(b)

Answers N

Chapter 1
1.1 Length and time
A Length (p.1) displacement initial position

1 metre, m
150 m
2 103, 103
50 m

B Time (p.1) 220

m
1 second, s
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
2 103
magnitude of the displacement
3 60, 60, 60, 3600
= 220 2  (150  50) 2 = 242 m
4 reaction
Using trigonometric ratio,
220
Checkpoint 1 tan  =   = 65.6
100
(a) 29.4  The total displacement of the car is 242 m
(b) 6700 S 65.6 W.
(c) 86 400
(d) 2 1.3 Speed, velocity and acceleration
A Speed (p.4)
1.2 Distance and displacement (p.2) 1 distance travelled
1 (a) straight, initial, final, magnitude, 2 scalar
direction 3 metre per second, m s1
(b) path, magnitude 4 km h1

Checkpoint 2 Checkpoint 4
By Pythagoras’ theorem, (a) 110 km h1
magnitude of the displacement 110 km 110  1000 m
= = = 30.6 m s1
= 3  (3  1)
2 2
=5m 1h 3600 s
15
Using trigonometric ratio to find the direction of the km
15 m 1000
displacement: (b) 15 m s1 = = = 54 km h1
1s 1
3 h
tan  =   = 36.9 3600
3 1
 The total displacement is 5 m N 36.9 E.
B Velocity (p.4)
1 displacement
Checkpoint 3
2 vector
(a) Total distance travelled
= 150 + 220 + 50 = 420 m

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 C Instantaneous and average (p.4) 2 equal to, may not, equal to
Checkpoint 5
(a) 5 km h1 D Acceleration (p.6)
(b) 5 km h1 due east 1 change in velocity
1
(c) 3 km h 2 vector
(d) 3 km h1 due west 3 m s2
5 1  3  2 5 (b) direction
(e) = 3.67 km h1
1 2 6 slows down, magnitude
3  2  5 1
(f) = 0.33 km h1 due west
1 2
Checkpoint 8

Checkpoint 6 Magnitude of average acceleration

(a) the same, different 70  1000

total change in velocity 0
= = 3600 =
(b) 8 m s1, zero total time of travel
2
9.72 m s2
Checkpoint 7
1.4 Motion along a straight line (p.8)
N
1 +, 

Checkpoint 9
initial position
(a)

s t v
From A 20
+20 m 10 s = +2 m s1
to B 10
Distance travelled in the first 30 min From B 24
+24 m 8s = +3 m s1
30 to C 8
= 50  = 25 km
60
From C 24
Distance travelled in the next 20 min 24 m = 24 s 1 m s1
to B 1
20
= 30  = 10 km Whole
60 20
= +0.476 m
30  20 5 journey +20 m 42 s 42
Total time of travel = h= h
60 6 s 1
25  10
(b) displacement, velocity, time of travel
Average speed = 5 = 42 km h1
6
Magnitude of the average velocity Checkpoint 10

25 2  10 2 Take the upward direction as positive.

= 5 = 32.3 km h1 8  12
Average acceleration = = 10 m s2
6 2
10  The average acceleration of the ball from
tan  =   = 21.8
25 A to B
 The average velocity is 32.3 km h1 S 21.8 E.
is 10 m s2 downwards.

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 Checkpoint 11
left, slows down, opposite

2 may not be, may not be, speeding up, slowing

down

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 0  18
Chapter 2 (e) +, = 1.2, slow down
50  35
2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion 59
(f) s =  = 22.5 m
A Displacementtime graph (p.10) 2
2 velocity
( 20  45)  18
(g) s = = 585 m
2
(a) +
(b) zero, zero
(c) change from 25 m to 0,
25
0  25 = 25 m, = 0.833 m s1
30

Checkpoint 1
(a) constant, 1 m s1, at rest, backwards, constant,
0.833 m s1
(b) Total displacement in the first 60 s
= 0  10 = 10 m

3 instantaneous

Checkpoint 2
(a) slope, decreases, decreases
(b) 0

s/m

0 t

B Velocitytime graph (p.12)

2 acceleration
3 total displacement, displacement
(b) +1.8
(c) +, +1.8, speed up
(d) +, 0, unchanged

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 Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 5
total displacement (a) The two objects meet at t = 3 s.
(a) Average velocity =
total time of travel
(b) Let the two objects meet at t = T.
20  10 80  15
 4  20
= 2 2 + 20  (T  4) = 15T
2
100 T=8s
= 5 m s1  The two objects meet at t = 8 s.
total distance travelled
Average speed =
total time of travel Checkpoint 6
20  10 80  15
 (a) Incorrect
= 2 2
100 (b) Correct

= 7 m s1 (c) Incorrect

(b)
v / m s1 C Accelerationtime graph (p.15)
backward as Checkpoint 7
10 positive (a)

50 100
0
20 t/s

10 s
forward as
15 positive

0 t/s
Checkpoint 4 15 20
s/m

15
a

0 t/s
10 30 45
0 t/s
15 20

v / m s1 (b)

1.5

30 45
0 t/s
10
1

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 s Checkpoint 8
(a) The object does not change its moving
direction.
10 15
0 t/s (b) The object changes its moving direction
20
at
t = 10 s.
(c) The object changes its moving direction
a
at
t = 5 s.
0 t/s (d) Cannot be determined
10 20

Checkpoint 9
(a) Graph W
(b) Graph X
(c) Graph Y

D Motion analyzing tools (p.17)

1 motion sensor, position, light-gate, speed

Experiment
 data-logger interface
 motion sensor

2.2 Equations of uniformly accelerated

motion
A Equations of motion (p.18)
1 uniform acceleration
1
s= (u  v )t
2
1
s = ut + at 2
2
v2 = u2 + 2as

Checkpoint 10
Take the forward direction as positive.
(a) u=0
43.2  1000
v = 43.2 km h1 = m s1
3600
= 12 m s1
t=5s
a=?
By v = u + at,

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 v  u 12  0 (b) u = 12 m s1
a= = = 2.4 m s2
t 5 36  1000
v = 36 km h1 = m s1 = 10 m s1
 The acceleration of the boat is 2.4 m 3600
s2. t = 1.5 s
s=?
1
By s = (u  v )t ,
2
1 1
s = (u  v )t = (12  10)  1.5 = 16.5
2 2
m
 The distance travelled is 16.5 m.

Checkpoint 11
First find the distance travelled s1 until the particle
changes its moving direction.
u = 8 m s1, v = 0, a = 2 m s2, s1 = ?
By v2 = u2 + 2as,
2 2
v2 u2 0  8
s1 = = = 16 m
2a 2  ( 2)
Then find the total displacement s2 in 10 s.
u = 8 m s1, a = 2 m s2, t = 10 s, s2 = ?
1 2
By s = ut + at ,
2
1 2 1
s2 = ut + at = 8  10 +  ( 2)  10 2 = 20
2 2
m
Total distance travelled = 16 + 16 + 20 = 52 m

Checkpoint 12
(a) slope = a
52
a= = 0.5 m s2
60
(c) v2 = u2 + 2as
slope = 2a
25  9
2a =  a = 2 m s2
40

2.3 Free fall motion

A Acceleration due to gravity (p.20)
1 9.81, gravity, g
2  9.81 m s2
 negative, 9.81 m s2
 0

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 Checkpoint 13
Chapter 3
(a) Consider the upward journey of the ball.
3.1 Introduction to forces
u = 5 m s1, v = 0, a = 9.81 m s2, s = ?
A Some basic understanding about forces
By v2 = u2 + 2as,
(p.22)
v2 u2 02  52
s= = = 1.27 m 1 newton, N
2a 2  ( 9.81)
3 vector, direction
Maximum height above the ground
4 pairs
= 0.8 + 1.27 = 2.07 m
5 spring balance
(b) Consider the journey until the ball returns to
the initial position.
B Contact forces and non-contact forces
u = 5 m s1, a = 9.81 m s2, s = 0, t = ?
(p.22)
1 2
By s = ut + at ,
2 1 (a) Contact
1 (b) Non-contact
0 = 5t +  (9.81)  t2
2
2 (a) tends to slide, opposite
t = 0 (rejected) or 1.02 s
 The ball returns to the initial position
moving up
after 1.02 s. the slope
(c) Consider the journey before the ball hits the
ground.
u = 5 m s1, a = 9.81 m s2, s = 0.8 m, t = ? friction
1 2
By s = ut + at , stationary, but with a
2
1 tendency of sliding
0.8 = 5t +  (9.81)  t2 down the slope
2
t = 0.141 s (rejected) or 1.16 s
 The ball hits the ground after 1.16 s. friction

Checkpoint 14
(b) stretched, magnitude
s
(c) perpendicular
0 t 3 (a) Earth
on the
moon
on the C Free-body diagram (p.24)
earth 1 (a) forces

0 t
on the
moon
on the
earth

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 Checkpoint 1 3.3 Net force and motion: Newton’s
Box A second law (p.26)
normal force Experiment
 higher

tension  friction-compensated, constant

friction  accelerations, elastic threads
1
Result: straight lines, origin, F,
m
weight

1 direction, net force, mass

Box B

tension Checkpoint 4
Draw the free-body diagram for the car.

normal force N

driving
weight force D
friction f

D Net force (p.24) weight W

1 net force
Take the moving direction of the car as positive.
By F = ma,
Checkpoint 2
D  f = ma
Take the direction to the right as positive.
D f 5000  600
Net force = 18 + (2) + (10) = 6 N m= = = 1100 kg
a 4
 The net force is 6 N (to the right).  The mass of the car is 1100 kg.

3.2 Inertia and Newton’s first law Checkpoint 5

A Inertia and mass (p.25) Consider the horizontal direction. Take the direction
1 rest, constant to the right as positive.
2 inertia, harder (a) Consider A, B and C as one object.
3 kilogram, kg By F = ma,
F 30  15
a= = = 1.5 m s2
Checkpoint 3 m 235

rest, inertia  The acceleration of the blocks is

1.5 m s2 towards the right.

B Newton’s first law of motion (p.25)

1 rest, velocity, unbalanced
 move on
 balances

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 (b) (i) B Measuring weight and feeling weight
NA (p.30)
A
1 spring balance
TP
fA 2 (a) net force
a F N and W
WA 0 0 NW
=0 =0 N=W
For A, by F = ma, 0 0 NW
TP  fA = mAa
TP = mAa + fA Checkpoint 7
= 2  1.5 + 3 Take the upward direction as positive.
=6N (a) a0  NW
 The tension in P is 6 N.  The person feels a gain in weight.
(ii) After P breaks, the friction becomes the (b) a=0  N=W
net force acting on A.  The person feels his actual weight.
By F = ma, (c) a0  NW
F 3  The person feels a loss in weight.
a= = = 1.5 m s2
m 2
(d) N  W = mg
A will keep moving to the right with a
N = W  mg
deceleration of 1.5 m s2 and eventually
=0
stop.
 The person feels weightless.

3.4 Weight, friction and fluid resistance

Checkpoint 8
A Weight (p.29)
Take the downward direction as positive.
1 gravitational force
v  u 0  12
2 weight Acceleration a = = = 1.2 m s2
t 10
W = mg By F = ma,
3 9.81, 10 W  R = ma
4 (a) inertia, gravitational force 10  9.81  R = 10  (1.2)
(b) kg, N R = 110 N
(c) does not depend, depends  The reading is 110 N.

Checkpoint 6 C Friction (p.32)

Apply W = mg. 1 (a) =
WE 60 (b) constant
Mass of the object = = = 6.12 kg
g E 9.81
Weight on Mercury = mgM = 6.12  3.72 = 22.8 N

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 Checkpoint 9 man.
Consider the horizontal direction. Take the direction
to the right as positive.
(a) By F = ma,
20  f = 2  4
f = 12 N
 f is 12 N (towards the left).
(b) (i) f is 12 N (towards the left).
(ii) By F = ma,
10  12 = 2a
a = 1 m s2
 The deceleration is 1 m s2.
(iii) f is 10 N (towards the left).
(c) f is zero.

D Fluid resistance (p.33)

1 fluid resistance, liquids
2 
3  , , 
 0, 0, terminal speed
W v f F a
 constant constant W 0 0
(= terminal
speed)
 constant   (W), 0 0
then 

3.5 Action and reaction: Newton’s third

law (p.34)
1 equal, opposite
2 (a) different
(b) equal
(c) opposite

Checkpoint 10
(a) (ii) and (iii) form an action-and-reaction pair.
(b) For (i), the reaction force is the force
(gravitational force) acting on the Earth by the

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 Checkpoint 11
(a) air, air, F
(b) Most of the air pushed by the fan is blocked by
the sail
 F = F
By Newton’s third law of motion,
F = F and F = F
Net force acting on the cart = F  F = 0
 The cart does not move.

Checkpoint 12
Consider the horizontal direction.
Take the direction to the right as positive.
(a) Consider X and Y as one object.
By F = ma,
30  f1 = (2 + 10)  2
f1 = 6 N
 The friction acting on Y by the horizontal
surface is 6 N (towards the left).
(b) The friction acting on Y by X and the
friction acting on X by Y form an action-and-
reaction pair.
For X, by F = ma,
f2 = 2  2 = 4 N
 The friction acting on Y by X is 4 N
(towards the left).

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 (c)
Chapter 4
4.1 Addition and resolution of forces
A Adding forces graphically (p.37)
1 resultant force
2 (a) FR
+

F1 10 N
A
F2 10 N

FR = 10 2  5 2 = 11.2 N
(b) ‘tip-to-tail’

++ B Resolving forces and adding forces

F1 algebraically (p.38)
1 perpendicular
A

F3 F2
Fx = F cos 
Fy = F sin 
2 parallel, perpendicular
W = W sin 
Checkpoint 1
W = W cos 
(a)

Checkpoint 2

10 N
FR
14 N
40 W
W
W
40

FR = 14  10 = 4 N
(b)
Component parallel to the slope W
20 N
= W sin 40

10 N FR = 10  9.81  sin 40

= 63.1 N
Component perpendicular to the slope W
= W cos 40
= 10  9.81  cos 40
FR = 20 2  10 2 = 22.4 N
= 75.1 N

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 Checkpoint 3 4.2 Forces in a plane and Newton’s laws
(a) Component parallel to the surface of motion (p.41)
T 1 at rest / stationary, uniform / constant, zero,
= 50 cos 20 = 47.0 N zero
Component perpendicular to the surface
T Checkpoint 5
= 50 sin 20 = 17.1 N Consider case 1.
(b) Take the direction to the right as positive. Weight W of the ball = tension = 40 N
Resultant force In case 2, the free-body diagram for the ball is as
= 47.0  8 = 39.0 N (towards the right) follows:

T
Checkpoint 4

Resolve F2 as shown.
30 N
P
F// F1
28

W
F2 F
Since the ball is stationary, the net force acting on
In the vertical direction, taking the downward it is zero.
direction as positive, This means that T balances the resultant force
resultant force Fy = 20  sin 28 = 9.39 N F of the 30-N force and W.
In the horizontal direction, taking the direction to the 30 N
right as positive,

resultant force Fx = 25  20 cos 28 = 7.34 N
Therefore, the given situation is equivalent to the W F

one in which two perpendicular forces Fx and

Fy acting on point P. T = F = 30 2  40 2 = 50 N
P Fx F also makes angle  with W.
 30
Fy tan  =
F 40
  = 36.9
 T is 50 N and  is 36.9.

Magnitude of the resultant force F

= 9.39 2  7.34 2 = 11.9 N
9.39
tan  =
7.34
  = 52.0
 The resultant force is 11.9 N inclined
downwards at 52.0 to the horizontal.

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 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint 7
Draw the free-body diagrams for Tony and the cargo. (a) Take the upward direction as positive.
Since the aircraft flies at a constant altitude, the
net force along the vertical direction is zero.
U cos 25  W = 0
30 W
U=
tension T
cos 25
normal 3.5  10 5  9.81
force N1 weight W1 =
cos 25
friction f1 = 3.788  106 N
 The magnitude of the uplifting force is

normal 3.79  106 N.

force N2
tension T (b)
uplifting force U
30
friction f2
25
acceleration
weight W2

Consider the vertical direction. Take the upward

direction as positive. weight W
Since Tony is stationary, the net force acting on him
is zero. (c) Consider the horizontal direction.
N1  W1  T sin 30 = 0 Take the direction to the left as positive.
 N1 = W1 + T sin 30 By F = ma,
= 60  9.81 + 500 sin 30 F
a=
= 839 N m
Since the cargo is stationary, the net force acting on 3.788  10 6  sin 25
=
it is zero. 3.5  10 5
= 4.57 m s2
N2 + T sin 30  W2 = 0
 The magnitude of the acceleration is
 N2 = W2  T sin 30
4.57 m s2.
= 100  9.81  500 sin 30
= 731 N
 The magnitudes of the normal forces acting on
Tony and the cargo are 839 N and 731 N
respectively.

2 acceleration

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 Checkpoint 8 (d) The net force acting on the wedge is zero in the
(a) horizontal direction.
normal force N1 F1 sin 35  f = 0
 f = F1 sin 35
= 32.1 sin 35
= 18.4 N
35
 The friction between the wedge and the
weight W1
rough surface is 18.4 N.
(e) The net force acting on the wedge is zero in the
vertical direction.
normal F1 cos 35 + W2  N2 = 0
force N2
force acted  N2 = F1 cos 35 + W2
by the box = 32.1 cos 35 + 20  9.81
35 F1
= 222.5 N
friction f weight W2
Resultant force acting on the wedge by the
(b) Consider the direction along the inclined rough surface
surface. = f 2  N22
Take the direction down the surface as = 18.4 2  222.5 2
positive. = 223 N
By F = ma,
F
a=
m
W1 sin 35
=
m1
m1 g sin 35
=
m1
= 9.81  sin 35
= 5.63 m s2
 The acceleration of the box is 5.63 m
s2.
(c) The net force acting on the box is zero in the
direction perpendicular to the inclined surface.
N1  W1 cos 35 = 0
 N1 = W1 cos 35
= 4  9.81  cos 35
= 32.1 N
By Newton’s third law, the force acting on the
wedge by the box is 32.1 N.

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 Checkpoint 2
Chapter 5
Take the clockwise direction as positive.
5.1 The turning effect of a force
(a) Net moment about P
A Moments (p.46)
= 12  0.12  6  0.18 = 0.36 N m
1 fixed
 The net moment about P is 0.36 N m in a
2 pivot
clockwise direction.
(b) Net moment about P
Experiment
= 12  0.1 + 6  0.2 = 2.4 N m
 perpendicular
 The net moment about P is 2.4 N m in a
 hinge / pivot
clockwise direction.
Result: larger, larger
(c) Net moment about P
= 20  (7 + 3) sin 70  15  3 sin 60
3 moment
= 227 N m
4 clockwise, anticlockwise
 The net moment about P is 227 N m in an
5 force, perpendicular distance, moment arm, N m
anticlockwise direction.

Checkpoint 1
2 equal, opposite, do not act
Apply  = Fd.
3 zero, the two forces
(a) Moment = 30  0.4
= 12 N m (anticlockwise)
Checkpoint 3
(b) Moment arm d = 0.4 sin 60
Only (a).
 Moment = 30  0.4 sin 60
= 10.4 N m (clockwise)
Checkpoint 4
(c) Moment arm d = 1.5 sin (180  130)
(a) Moment of the couple
= 1.5 sin 50
= 8  0.2 sin (180  110)
 Moment = 120  1.5 sin 50
= 1.50 N m (clockwise)
= 138 N m (clockwise)
(b) Moment of the couple
(d) Moment = 50  0 = 0
= 2  0.05 sin 25
= 0.0423 N m (clockwise)
B Addition of moments (p.49)
1 net
5.2 Equilibrium of a rigid body
A Conditions for equilibrium (p.51)
1 equilibrium
(a) 0
(b) 0

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 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 7
(a) Consider the horizontal direction. (a)
Net force = 0
N1
F1 cos 65  30 sin 20 = 0
F1 = 24.3 N
normal force
 The magnitude of F1 is 24.3 N. from surface N2
(b) Take moment about A.
Net moment = 0 friction f
50  1.2  30  (1.2 + d) sin (90  20) = 0 weight W
d = 0.928 m
(b) Take moment about Y.
B Centre of gravity (p.52) Net moment = 0
1 weight N1  3  W  1.5 cos 30 = 0
2 (a) mid-point W  1.5 cos 30
 N1 =
3
(b) intersection
5  9.81 1.5 cos 30
3  in equilibrium =
3
 intersection = 21.24 N  21.2 N
 The magnitude of N1 is 21.2 N.
Checkpoint 6 (c) Consider the horizontal direction.
(a) Net force acting on the pole = 0
N1 sin 30  f = 0
4L 20L
 f = N1 sin 30 = 21.24 sin 30 = 10.62 N
X C1 Y C2 Z Consider the vertical direction.
2L 10L Net force acting on the pole = 0
N1 cos 30 + N2  W = 0
(b) Consider the moment of weight about  N2 = W  N1 cos 30
X when the rod is horizontal. = 5  9.81  21.24 cos 30
moment of weight of XZ = 30.66 N
= moment of weight of XY + Magnitude of R
moment of weight of YZ
= f 2  N22
2M  d = M  2L + M  (4L + 10L)
= 10.62 2  30.66 2
d = 8L = 32.4 N
Note that the c.g. does not divide rod
XZ into two parts of equal mass. 4 0

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 Checkpoint 8
(a)

normal force NA normal force NB

force acted
by the books
weight W WB

(b) Since the plank is in equilibrium, net moment

about any point is zero, and the net force acting
on it is zero.
Take moment about B.
NA  0.8 + 3  1.2  9.81 
=0
0.3  5  9.81  0.4
NA = 11.3 N
Consider the vertical direction.
NA + NB  W  WB = 0
 NB = W + W B  NA
= 5  9.81 + 3  1.2  9.81  11.3
= 73.1 N
 The normal forces by supports A and B
are 11.3 N and 73.1 N respectively.
(c) When the plank is about to topple, the normal
force acted by support A is zero.
Take moment about B.
Net moment = 0
WB  0.3  5  9.81  0.4 = 0
WB = 65.4 N
65.4
Number of books  = 5.6
1.2  9.81
 At most 5 books can be put into a stack
without making the plank topple.

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 Checkpoint 2
Chapter 6
Decrease in KE
6.1 Work and energy transfer (p.57)
1 1
1 force, displacement, parallel, mechanical = mu 2  mv 2
2 2
work / work 1  60 
2
1  25 
2
=  1200      1200   
2 joules / J 2  3.6  2  3.6 
3 (a) gains, by = 138 000 J
(b) loses, against  The car loses 138 000 J of kinetic energy.
4 Fs cos , parallel
B Gravitational potential energy (p.60)
Checkpoint 1 2 mgh, gravity
(a) Work done by reaction force = 0 3 change in PE, independent
(b) Work done by weight
= Fs = 5  9.81  1.2 = 58.9 J Checkpoint 3
(c) Work done by pushing force Decrease in PE
= Fs cos  = 24  2  cos 40 = 36.8 J = mgh
Work done against friction = 0.5  9.81  (3 sin 30)
= 18.4  2 = 36.8 J = 7.36 J
(d) Work done against friction  The ball loses 7.36 J of potential energy.
= 18.4  12.5 = 230 J
6.3 Energy changes and conservation of
6.2 Kinetic energy and potential energy energy (p.61)
A Kinetic energy (p.59) 1 created, destroyed
1
2 mv 2 , mass, speed
2 Checkpoint 4
3
(a) Yes
(b) Before the ball reaches the highest point, its KE
changes to its PE.
After the ball reaches the highest point, its PE
changes to its KE.
(c) Loss in KE = gain in PE
KE
1 1
mu 2  mv 2 = mgh
2 2
 v = u  2 gh
2

= 8.6 2  2  9.81  1.2

= 7.10 m s1

v
0

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 Checkpoint 5 (ii) When Jason drops from the bridge to
(a) (i) As the tension is always perpendicular to point O,
the direction of motion, it does no work gain in elastic PE
on the sphere. = loss in gravitational PE
(ii) The sphere attains the maximum speed at = mgh
the lowest position. = 65  9.81  125
From A to that position, = 79 700 J
gain in KE = loss in PE The energy stored in the elastic string is
1 79 700 J.
mv max 2 = mgh
2
 vmax = 2 gh
= Checkpoint 7
2  9.81  (0.4  0.4 cos 30) (a) Work done against friction = loss in KE
1
= 1.03 m s 1
fd = mv 2
(b) From A to B, 2
2
loss in PE = work done against air resistance  54 
mv 2 2000   
d= =  3.6  = 18.8 m
0.5  9.81  h = 0.1 2f
2  12 000
h = 0.0204 m
(b) When the car moves down the slope before it
 B is lower than A by 0.0204 m.
stops, besides the loss in KE, there is also a
loss in potential energy / PE. The work done
Checkpoint 6
against friction is equal to the sum of these
(a) Yes
losses. Therefore, a longer distance is needed to
(b) Before the string stretches,
travel before the car stops.
Jason’s gravitational PE changes to his KE.
As the string stretches to point O, Jason’s
Checkpoint 8
gravitational PE and KE changes to the elastic
(a) Block B
PE of the string.
(b) During the motion, the speed of A is always
(c) (i) When Jason drops from the bridge to
equal to the speed of B.
where the string just starts stretching,
Loss in PE of B = gain in PE of A +
gain in KE = loss in gravitational PE
gain in KE of A +
1
mv 2 = mgh gain in KE of B
2
3  9.81  0.8 = 2  9.81  0.8 +
 v = 2 gh
1
= 2  9.81  40  ( 2  3)v 2
2
= 28.0 m s1 v = 1.77 m s1
 The speed of the block is 1.77 m
s  1.

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 6.4 Power (p.66) Checkpoint 12
work done (a) Taken the upwards direction as positive.
1 rate,
time taken
Given u = 0, a = 0.5 m s2, t = 2 s
v = u + at = 0 + 0.5  2 = 1 m s1
Checkpoint 9
1 2 1
Average power
s = ut + at = 0 +  0.5  2 2 = 1 m
2 2
work done Energy
= = gain in KE + gain in PE
time taken
provided by motor
1
mgh  mv 2 1
= 2 Pt = m(v 2  u 2 ) + mgh
2
t
1
1 P  2 =  600  (12  0) + 600  9.81  1
8  9.81 1.2   8  0.4 2 2
= 2
P = 3090 W
0.5
= 190 W The average power output of the motor is 3090
W.

2 velocity (b) Let F be the upward force acting on the lift due
to the motor.

Checkpoint 10 Net force acting on lift = F  mg = ma

(a) Power = Fv = 8  1.2 = 9.6 W  F = m(a + g)

v  u 1.2  0 = 600  (0.5 + 9.81)

(b) Acceleration a = = = 0.24 m
t 5 = 6186 N
s 2
At t = 1.5 s,
At t = 2 s,
velocity v = 0 + 0.5  1.5 = 0.75 m s1
velocity v = u + at = 0 + 0.24  2 = 0.48 m
Instantaneous power output
s 1
= Fv = 6186  0.75 = 4640 W
Power = Fv = 8  0.48 = 3.84 W

Checkpoint 11
(a) E = E0 + Pt
(b)
E

E0 + 5P

E0

0 t
5

The slope of the graph is P.

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 (b) Change in total KE
Chapter 7
= total KE after collision  total KE before
7.1 Conservation of momentum
collision
A Law of conservation of momentum (p.69)
1 1 1 
Experiment =  1 4 2    1 8 2   3  4 2 
2  2 2 
 level
= 48 J
 (a) stick together
The total KE of the balls decreases by 48 J.
(b) repel
(c) The KE of the balls is converted into sound
energy and the internal energy of the balls.
1 momentum, mv
2 kg m s1, vector, velocity
Checkpoint 3
(a) is, is no, should, internal
Checkpoint 1
(b) The elastic potential energy in the spring is
Take the direction towards the right as positive.
converted into the kinetic energy of the trolleys
Momentum of trolley A
and sound energy.
= mv = 0.5  0.1 = 0.05 kg m s1
Momentum of trolley B
Checkpoint 4
= 0.5  (0.25) = 0.125 kg m s1
Take the direction towards the right as positive.
Total momentum
By conservation of momentum,
= 0.05 + (0.125) = 0.075 kg m s1
mPuP + mQuQ = mPvP + mQvQ
2  5 + 4  3 = 2vP + 4vQ
3 law of conservation of momentum, conserved,
vP = 11  2vQ ………(1)
external
The total KE is conserved in an elastic collision, so
5 (a) outside 1 1 1 1
m P u P 2  mQ u Q 2 = m P v P 2  mQ v Q 2
(c) total momentum 2 2 2 2
6 inelastic collision, completely / perfectly m P u P 2  mQ u Q 2 = m P v P 2  mQ v Q 2
inelastic collision, elastic collision 2  52 + 4  32 = 2vP2 + 4vQ2
vP2 + 2vQ2 = 43 ………(2)
Checkpoint 2 Put (1) into (2),
(a) Take the direction towards the right as positive. (11  2vQ)2 + 2vQ2 = 43
By conservation of momentum, 13
vQ = 3 m s1 or m s1
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB 3
Case 1:
1  8 + 3  (4) = 1  vA + 0
If vQ = 3 m s1, vP = 5 m s1. This solution is rejected
vA = 4 m s1
because it signifies that P overtakes Q after the
The velocity of ball A is 4 m s1 towards the
collision.
left.
Case 2:
13 7
If vQ = m s1, vP = m s1.
3 3

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 7 B Newton’s third law and conservation of
 The velocities of P and Q are m s1 and
3
momentum (p.77)
13
m s1 respectively, both towards the right. m B (v B  u B )
3 1 B, A, 
t
B Examples of conservation of momentum
(p.73) C Force of impact (p.77)
1 (a) backwards, gun, bullet 1 impact, maximum
(b) the same, the same, is conserved 2 time of impact
(c) backwards, earth (a) thick, soft, longer, smaller
(b) lengthens
7.2 Change in momentum
A Newton’s second law and change in
Checkpoint 7
momentum (p.75)
(a) Consider the motion of Mario from the highest
v  u mv  mu
1 , , momentum point attained to the surface of the mat.
t t
Take the downward direction as positive.
2 change in momentum By v2 = u2 + 2as,
3 Ft v = u 2  2as
4 Ft, area under = 0 2  2  9.81  5.5
= 10.39 m s1
Checkpoint 5
During the impact,
(a) Change in momentum 0  65  10.39
F= = 750 N
= Ft = 2  0.08 = 0.16 kg m s1 0.9
(b) Ejection speed of the marble The average net force acting on Mario
momentum 0.16 is
= = = 16 m s1
mass 0.01 750 N upwards.
(c) Elastic potential energy stored in the
(b) F = R  mg
compressed spring
 R = F + mg = 750 + 65  9.81 = 1390 N
= gain in KE of the marble
The average normal reaction force acting on
1 1
= mv 2 =  0.01 16 2 = 1.28 J Mario by the mat is 1390 N upwards.
2 2
(c) The average force acting on the mat by Mario
Checkpoint 6 is 1390 N downwards.
Apply F = ma.
(a) Maximum net force = 7.8 N
7.8
Maximum acceleration = = 3.9 m s2
2
(b) Change in momentum = 0.5 N s
Time of impact = 1.99  1.77 = 0.22 s
0.5
Average net force = = 2.27 N
0.22
2.27
Average acceleration = = 1.14 m s2
2

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 The velocity of the ball is 10.9 m
Chapter 8
s1 towards the right at an angle of
8.1 Horizontally projected motion (p.80)
14.9 below the horizontal.
1 gravitational, projectile, projectile

Experiment
 horizontal, monkey

2 the same
3 horizontal, vertical, uniform, uniform, gravity,
independent
4 parabola

Checkpoint 1
Take the downward direction and the direction to the
right as positive.
(a) Consider the vertical motion of the ball.
uy = 0, ay = 9.81 m s2, sy = 0.4 m, t = ?
1
sy = uyt + a yt 2
2
1
0.4 = 0 +  9.81 t 2
2
t = 0.286 s or 0.286 s (rejected)
 The time taken is 0.286 s.
(b) Consider the horizontal motion of the ball.
By sx = uxt,
sx 3
ux = = = 10.5 m s1
t 0.286
 The initial speed of the ball at A is 10.5 m
s1.
(c) Consider the vertical motion of the ball.
uy = 0, ay = 9.81 m s2, sy = 0.4 m, vy = ?
vy2 = uy2 + 2aysy
= 0 + 2  9.81  0.4
= 7.848 m2 s2
vy = 2.80 m s1 or 2.80 m s1 (rejected)
vx = ux = 10.5 m s1
v = v x 2  v y 2 = 10.5 2  7.848 = 10.9 m
s 1
vy 2.80
tan  = =
vx 10.5
  = 14.9

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 6 underneath Checkpoint 3
Take the upward direction and the direction to the
8.2 General projectile motion right as positive. Since the trajectory of the ball is
A Projectile launched at an angle (p.84) symmetrical, u = 6 m s1.
1 parabola, u cos , u sin  (a) Consider the whole journey of the ball along
2 (a) projection, landing the vertical direction.
(b) highest, 0 uy = 6 sin  m s1, vy = 6 sin  m s1,
(c) horizontal t = 1.2 s, a = 9.81 m s2
v = u + at
Checkpoint 2 6 sin  = 6 sin   9.81  1.2
Take the upward direction and the direction to the sin  = 0.981
right as positive.  = 78.813
(a) Consider the vertical motion of the ball.  78.8
ay = 9.81 m s2, uy = 6 sin 75 m s1, vy = 0, (b) Time spent for the ball to reach the highest
1.2
t=? point = = 0.6 s
2
By vy = uy + ayt, XY = ux  t = 6 cos 78.813  0.6 = 0.698 m
vy uy 0  6 sin 75
t= = = 0.591 s
a  9.81 Checkpoint 4
 The ball reaches the maximum height (a) Take the upward direction and the direction
after 0.591 s. from X to Y as positive.
(b) Consider the vertical motion of the ball. Consider the vertical direction.
2
ay = 9.81 m s , sy = 2.8  2 = 0.8 m, 1
sy = uyt + a yt 2
1
uy = 6 sin 75 m s , t = ? 2
1
sy = uyt +
1
a yt 2 0 = u sin   t  gt 2
2 2
2u sin 
1 t = 0 (rejected) or
0.8 = 6 sin 75  t +  ( 9.81)  t 2 g
2
Consider the horizontal direction.
t = 0.1596 s or 1.022 s (rejected)
sx = uxt
Consider the horizontal motion of the ball.
2u sin 
sx = uxt = 6 cos 75  0.1596 = 0.248 m d = u cos  
g
 The horizontal distance travelled by the u 2 (2 sin  cos  )
=
ball is 0.248 m when it first reaches a g
height of 2.8 m. u 2 sin 2
=
g
(b) The value of d attains maximum when
3 symmetrical / symmetric
sin 2 = 1. This happens when 2 = 90, i.e.
4 (a) the same, energy
(b) equal to
 = 45.

5 45

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 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6
(a) u sin , becomes larger, increases sysx, PE, constant, zero
(b) remains zero, remains unchanged, becomes
larger, uxT, increases

B Energy change in projectile motion (p.88)

1 (a) mgH PE

PE

mgH

sx
0

0 t
T T
2 KE
(b) gravitational force,

1
constant, mu 2
2

total energy

1 sx
mu 2 0
2

0 t

1 1 positive, zero
(c) mu 2 , mu x 2
2 2 PE

KE
sy
1 0
mu 2 maximum
2 height

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1 27 Lesson Worksheets 2
2
mu x
 Oxford University Press 2016
2

0 t
T T
2
 KE Checkpoint 7
(a) Loss in KE = gain in PE
1
m(u 2  v 2 ) = mgh
2
 v = u 2  2 gh
= 28 2  2  9.81  ( 2.2  0.6)

= 27.4 m s1
sy  The speed of the ball is 27.4 m
0
maximum
s  1.
height
mv  mu
(b) Average net force =
t
0  0.15  27.4
=
0 .2
= 20.6 N
 The magnitude of the average net force is
20.6 N.

C Projectile motion with air resistance (p.91)

1 (a) symmetrical / symmetric
(b) loses
(c) 
(d) 

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 = 7.67 m s2
Chapter 9
9.1 Introduction to circular motion
A Describing circular motion (p.92)
1 angular displacement, angular speed, angle,

t
2 radian, 360
3 uniform circular
4 r, angular, r
5 2r, 2

Checkpoint 1
v
(a) Apply  = .
r
5
Angular speed of Anson = = 0.278 rad s1
18
5
Angular speed of Benny = = 0.417 rad s1
12
2 πr
(b) Apply T = .
v
2 π  18
Period of Anson = = 22.6 s
5
2 π  12
Period of Benny = = 15.1 s
5

B Centripetal acceleration (p.94)

1 direction
2 centre, centripetal
v 2 , r 2
3
r

Checkpoint 2
distance travelled
(a) v=
time taken
1
 2 π  21
= 4
2.6
= 12.69 m s1
 12.7 m s1
v2
(b) Centripetal acceleration =
r
=
12.69 2
21

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 9.2 Centripetal force Checkpoint 5
A Centripetal force (p.95) The friction f provides the centripetal force.
1 centre, centripetal force mv 2
f=
mv 2 r
2 , mr2
r mv 2
 r=
f
3 perpendicular
Since f has a maximum value of 9000 N,
4 resultant
2
 60 
1000   
minimum value of r =  3.6  = 30.9 m
Checkpoint 3
9000
(a) T = centripetal force
mv 2 Checkpoint 6
=
r
Consider the vertical direction.
0.5  0.8 2
=
0.2 L cos  = mg ………(1)
= 1.6 N Consider the horizontal direction.
(b) v2, increase, 6.4 N mv 2
L sin  = ………(2)
r
(2)  (1):
Experiment
2
 280 
 below v2  
tan  = =  3.6 
gr
9.81 2400
Checkpoint 4   = 14.4
(a) As shown in the figure,
r Checkpoint 7
sin  =
L
The free-body diagram of the man is as shown.
The horizontal component of T provides the
friction
centripetal force.
T sin  = mr2
r normal reaction
T   = mr2 by the wall
L
T = m2L
(b) stationary, zero, weight of the screw nuts weight

5 first, straight (a) R = centripetal force

= mr2
B Daily examples of uniform circular motion = 65  2  42
(p.97) = 2080 N

1 (a) friction (b) f = mg = 65  9.81 = 638 N

(b) horizontal
(c) normal reaction

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 (c) fmax = 0.6R s  1.
= 0.6mr2
= 0.6  65  2  2.52
= 488 N
 fmax  mg
 The man will fall from the wall.

2 (a) normal reaction

(b) friction, horizontal
(ii) outwards, inwards
N

f
mg

(iii) inwards, outwards

N

mg

Checkpoint 8
(a) (i) Consider the vertical direction.
N cos 8 = 1000  9.81
N = 9910 N
 The normal reaction is 9910 N.
(ii) The horizontal component of N provides
the centripetal force.
mv 2
N sin 8 =
r
rN sin 8
v=
m
400  9910 sin 8
=
1000
= 23.5 m s1
 The speed of the car is 23.5 m

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 (b) (i) lower, smaller, outwards
(ii) The free-body diagram of the car is as
shown.
N

mg
8

Consider the vertical direction.

N cos 8 + f sin 8 = mg
(N cos 8 + f sin 8 = 9810)
Consider the horizontal direction.
mv 2
N sin 8  f cos 8 =
r
(N sin 8  f cos 8 = 1000)

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 Checkpoint 2
Chapter 10
Weight = mg
10.1 Newton’s law of universal gravitation
A Gravitational force (p.102) RE 2
= mg 0
1 (a) attracts, gravitational force r2
6 370 000 2
Gm1 m 2 = 700 
(b) , universal gravitational (6 370 000  12 000) 2
r2
constant = 697 N
1
2
r2 C Gravitational field (p.104)
3 centres
1 (a) gravitational field
(b) gravitational force
Checkpoint 1
gravitational force F
(a) Gravitational force FXY exerted on X by Y 2 ,
mass m0
Gm X mY 3 N kg1, vector, gravitational force
=
r2 GMm 0 GM
11 4 ,
6.67  10  0.005  0.008 r 2
r2
=
32
= 2.96  1016 N (towards Y)
Checkpoint 3
(b) FXY and FYX form an action-and-reaction pair. GM
16 Apply g = .
 FYX = 2.96  10 N (towards X) r2
Gm X m Z Gravitational field strength at C due to A
(c) By F = ,
r2 6.67  10 11  3
2
=
Fr 22
mZ =
Gm X = 5.00  1011 N kg1 (towards A)
0.014  (3 400 000  500 000) 2 Gravitational field strength at C due to B
=
11
6.67  10  0.005 6.67  10 11  2
=
= 6.39  10 kg 23
32
 The mass of Z is 6.39  1023 kg. = 1.48  1011 N kg1 (towards B)
Resultant gravitational field strength at
B Mass, weight and acceleration due to gravity C
(p.103) = 5.00  1011  1.48  1011
1 weight = 3.52  1011 N kg1 (towards A)
RE 2 RE 2
2 , g0
2
r r2 10.2 Circular motion under gravity
(p.106)
mv 2
1 gravitational force, , mr2
r

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 33 Lesson Worksheets 2

 Oxford University Press 2016
 Checkpoint 4
GMm mv 2
(a) By 2
= ,
r r
GM
v=
r
(b) T=
distance travelled in one revolution
orbital speed
2 πr
=
v
2 πr
= GM
r
r3
= 2π
GM

3 (a) Earth, object

(b) , 
(c) centre of the Earth
(d) increases
(e) perpendicular

Checkpoint 5
2π
Angular speed of Mars  =
T
2π
=
780  24  60  60
= 9.32  108 rad s1
GMm
By = mr2,
r2
r 3 2
M=
G
( 2.28  1011 ) 3  (9.32  10 8 ) 2
=
6.67  10 11
= 1.54  1030 kg
 The mass of the Sun is 1.54  1030 kg.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 34 Lesson Worksheets 2

 Oxford University Press 2016