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POLARFORM

The document explains how to write complex numbers in polar form. It defines polar coordinates (r, θ) where r represents the magnitude and θ represents the angle in radians. It provides the formulas to convert between rectangular (a + bi) and polar (r(cosθ + i sinθ)) forms. The document also introduces Euler's formula which relates the polar and exponential forms as z = reiθ. It includes an example problem that demonstrates how to write two complex numbers in both polar and exponential forms.

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Lanugan, Jenkhen B.
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62 views

POLARFORM

The document explains how to write complex numbers in polar form. It defines polar coordinates (r, θ) where r represents the magnitude and θ represents the angle in radians. It provides the formulas to convert between rectangular (a + bi) and polar (r(cosθ + i sinθ)) forms. The document also introduces Euler's formula which relates the polar and exponential forms as z = reiθ. It includes an example problem that demonstrates how to write two complex numbers in both polar and exponential forms.

Uploaded by

Lanugan, Jenkhen B.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POLAR FORM

Complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 can be a point ( 𝑎, 𝑏 ) and that any such point can be represented by a
polar coordinates ( 𝑟, 𝜃 ) with 𝑟 ≥ 0, then:
Im

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

r
b

𝜽
0 a Re

𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑏 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃


𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + ( 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )𝑖
𝒛 = 𝒓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 )
𝑎
Where: 𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 and tan 𝜃 =
𝑏

The angle 𝜃 is called the argument of z and write 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧).


Euler Form: From Euler formula: 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊 𝜽

Example: Write the following complex number to polar form:


(a) 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖, (b) 𝑤 = √3 − 𝑖
Solution: (a) Given: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1
𝜋
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √ 1 + 1 = √ 2 , and tan 𝜃 = 1, 𝜃 = .
4
𝜋 𝜋
Polar form: 𝑧 = √ 2 [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) ]
4 4
𝟎
Euler form: 𝒛 = √ 𝟐 𝒆𝒊 𝟒𝟓
(b) Given: 𝑎 = √3 , 𝑏 = −1
2 1 𝜋
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √(√3) + (−1)2 = 2 , and tan 𝜃 = − , 𝜃=− .
√3 6
𝜋 𝜋
Polar form: 𝑤 = 2 [cos (− ) + 𝑖 sin (− ) ]
6 6
𝟎
Euler form: 𝒘 = 𝟐 𝒆−𝒊 𝟑𝟎

6
2) 0.707(3 − 4𝑖)(−5 − 12𝑖)
Solution = 0.707(−15 − 48𝑖 + 20𝑖 + 48𝑖 2 )
= 0.707(−63 − 16𝑖)
= −𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝒊 rectangular form

Euler’s Form: 𝑟 = √(−44.54)2 + (−11.31)2 = 45.955


−11.31
tan 𝜃 = third quadrant
−44.54
11.31
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 14.240 + 1800 = 194.250
44.54
𝟎
𝒛 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝒆𝒊 𝟏𝟗𝟒.𝟐𝟓

( 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊)𝟐
3)
−𝟏𝟐 + 𝟗𝒊
1+4𝑖 + 4𝑖 2 −3 + 4𝑖 −12 − 9𝑖
Solution: = ∙
−12 + 9𝑖 −12 + 9𝑖 −12 − 9𝑖
36 + 27𝑖 − 48𝑖 − 36𝑖 2
=
144 − 81𝑖 2
72 − 21𝑖 72 − 21𝑖 8 7
= = = − 𝑖
144+ 81 225 25 75

8 2 7 2 1
Euler’s form: 𝑟 = √( ) + (− ) =
25 75 3
7
−75
tan 𝜃 = 8 fourth quadrant
25

7
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− ) = −16.260 = 3600 − 16.260 = 343.740
24
𝟏 𝟎) 𝟏 𝟎
𝒛 = 𝒆𝒊 (–𝟏𝟔.𝟐𝟔 or 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒊 𝟑𝟒𝟑.𝟕𝟒
𝟑 𝟑

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