

For the isolated-path routing strategy, the routing system is straightforward and the routing table

engrosses a little capacity. It seems to be perfect routing system for mini dimension sensor

nodes. Moreover, in isolated-path routing strategy, every node has unique decided path to the

objective. The communication cannot be vigorously collaborated, specifically in a compounded

lattice network topology, isolated-path routing strategy is not beneficial in maintaining the whole

network traffic load and energy utilization, because if a node selects a prolonged route, the

transmission will observe this passage for an interval of time, this will cause the energy

exhaustion of the node or the whole network grow briskly in implementation with high

communication frequency, which is to hasten the trimming of network life. Additionally, it

cannot adjust to the amend of environment. When the transmission loop malfunctions, it does not

have any substitute path to complete the succeeding transmission, which may lead to the

communication intervention which can significantly diminish the transmission performance of

the network [6].

Inspire of the fact that it can be adjourn, the needs required to be reorganized appropriately,

which will surely rise the computing cost and simply origins network delay. whilst for the

numerous-path routing strategy, every node contains several substitute paths for mediation.
When the loop malfunctions, because of the high energetic routing of the node, other substitute

paths may be chosen for the data communication. Besides of liability sufferance, numerous-path

routing strategy can also store energy as it can accomplish improved load stability, and also can

productively rescue the running cost of the network [7,8].

IoTs could be explained as being global network of interlinked things which permits apparatus

titled entity in transferring information through whole network whenever you want, wherever

you want, with whom you want or anything, by utilizing any network assistance with lowest

human interruption. 

The postulation of IoT was initially announced in 2005, by the International Telecommunication

union (IUT) expressing the hereafter society will be “ubiquitous network society” where plenty

of besuited items can be attached to the internet [9]. Cisco anticipates that by the end of 2020,

network of IoT would contain almost fifty billion attached diversified objects. Conspicuously,

IoT offers a genuine way of life about administration of energy, educational departement,

surroundings, advanced security ,transportation , homes, cities and hospitals[10,11]. The figure

of devices interrelated via the internet of mobile has an explosive elevation [12]. Numerous

benefactions are exhibited inside the composition of the IoT topic, for example; mechanism’s

study to maintain to topology[13], mobility in sensor Networks [14] also routing established

upon aimed operations[15]. It has been appraised while penetrating existence device

diversification, like; smartphones, RFID tags and sensors, amidst further appliance whom can

interrelate with both familiar motive [16]. WSNs and RFID both are the utmost ordinary and

suitable between the IoT pattern to the most auspicious mechanics [17]. The recognition of

human beings or item of few sorts of app have restrictions in WSNs. Moreover, the system of the

RFID do not have the ability of perception of data like WSNs from the region they are utilized
in, for instance ;pressure and temperature which are furnished with sensors. The collaboration

amidst the RFID and WSN technologies designates that IoT increases the advantages, hence

introducing new frame of reference for the apps which ponder text instructions ,for instance;

management of temperature in the distant areas and standard of air in particular region or area,

automobile administration between others. 

As long as initialization of the notion IoT, the outline of a routing protocol to encounter its

necessities became compulsory. The determination of how to progress packets to other nodes is

carried out by routing protocol. IoT heed the law that things interlink and engage with each other

by taking advantage of Wireless connections to warranty universal communication. In various

IoT applications, the sensor node ahead the discerned data to other nodes for other functions.

This is accomplished via efficient routing protocols to enhance data communication, scalability,

and Energy efficiency in WSNs, which form the network further reasonable. Contrarily,

intriguing productive and efficient route election for the WSNs/IoT, there subsist several

summonses like the untrustworthy of low-power wireless nodes and restricted resources that

normally deficit in the form of packet loss. Taking account of limited energy resources

accompanied with sensor nodes, the data required to be forwarded in a sense that every node of

network is used or energy exhaustion in the network is maintained. 

Moreover, passing on data from sending node to the target node is considered to be on major

paramount mission shifted in environment of dynamic IoT. Dynamic source routing and ad hoc

on demand distance vector which are ordinary reactive protocols of routing are delineated for

looking the stubby route except the deliberation of a node energy exhaustion[18]. So, particular

definite node can be chosen again and again, which can reduce the life span of the node and

results in network partitioning. Contradictory, hop count is utilized as metric of route selection
in current protocols of routing for searching the minimum path among sending nodes and target

nodes. Nevertheless, taking hop count as the metric of routing in IoT with topology of dynamic

network , as it may unconcerned to data mislaying, channel variation, intervention, quality of

link ,capacity of link, or many necessities of routing. The metric with the main object of

furnishing elevated output, the link among neighbor nodes is evaluated by the data transfer

ratio ,is Expected transmission count (ETX) [18]. Sensor nodes in IoT network produce data at a

fast and speedy rate. They transmit this data to the other sensor nodes for processing motive.

Communication with other sensor nodes is also possible for the motive of eventually sending

their data. Energy is used in each way means sending and receiving of this message. The quantity

of energy implemented in one prosperous message transmission depends upon various variables,

such as the interval between one node to the other, the duration of the message to be sent, and

operational energy cost induced by the transmitter and receiver hardware [19]. 

According to [20] route selection of every message in communication pattern consequences in

whether network delay by electing distant routes containing many sensor nodes or demean

network life span in terms of short routes causes the exhaustion of the batteries. Apart from the

non-essential load on a network and delay in functioning do not only demean the application it

even dissipates network resources. Moving further, as WSNs deployment can be seen in crucial

applications so the requirement for application differs according to their nature. Distinct

applications have unfamiliar requirements from the network which cannot be ignored. hence,

there is requirement of appropriate routing protocol which is not just suitable for the application

requirement but also helps network with concern to its limited resources and functions well. To

recognize and select best routing selection for an application, it is necessary to acknowledge the

inflexible requirements of that application at first and then to choose the suitable protocol to be
executed and activated. Many routing protocols are established for WSNs. All of these protocols

contain diversified competing characteristics and attributes. Consequently, the election of

appropriate routing protocol is necessary.

the sensor nodes must be familiar with their position according to the sensor network in several

wireless network’s applications. The data collected by the sensor nodes for instance; pressure,

temperature and humidity should be referred to the relative position from where it has been taken

out in order to make it authentic and appraised. The sensor nodes should know their positions to

make this happen. The complications of measurement in sensor nodes with positioning and

locating, are commonly known by the word localization. In a sensor network the issue of node

positioning and localization may be resolved with the GPS device furnishing in every node.

Conclusively, talking about sensor networks, it’s not a good choice for a numerous of reasons for

instance;[21]

1:The protocols of GPS utilized which may not be created as energy enlightened or energy

productive. The arrangement of sensor node can be made except the kind of battery being

exchanged for several time , as energy is lacking resource. That’s why, the issues in wireless

networks in these devices may not be appropriate for localization purpose.

2: These devices costs too much. In the network, if we put these devices in each sensor node,

arrangement cost could rise upto a level that providing the sensor network solution would be

impractical for specific issue. 

3: In sensor node the foremost quality which is needed is that these must have minor size.

Additionally, the sensor node’s size of these devices could be much grater that disobey the

paramount obligations of it.

situations, if there is no space station interlink in assembling, these devices ended up working.

Because of the above-mentioned reasons, it is feasible to stay away from the utilization of these

devices together by arranging some nodes to a specific point which make their location to be

called a-priori. The solution of these issues is to use the angle of arrival rather than GPS.

 Positioning Location Techniques

WSNs are sometimes arranged into neglected along with combative environment, abandoning

single sensors harmful for safety deal. The abilities of self-localization nodes are greatly wanted

quality in sensor network as the readings of the sensor are unfruitful except the tag of positioning

. Many protocols of routing can be used for the procedure of data packets of routing[22].

The precise tip in positioning location methods can be evaluated by using primary rules of

intersection of distinct lines and the actual geometric formulation to approximate the position

location of a node. There are various ways to shape the positioning location coordinates of the

node such as received signal strength , angle of arrival, time difference of arrival and time of

arrival.

Determining the position with the AOA method

The position of the dumb node can be determined by the command of coming signal. By

evaluating the angle made with other source citation direction, the command of received signal

could be deduced. Contradict, the evaluation of the angle among the beacon and dump node

could be made. The dump node of localization utilizing the method , AOA coming from the

smallest of two beacon nodes are evaluated. The information about the position of dumb node

together along the two AOA must be implemented in order to approximate the dumb node’s

location [22]. 
Determining the position with TOA method 

This method of position estimation employs the given link which depict the distance moved to

the time taken from the signal given the propagation’s speed is known.

d = v*t

In which d shows distance, v shows the speed and t shows the time taken by the signal in order to

move that distance. Moreover, if the time taken by the signal to circulate from the beacon node

to the dumb node, which is known as time of arrival or time of flight is evaluated and speed of

propagation of the signal is given, the distance and thus the position of the dumb node can be

measured [21].

 Determining the position with TDOA method

To evaluate the position of a receiver device using TDOA technique it needs time

synchronization among the transmitter and receiver. To defeat the truancy of clock

synchronization in few situations, the usage of dissimilarities in the time of arrival of signals

which are sent from two reference nodes is helpful in working out distances. The network

making us elf this method should have clock synchronization in between all the beacons inside

the network. The TDOA technique make use of hyperbolic mathematical principle to expect the

position of receiver device. The receiver nodes reclined on lines of two pairs of credited stations.

The lines have continual distances between two foci (known as reference station) in the

hyperbolic [23].

Determining the position with RSS method

The multi literate method is used to evaluate the position of an earmarked node in the RSS

procedure. Three reference nodes or more are required to predict the positioning location in the

case of 2D. Four reference nodes or more are required in the case of 3D. Every reference node is
pondered to be median of located in the circle. The target node reclines on the circumference of

the circle. The distance in between the mid of the circle (reference node) and the target node is

the radius of the circle. The intersection of these three circumferences is the position of the target

node. The prediction of the location of a target can be measured by using the data gained from

the radius of the circles, which indicates the distance between reference nodes and the target

node. The highest familiar prediction procedure can be utilized when the number of reference

node is greater than or equal to 3[24].

Motivation

In today’s world Wireless sensor network is a demanding and remarkable areas of exploration. In

this era the central objective that the position of the node, in the WSN environments there are

several sensor nodes roaming and transmitting information from one node to the other. In this

thesis we are looking for the real position of each node from the other node, also searching the

shortest path established with node energy to send the information from the source node to the

objective node, many of the algorithms are utilized in WSN to look up the minor path such as

Dijkstra’s, but Dijkstra algorithm only investigate the little path in the network. In my thesis, I

have altered the algorithm by adjoining energy of the nodes. So, this Dijkstra algorithm measure

the smallest path and also investigate the energy of each arrival node. Because of this alteration,

the functioning of network is productive and the probability of packet loss is minimized. If we

only use Dijkstra, it just measures the smallest path and does not investigate the energy of each

arrival node whether it has the ability to send packet to the other node or not. Because of this, the

possibility of packet loss rises and the route may be disoriented. In order to solve this issue, I

have been measuring the smallest path with the energy of arrival node. Because of this, the

packet loss is decreased and productive route is elected.

Wireless networks are energy inhibited. Nevertheless, current development in encircling energy

harvesting mechanization have forged it doable for sensor nodes to gather energy from

surrounding environment and distribute as an exclusive source. Many of the recent routing

protocols are particularly formulated for battery-powered in WSNs, won’t be appropriate for

energy harvesting WSNs (EH-WSNs), specifically for the ones who are completely energized by

harvesting energy. The Author advanced an Adaptive Energy Harvesting Aware Clustering
(AEHAC) routing protocol for EH-WSNs in this paper [25], which lay hold of node energy

plight into cluster head election algorithm and can modify its framework in obedience to the

network establishment environment. The paper also examines and assess the routing function in

designation of two metrics obtainable node number and network throughput. An approximate

imitation indicates that AEHAC conserved obtainable nodes about 15% and networks throughput

19% over and above than traditional LEACH.

Suppose there are very many nodes in cluster, then the cluster head will exhaust higher energy

and the network lifespan will be reduced for random clustering and one hop communication in

LEACH. In order to stabilize energy, dissipate and stop longer distance communication, a

consistent clustering routing algorithm formed on K-means and Dijkstra algorithm (KDUCR) is

suggested in this paper [26]. In the KDUCR algorithm, the sink node utilized K-means clustering

algorithm to distribute sensor nodes into K uniform clusters and allocates the head of every

cluster in the foremost hoop. After that Dijkstra algorithm is utilized by sink node with head’s

position to measure the smallest passage to the sink node from each head. It has also been

indicated in approximate imitation that the KDUCR algorithm can be designed in a way to

improve stability of energy exhaustion of nodes and increase the lifespan of a wireless sensor

network (WSN).

Various wireless sensor nodes are contained in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which are

provided with restricted transmission power and abilities of processing. The most productive

method to route information from sensor nodes to base station is bestowed by hierarchical

cluster-based routing protocols. A strategy is suggested in this paper [27] which appraised K-

means clustering in cluster formation phase and for cluster head selection process a weight task

is computed. Furthermore, an optimal specified packet size is appraised with reference to radio
parameters and channel setting of the transceiver. A multi objective weight function operating

Dijkstra algorithm as a connection cost is executed in data transmission stage. This way

consequences in productive and stabilized energy exhaustion of nodes present in the network.

This paper’s conclusions indicated through its appropriate imitation that suggested strategy is

more preferable than the CERP and TEEN routing protocol with regard to greater production and

energy preservation of nodes in the network. Because of the productive usage of energy in the

system, peak extensibility and packet delivery allowance is stipulated in this paper.

A source location protection protocol based on dynamic routing to convey the source location

privacy problem is suggested in this paper [28]. At the first casually an elementary node is

selected from the boundary of the network into the suggested strategy. Ahead of coming to the

sink each package will move a gusty route to a successive directed route. Conceptual and

investigational conclusion indicates this strategy can restore the privacy of source location and

overcome numerous privacies revealing incursions and will not influence the network life span. 

An energy and trust aware opportunistic routing (OR) in CR-SIoT is suggested in the paper [29],

in which energy afferent, trust and social attributes for depicting secure OR are cooperatively

scrutinized. A brand-new routing metric for choosing advancing postulant and utilizing network

coding for the data transmission among trust nodes in various kinds of flows SIoT is

accomplished in the suggested strategy. A game-theoretic approach is also suggested for

designating channel for SIoT which exactly established on interference component. A huge

approximate imitation conclusion indicates that the suggested secure opportunistic routing works

intensively in contrast to the previous routing in SIoT with reference to packet transporting

promotion, normal gap and network life span.

probability for retail channeling and node’s residual energy is suggested by the Author in this

paper [30]. The main objective of this paper to accomplish a stabilized-elementary routing

algorithm with upgraded transmission execution. An optimal power control strategy to optimize

the outage probability for bidirectional sub-channels in energy harvesting sensor networks is

drafted in this paper. Subsequently, to convey the analysis of greatly productive and stabilized

energy exhaustion in finding router is elevated by logical purpose. In order to demonstrate the

accomplishment of this suggested procedure arithmetical outcomes are given from the

interpretation of network lifespan and disruption expectations.

Author appraised a multi hop, multichannel data communication among dual subordinate users

in a CR network in which source combines in circulate to transmit data to the end point under the

compressing assaults. The issue of energy constrained in a CR network was reckoned. So, he

suggested dual fresh strategies utilizing energy-harvesting method to designate the finest retails

and channels over hops to transmit the data figure from the source to the end point.  The purpose

of giving approximate imitation is to demonstrate the productivity of suggested strategy in

contrast to contingent strategy.