Child and Adolescent Development

CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
MODULE 1: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: MEANING, CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT – It is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception dn

continues through the life span. Development include growth and decline. This means that development
can be positive or negative (Santrock, 2002)
Major Principles of Human Development
1. Development is relatively orderly.

a. Proximodistal Pattern - the muscular control of the trunk and the arms comes earlier as
compared to hands and fingers.
b. Cephalo-caudal Pattern – during infancy the greatest growth always occur at the top – the
head – with physical growth in size, weight and future differentiation gradually working its
way down from top to bottom.
2. While the pattern of development is likely to be similar, the outcomes of developmental
processes and the rate of development are likely to vary among individuals.
This involves the environment where the development grows.
3. Development takes place gradually.
Development of an individual takes years.
4. Development as a process is complex because it is the product of biological, cognitive and
socio-emotional processes.
 Biological process involve changes in the individual’s physical nature.
 Cognitive process involve changes in the individual’s though, intelligence, and language.
 Socio-emotional process include changes in the individual’s relationships with other people,
changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
Two Approaches to Human Development
a. Traditional – changes from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood and decline in
late old age.
b. Life-span – adulthood developmental changes takes place as it does during childhood.
Characteristics of Life Span development (Paul Baltes basedon Santrock, 2002)
1. Development is lifelong. It does not enf in adulthood. No developmental stage dominates

development.
2. Development is multidimensional. Development consists of biological cognitive, and socio-
emotional dimensions.
3. Development is plastic. It is possible throughout life-span.
4. Development is Contextual. Individuals are changing beings in a changing world.
5. Development involves growth, maintenance and regulation. These three are the goals of human
development.
Principles of Child Development and Learning that inform practice.
1. All the domains of development and learning-physical, social and emotional and cognitive-are
important, and they are closely interrelated.
2. Many aspects of children’s learning and development follow well documented sequences, with
later abilities, skills and knowledge building on those already acquired.
3. Development and learning proceed at varying rates from child to child, as well as at uneven
rates across different areas of a child’s individual functioning.
4. Development and learning result from a dynamic and continuous interaction of biological
maturation and experience.
5. Early experiences have profound effects, both cumulative and delayed, on a child’s development
and learning: and optimal periods exist for certain types of development and learning to occur.
6. Development proceeds toward greater complexity, self-regulation, and symbolic or
representational capacities.
7. Children develop best when they have secure, consistent relationships with responsive adults
and opportunities for positive relationships with peers.
8. Development and learning occur in and are influenced by multiple social and cultural contexts.
9. Always mentally active in seeking to understand the world around them, children learn in a
variety of ways; a wide range of teaching strategies and interactions are effective in supporting
all these kinds of learning.
10. Play is important vehicle for developing self-regulation as well as for promoting language
cognition, and social competence.
11. Development and learning advance when children are challenged to achieve at a level just
beyond their current mastery, and also when they have many opportunities to practice newly
acquired skills.
12. Children’s experiences shape their motivation and approaches to learning, such as persistence,
initiative, and flexibility: in turn, these dispositions and behaviors affect their learning and
development.
MODULE 2: THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT TASKS
 Pre-natal Period
 Infancy (from birth to 2 years)
 Early Childhood (3 to 5 years)
 Middle and Late Childhood (6 – 12 years)
 Adolescence (13 – 18 years)
 Early Adulthood (19 – 29 years)
 Middle Adulthood (30 – 60 years)
 Late Adulthood (61 years and above)
MODULE 3: Issues on Human Development
MODULE 19: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOLERS
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the characteristics of children in the concrete operational stage

2. Explain the importance of information-processing skills and ow they affect the child’s cognitive
development.
3. State the different cognitive milestones in primary-schoolers.
Jean Piaget is the foremost theorist when it comes to cognitive development. According to him,
intelligence is the basic mechanism of ensuring balance in the relations between the person and the
environment. Everything that a person experiences is a continuous process of assimilations and
accommodations. Piaget described four main periods in cognitive development, For him, intellectual
ability is not the same at different ages.
Jean Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
Concrete operation is the third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. It spans from
ages 7 to approximately 11 years. In this developmental stage, children have better understanding of
their thinking skills. Children begin to think logically about concrete events, particularly their own
experiences, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts, thus most of them still
have a hard time at problem-solving.

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CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT

MODULE 1: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: MEANING, CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT – It is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception dn

Major Principles of Human Development

1. Development is relatively orderly.

Two Approaches to Human Development

Characteristics of Life Span development (Paul Baltes basedon Santrock, 2002)

1. Development is lifelong. It does not enf in adulthood. No developmental stage dominates

Principles of Child Development and Learning that inform practice.

MODULE 2: THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT TASKS

MODULE 3: Issues on Human Development

MODULE 19: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOLERS

1. Describe the characteristics of children in the concrete operational stage

Jean Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

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