Clauses- LEE.

12)
1. The thief first made sure that no one was watching, so, as he was not observed, he climbed up a drainpipe
to a window in the first floor. Therefore, he succeeded in entering the house through the window. ?
(Second option) Making sure that no one was watching, the thief, who was not observed, climbed up a
drainpipe to a window in the first floor. He succeeded in entering the house through the window.
2. Since some friends of mine, who were very keen yachtsmen, invited me to join them, I had the opportunity
of spending my holiday at sea. They wanted to sail round the British Isles, and, although I had no
experience of sailing, I decided to take the opportunity. Having the opportunity of….
(Second option) Although not having the experience of sailing, I decided to take the opportunity of spending my
holiday at sea, since some friends of mine, who were very keen yachtsmen, invited me to join them. They
wanted to sail round the British Isles.
3. This is a jury system in which a man may be pronounced guilty only by twelve of his fellow citizens, who
must be left free to make their decision without influence of the judge. However, he may direct them as to
points of law, which is an outstanding characteristic of British judicial procedure. ???This jury system is an
outstanding characteristic…
4. Visitors from the Continent are surprised by the fact that the English queue up for public transport in an
orderly way. When they first arrive in England, they innocently join the front of the queue, so that, angry
glares are given them, which they cannot understand.
5. Money or plate, which may have no owner, may be found hidden anywhere in Britain, so that, it is called
treasure “trove”. Although the trove is legally the property of the crown and therefore, the finder must hand
over it to the authorities, he is in practice given its full value in return.
(Second option) Money or plate, which may have no owner, may be found hidden anywhere in Britain, and,
therefore, called treasure “trove”. Although the trove is legally the property of the crown and as a consequence,
the finder must hand over it to the authorities, he is in practice given its full value in return.
6. The bubonic plague, raged in England during the middle Ages, carried off thousands of the population.
Since in some cases, it exterminated whole towns and villages, the name given to it was “The Black
Death”.
(Second option)The name given to the bubonic plague, which raged in England during the middle Ages, was
the “The Black Death”. It carried off thousands of the population, in some cases, exterminating whole towns
and villages.
7. While Fleet Street was once famous for its coffee houses where men prominent in the literary world used to
meet, now it is synonymous with journalism and English national newspapers. It takes its name from the
Fleet Stream which used to run from Hampsted down into the Thames at Blackfriars.
(Second option)Although Fleet Street, which takes its name from the Fleet Stream, was once famous for its
coffee houses where men prominent in the literary world used to meet, it is now synonymous with
journalism and English national newspapers. It used to run from Hampstead down into the Thames at
Blackfriars. ???!
8. Guy Fawkes was the leader of a band of conspirators who intended to blow up the Houses of Parliament
while the King and his Ministers were in session. Guy Fawkes’ memory is perpetuated and, what is more,
there are firework displays which are held on November 5th each year.
(Second option) Guy Fawkes, whose memory is perpetuated , was the leader of a band of conspirators who
intended to blow up the Houses of Parliament while the King and his Ministers were in session. ????????
9. I returned to the city where I had been born and to which I had been absent for many years. I was dismay
to find that many of its narrow streets as well as/and their picturesque houses had been demolished to
make way for shop-lined thoroughfares which were modern but undistinguished. ???

7) Join the sentences.

1. The British Ambassador to France made his first public speech yesterday, saying that the destinies of
France and Britain were indissolubly linked. ?????
2. Being launched only six months ago, the firm´s latest product has already captured a significant share of the
market.
The firm´s latest product that was launched only six months ago, has already captured a significant share of
the market.
3. Being held every year in the autumn, the National Motor Show attracts enormous numbers of visitors.
4. The present house, which stands on the site of a much earlier building, still bears the same number.
The present house stands on the site of a much earlier building, bearing the same number.
5. The unfortunate newsreader, who was making first appearance on television, looked very confused when
his autocue failed.
6. This new hostel, which accommodates 200 students, will be opened next month.
7. The new freightliner trains, which are made up of twenty one container wagons, carry forty two containers.
8. The invasion, which was carefully planned and skilfully executed, was completed within a matter of days.
9. Our new houses, (which are) built to the highest standards, should satisfy the most discriminating purchaser.
10. Typhoon Ida, swepting the country from coast to coast, left a trail of destruction in its wake.
11. Britain´s building societies, which are at present struggling hard to attract more money, will soon be obliged
to raise their rates of interest to investors and borrowers.
12. The damaged ship, which is at present caught on rocks, is in danger of breaking up in heavy seas, carrying
a cargo of dangerous chemicals. ?
13. We eventually caught a train which stops at every station. ?
14.
15. At the end of the street, (which was) crowded with shoppers, was a building, which Tom had not noticed
before.
16. Some people, who has the same surname as some other people who has just moved out, just moved in
next door. ?
17. I noticed that the door was open, so that, I decided to go in, which turned out to be a mistake.
18. Everyone expects the Popular Party candidate, Flora Jackson, to win the election since she has
announced that she will cut income tax by 10% if elected.
19. I listened to Gorge patiently, but, when he started insulting me, I told him a few home truths which he didn´t
like. ?
20. Pauline asked me a question to which I had no reply.
21. He rushed out of the room shouting at the top of his voice, as typical / which was typical.
13) 1. Present Simple. Use of tense: inform
Present progressive: complain
2. In the first sentence the man was in his way to the bank, while in the second, he probably was at the bank or
watching them from one point near the bank.
3. In the second sentence the man who they are talking about has probably returned from his holidays, while in
the first sentence he has probably not come back. (or is no longer there)
4. In the first sentence the person is not a teacher while in the second does.
5. to hear from refers to have or receive news from someone (to get information from someone via e-mail,
phone, etc.) while to hear of refers to be told/know/ about someone or something.
6. In the first sentence, the information coming after the comma is extra. It is already clear which workers are
being talked about. This is a non-defining Relative Clause, because it does NOT define the subject, it only
adds information, this type of clause IS written with COMMAS at the beginning and end)
In the second sentence, the information in the relative clause is necessary and there is no comma.  This
means that it is essential to put the complete defining clause because “The workers who went on strike” is the
SUBJECT of “were” in “were dismissed” (grammatically this is called a Defining Relative Clause)

7. The first sentence is a negative statement while the second one is a positive statement. Some typically

implies a specific type or form.  Any is mainly used when we’re talking about something that is not specific.

Any also describes an indefinite or an incomplete quantity when the speaker can not, or does not need or want

to specify a number or an exact amount. 

8. The use of by allows the person performing the task (in this case “the payment”) to complete it any time up
until the specified time.
The use of at specifies the exact and only time the task must be completed.

9.‘A’ and ‘the’ are articles. They are used in speech to refer to or indicate a noun. The difference between the
two is that ‘a’ is the indefinite article, and ‘the’ is the definite article. When a person uses ‘a’ in speech, they do
not specify the noun to which they refer (in this case, the modern paintings), while when they use ‘the’ in
speech we specify the noun to which we refer.

10. The first sentence expresses something that probably happened while the second one refers to an unlikely
or hypothetical condition and its probable result. These sentence is not based on the actual situation. 
(second conditional)
11. In the first question I don’t know if the answer is yes or no and I don’t expect the answer to be yes or no.
It’s simply a regular neutral question.
In the second question, I would ask it like this if I assumed or expected the answer to be yes and I’m
only
asking to check or confirm that I’m correct and make sure I’m not mistaken.
12.  the big difference between "someone" and "anyone" is that "someone" refers to some person, and
that person is specific, even though it may not be known, while "anyone" refers to some person, and
all people are equally interchangeable as said individual.
Someone is some person specify, & anyone when we are talking about a random & unknown one
13. ?