Dynamo
Dynamo
Introduction
Etymology
Description
Commutation
Excitation
3History
Practical designs
Rotary converters
Historical uses
Transport
Conclusion
Reference
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Introduction
Dynamo
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Description
The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to
convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct
electric current through Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law. A
dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator,
which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings
called the armature which turn within that field. Due to Faraday's law of
induction the motion of the wire within the magnetic field creates
an electromotive force which pushes on the electrons in the metal,
creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant
magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets;
larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or
more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.
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Commutation
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Excitation
There is a weak residual magnetic field that persists in the metal frame
of the device when it is not operating, which has been imprinted onto the
metal by the field windings. The dynamo begins rotating while not
connected to an external load. The residual magnetic field induces a very
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small electrical current into the rotor windings as they begin to rotate.
Without an external load attached, this small current is then fully
supplied to the field windings, which in combination with the residual
field, cause the rotor to produce more current. In this manner the self-
exciting dynamo builds up its internal magnetic fields until it reaches its
normal operating voltage. When it is able to produce sufficient current to
sustain both its internal fields and an external load, it is ready to be used.
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History
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poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage. This was
not a dynamo in the current sense, because it did not use a commutator.
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The first dynamos
Hippolyte Pixii's dynamo. The commutator is located on the shaft below the spinning magnet.
Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a pulse of current in the
wire each time a pole passed the coil. However, the north and south
poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite directions. To convert
the alternating current to DC, Pixii invented a commutator, a split metal
cylinder on the shaft, with two springy metal contacts that pressed
against it.
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This early design had a problem: the electric current it produced
consisted of a series of "spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at
all, resulting in a low average power output. As with electric motors of
the period, the designers did not fully realize the seriously detrimental
effects of large air gaps in the magnetic circuit.
About 1856 he formulated the concept of the dynamo about six years
before Siemens and Wheatstone but did not patent it as he thought he
was not the first to realize this. His dynamo used, instead of permanent
magnets, two electromagnets placed opposite to each other to induce the
magnetic field around the rotor.[11][12] It was also the discovery of the
principle of dynamo self-excitation,[13] which replaced permanent
magnet designs.
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Practical designs
13
The "dynamo-electric machine" employed self-powering
electromagnetic field coils rather than permanent magnets to create the
stator field. Wheatstone's design was similar to Siemens', with the
difference that in the Siemens design the stator electromagnets were in
series with the rotor, but in Wheatstone's design they were in
parallel. The use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets
greatly increased the power output of a dynamo and enabled high power
generation for the first time. This invention led directly to the first major
industrial uses of electricity. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used
electromagnetic dynamos to power electric arc furnaces for the
production of metals and other materials.
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Small Gramme dynamo, around 1878.
After dynamos and motors were found to allow easy conversion back
and forth between mechanical or electrical power, they were combined
in devices called rotary converters, rotating machines whose purpose
was not to provide mechanical power to loads but to convert one type of
electric current into another, for example DC into AC. They were multi-
field single-rotor devices with two or more sets of rotating contacts
(either commutators or sliprings, as required), one to provide power to
one set of armature windings to turn the device, and one or more
attached to other windings to produce the output current.
The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any type of electric
power into any other. This includes converting between direct current
(DC) and alternating current (AC), three phase and single phase power,
25 Hz AC and 60 Hz AC, or many different output voltages at the same
time. The size and mass of the rotor was made large so that the rotor
would act as a flywheel to help smooth out any sudden surges or
dropouts in the applied power.
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Historical uses
Large industrial dynamos with series and parallel (shunt) windings can
be difficult to use together in a power plant, unless either the rotor or
field wiring or the mechanical drive systems are coupled together in
certain special combinations. It seems theoretically possible to run
dynamos in parallel to create induction and self sustaining system for
electrical power.
Transport
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Media appearances
Frayne's media appearances have regularly involved magic stunts with celebrities.
In May 2009, Dynamo levitated comedian Matt Lucas four feet off the ground in
Bus driving through Central London. The stunt attracted media coverage from
across the globe, including Good Morning America and Sky News. Later in the
McCartney and Anna Wintour.
2015 saw Frayne work with Fiat to launch the Fiat 500X. Frayne made the car
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London for the car's pre-launch event. The live performance was a result of three
out to Hollywood to film with pop band One Direction, as part of 1D Day. He also
opened the semi-final of Strictly Come Dancing with a magic and dance routine.
Amazed.
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Live tours
ambitions for the show were high, commenting to the press that “[he was] hoping
that like [he] did for magic on TV, [he could] reinvent the live magic show and
Dynamo was initially booked to play a 10-date run of shows in the UK, [64] but
following high demand for tickets, the run was extended to three years and 145
dates, where he sold over 750,000 tickets and filled arenas across the UK,
As part of the tour, Dynamo became the first magician to headline The O2,
London. He performed at the London venue three times, with the final show being
Books
Frayne has written several literary accounts which revolve around his upbringing,
his personal story, magic and his relationship with the artform. In 2013, Frayne
released his debut book Nothing Is Impossible: My Story, which became a Sunday
Ross.
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In 2017, Frayne released Dynamo: The Book of Secrets, a fully illustrated
beginner's guide to modern magic with tips, tricks and some of his best kept secrets
Charity
Frayne has worked with several charities throughout his career as a magician. As
well as his work with the BBC's Children in Need, Comic Relief and Sport Relief,
then, Frayne has worked with the organisation to help promote the education
of Syrian refugee children. As part of his work with the charity, Frayne has
travelled around the world and to the United Nations to meet world leaders and
Personal life
in prison for most of his childhood, where he grew up on the Delph Hill estate in
Wyke, one of the most deprived areas in the UK at the time. Frayne suffered from
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bullying at school, and as a result, his grandfather taught him his first magic trick
to make it seem like he was much heavier than he was in reality, so that other
Frayne was diagnosed with Crohn's disease when he was a teenager, and had half
of his stomach removed when he was 17 years old. In 2018, he posted a video to
poisoning, which led to him suffering from severe arthritis, weight gain and rashes.
In 2012, Frayne married his partner, whom he met at a music festival. The couple
Dynamo was promoted to Associate of the Magic Circle for Performance by the
Magician Impossible won the award for Best Entertainment Programme at the
Broadcast Awards. The show also won Show of the Year at the Virgin Media
commitment to Bradford, improving opportunities for young people and his charity
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work. 2013 also saw Frayne receive the Grolla d’Oro award at the Masters of
In 2015, Dynamo was named AMA Magician of the Year award at The Academy
Academy by its Board of Trustees. Dynamo was also awarded The Magic Circle's
Following series 2 of Dynamo: Magician Impossible, the show again won the
the accolade of TV Show of the Year at the Virgin Media Awards and was
same year.
Programme at the both the BAFTA TV Awards and the Televisual Bulldog
Awards.
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Conclusion
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References
Christian (31 January 2013). "Broadcast Awards 2013 winners list". Digital
April 2019.
April 2019.
"Dynamo: Magician Impossible: It's all about sharing the wonder". ISSN
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