CCTV TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER MODULE

Prepared by- Bhargavi Padhi(17 PHY 017) Assigned by- Dr.Biswanath Parija

B.Sc (PHY) Honours, Government Autonomous College, Rourkela.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of the given project is to study the CCTV transmitter and receiver module. The different areas that are studied in
detail in this project are the different types of CCTVs, their working, their constituents, their history, and their evolution to
cater to the increasing levels of security with every passing day. We also study in detail the different components that make
up a CCTV transmitter and receiver, their respective functions; their applications and the scope of improvement with the
incoming age of Artificial Intelligence.

INTRODUCTION
CCTV stands for closed circuit television. It is primarily a television system in which case signals are not publically distributed
but are monitored basically for surveillance purposes. They are not broadcasted over airwaves and all its elements are
connected directly. It relies on the strategic placements of cameras and the observation of their inputs from elsewhere within
a plausible range. The reason why they are called a ‘closed circuit’ is because in this case the cameras communicate with
either monitor or video recorders across private coaxial cables that run on wireless communication links and the access to
their content is limited by design only to those able to see it.

CCTVs were originally designed in the 20th century to use on top secret and sensitive government projects and have definitely
come a long way since the days of primitive TV cameras, bulky cathode-ray monitors, and clunky magnetic storage media. All
thanks to the advances in digital technology including wireless transmission, refined digital optics, sophisticated software and
unprecedented digital storage options, modern CCTVs bear little resemblance to those early systems where sleek, robust and
highly detailed CCTV systems have replaced choppy black and white, low resolution images with limited storage and review
capabilities. Early CCTV systems used old analog magnetic tape technology (VCRs) to store limited capacity of footage for a
limited time. The resolution was poor and the frame rates were really low, meaning a person moving through a given frame
would look like he was to lurch and skip. But the modern CCTV systems are highly developed ranging from as simple as two IP
cameras broadcasting their feeds over your home or business wireless networks to virtually unlimited cameras operating
remotely to provide full color, high definition real time video displays. To add a feather to it, the wireless revolution has made
the acquired access and control of CCTV footages even easier where location and time do not matter.

CCTV cameras can be broadly classified into three basic types-

a) Wired security cameras use cables to transmit footage and conduct video surveillance, but the signal can weaken
when the transmission range exceeds 300 meters. Using the appropriate networking cables, switches, and signal
boosters can help overcome this problem. Several cameras can be interconnected to a single monitor located in a
security room.
b) Analog cameras have been around for years and are still the most common type of CCTV camera installed today. They
have basic functionality and store video onsite.
c) IP (Internet protocol) cameras carry out the same functions as their analog counterparts, but with vastly greater
capabilities. IP cameras boast sharper, higher resolution images and more flexible features like remote zoom and
repositioning. They also give you the option to view footage on a web browser. This makes it possible to receive
notifications regarding anything peculiar the camera’s records and view it live from anywhere via a computer or smart
phone. The major drawback of IP cameras is their higher price tag.
All CCTV systems require some amount of cabling, even those with wireless cameras. Cables link different pieces of equipment
together, including monitors, recorders, modems, and wired cameras.

VIDEO RECORDERS
When a CCTV camera spots something of interest, a recorder ensures we can go back and view it later. We can set up our
cameras to record everything they capture, but that takes up a lot of storage space. For this reason, we may want to program
our cameras to record only during certain times of the day or when they detect movement. Video recording has two types:

a) DVRs, or digital video recorders, are the modern replacement for analog recorders that use videotapes. DVRs capture
footage from analog cameras in a digital format at the desired resolution and frames per second. When the hard disk
gets full, new images will record over the oldest footage first.
b) NVRs, or network video recorders, work similarly to DVRs, but they’re compatible with IP cameras. The cameras and
NVR connect via a network switch or router. We can easily access footage on an NVR through a web browser or mobile
app.

DVRs and NVRs need surveillance grade hard disks so that they can run all the time when necessary. They are built with more
durable components than regular hard disk drives. To view live or recorded footage from the security cameras, the DVR or the
NVR has to be linked to a television or a computer. The display unit of the surveillance system can range from a simple
monochrome screen to a High-Definition full color monitor.

WORKING
The working of a CCTV transmitter and receiver works in these simple steps-

a) Acquisition- The conversion of input energy to electrical energy so that it becomes easy for transmission.
b) Modulation- The input signal can be of various frequencies ranging from low to intermediate to high frequency
signals. But the issue is that transmission can happen over a certain range of signals with intermediate frequency. So
the low frequency signals need to be modulated in order to convert them into high frequency signals. Similarly, high
frequency signals are to be converted to lower ranges of frequencies for transmission. Modulation superimposes the
original signal on a carrier to change its frequency. It can be of two types- Amplitude modulation and Frequency
modulation.
c) Transmission- This is the process of sending or propagating the modulated signals over the required distance either by
using a medium like wired, optical fiber or wireless.
d) Demodulation- The modulated signal which has been sent by the transmitter is received by the receiver but has to be
converted to its original frequency before it can be studied. So a demodulator extracts the original signal from the
carrier signal before reception.
e) Reception- This is the last step of signal transmission. The demodulated signal is now received by a receptor post
reconstruction of the signals.

APPLICATIONS AND USES

CONCLUSION
In the above, we have briefed over the basics of a CCTV transmitter and receiver module, their history and the development of
the surveillance systems over the years. We also discussed the working of a CCTV transmitter and receiver in brief along with
the different components that make up a CCTV surveillance system.