Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 365 views

    AWS A1.1 Metric Prantice For Welding Indutry

    Uploaded by

    Diego Neira

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd

    AWS A1.1 Metric Prantice For Welding Indutry

    Uploaded by

    Diego Neira
    365 views50 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    365 views50 pages

    AWS A1.1 Metric Prantice For Welding Indutry

    Uploaded by

    Diego Neira

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    You are on page 1of 50
    AWS A1.1:2016 An American National Standard ES ES Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry AWS At.1-2016 ‘Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American ‘Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, oF ‘made past of, documents that are included in federal or siate laws and regulations, or the regulations of other goverumen- tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases. any changes in those AWS standards ‘must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws ‘and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the fll legal authority of the contractor other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations fiom requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement berween the contracting partes AWS American National Standasds are developed throuzh a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the proc- ss and establishes rules to promote faimess in the development of consensus, it does not independenty tet, evaluate, or ‘verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judaments contained in its standards AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether ‘special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indizectly resulting from the publication, use of, cf reliance ‘on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information pub- lished herein, {In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to sender professional or other services for or ‘oa behalf of any person or entzy, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any dury owed by any person or entity 10 someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judzment or. as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel ‘This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amend- ‘meats or errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards inciud- ing amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda. Publication of this standard does not authorize inftingement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept ‘any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name stems. AWS disclaims liability forthe infringement of ‘any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor dees it have the power to do 30 Official mterpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, #130, Miami, FL 32166 (see Annex J). With ‘regard to technical inquiries made conceming AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These ‘opinions are offered solely asa convenience to users ofthis standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such ‘opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak co behalf of AWS, nor do these cral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addi- tion, oal epinioas are informal and should not be used 2s a substitute for an official interpretation. ‘This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Al Committee on Metric Practice. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, itmust be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or dele- tions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be addressed to AWS ‘Headquarters. Such comments will receive carefal consideration by the AWS Ai Committee on Metric Practice and the author of the comments will be informed of the Commiitee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AIVS Al Committee on Metric Practice to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided im the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities ‘Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166. AWS A1.1:2016 Personnel AWS Committee on Metric Practice G_D. Untrachi, Chair J. Lethi, Vice Chair S.P. Hedrick, Secretary BB Barrow IR Frysinger E.A. Mechaly WA Technology. LLC General Electric American Welding Seciery Defense Information Systems Agency, retired Meiric Mathods; College of Charleston, revred Cniverstty of Minos Advisors to the AWS Committee on Metric Practice SLi A. Rabinkia S.K Saha Subsea Technology Ine Meigias inc Hitachi Metals ‘New York State Department of Transportation AWS At4:2018 Foreword This foreword is not part ofthis standard but is included for informational porposes only ‘The AWS Metrication Policy states, in pat, “The AWS supports a timely transition to the use of STunits” Atthe present time, the U.S. stands alone as the only industrial country that still predominantly uses the inch-pound unis of measure ‘ment, Since the signing of the Metric Act of 1975 and an initial uy of transition, the voluntary feature of the Act allowed the impetus to stagnate. The US. industrial and commercial productivity, mathematics and science education, and the competitiveness of our products and services in world markets would be enhanced by the adoption of the metric system_ Americans have, so far, only made ineffective attempts at public education and awareness of the metic system. It is of historical interest that inthe late 1700s Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson stronaly supported decimal ‘measurement and decimal currency: They were successful in having the US use a decimal currency burt not the decimal measurement system they also promoted. In fac, in 1790 George Washington in his first annual message to Congress teminded the legislators “Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is an object of great smportance, and will, lam persuaded, be duly attended to.” The metric system of measurement was part of the reforms ‘Napoleon enacted and it was spread to all the lands under his coatrol. This coherent method of measurement served to fuel the scientific progress ofthe coming decades. The USA, in fact, had a major influence on the measurement leaders in France, who were developing the decimal metric system to become the legal French measuring system. It should be noted that, by acts of Congress the metric system has been legal for use in all commercial and legal dealings in the since 1866 and it was declared to be the “preferred system of measurement” in 1988. Simple conversation isnot the answer The use of two different unit systems was the cause of the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter: NASA specified metric unt forts design and construction but one subcontractor provided thruster performance data in pound force seconds instead of newion seconds. The spacecraft was intended to orbit Mars at 150 kilometers altitude, but incorrect data caused itto descend instead to about 57 kilometers buming the orbiter up in the Martian atmos- phere: In addition to being a source of erors, simple mathematical conversion creates consistencies in allowable toler- ‘ances, It also causes extra cost when rounding causes tighter tolerances than specified inthe original design Even the countries that were using metric measurement had to make compromises and changes to have a truly uniform system, which we now refer to as ST (aternational Standard.) A receat example was the value of ateaspooa, which was ‘afferent in several countries. When dispensing medicine an accurate Value is critical. There 1s now a unified SI value for ‘hismeasure. The AWS Metic Practice Committee has tried to remain congruent with these unification changes, as have ‘other Societies such as IEEE and ASME, ‘The American Welding Society has made significant progress in including SI units in our standards documents and in our published Welding Journal. This has helped make them accepted World Wide. This 6* edition reflects the current “state of the art” in SI practice for the U.S. welding industry and wll acest the welding industry im converting to ST unite and promote their voluntary use ‘Comments and suggestions for the improvement ofthis standard are welcome. They should be seut to the Secretary, AWS Committee on Metsic Practice, American Welding Society, $669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166. Table of Contents Porsomnel Foreword List of Tables: = reotn = i hs Beepenesomavs Sea sts 2 The International System of Units (ST)... 21 Completeness, 22. Coherence 23. Uniqueness . 24 Advantages ofthe SI Oe - 3. SI Units and Symbols - - 3.1 SIBase Units 32. SIDerived Unis. 33. Prefixes 4. Other Units Used with ST 5 Units Pertaining to Welding 6 Style and Usage 6.1 Application and Usage of Prefixes. 62 Mass, Force, and Weight 63. Temperature 64 Time 65 Angles 6.6. Stess and Pressure ee 67 Capitalization... reas DEOL : 68. Plurals 69. Punctuation 6.10 Writing Numbers, 6.11 Miscellaneous Styling ce - Conversions... coe ce . 7.1 Rules for Converting and Rounding 72 Inch to Millimeter Conversion 73. Other Conversions . 74 Rounding Rules 20 rr Transition 8.1 Introduction 82 Considerations 9. Preferred Numbers 9.1 Definition 9.2 Application of Preferred Numbers 93 Value of Using Preferred Numbers... ce - ANSAI12016 Page No. iii bie w BB AWS 14-2016 Avnax A (Informative) —Inch to Millimeter Corversion...... Comex B (formative) — Posonds-Force per Square inch to Rslopaccal Conversion =r ct) — Rabe Mappers Coma ‘Annex D (Informative) — Other Documents i Annex E (Informative) — Other Organizations “Annax F (ifermattve) — Units for Newton's Second Law. Annex G (Informattve) — iniended Accuracy when Making Hard Conversions “Armes H (Informative) — Rational SI Place Thickuess for Consideration in Materials Specifications. Annex 1 (informative) — Separating Digit Grows with Spaces. Avnet J (Dfermanve) — Requesting an Official Duerpretation on an AWS Standard... 2 2B 23 as 33 27 4S AWS A1-4:2016 List of Tables Table SIBase Units Examples of St Derived Units. SU Prefixes... ‘Other Units Which May be Used with SI Units, Units Pertaining to Welding Filler Metal Sizes| co - Fille Sizes = - General Conversions ‘Conversions for Common Welding Terms. 10 Millimeter Value Rounding Using Inch Tolerance Span 11 Comparison of Rounding Methods A and B 00 12 Basic Preferred Numbers — Decimal Series Al Inchto Millimeter Conversion B.1 —_Pounds-Force per Square Inch to Kilopascal Conversion. C1 Fahrenbeit-Celsius Temperature Conversion. = G1 Tatended Accuracy When Making Hard Conversions of Strength and Impact Properties. H1 Rational STPlate Thickness for Consideration in Materals Specifications AWS At 1:2016 Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry 1, Scope 1L1 This metric practice guide is based on the International System of Units (SI) as defined in the US Federal Register notice of July 28, 1998, “Metric System of Measurement: Interpretation of the Intemational System of Units for the United States" (Other source documents and style guides are referenced in Annex D_) This guide contains specifications of the SI base uaits, derived units, prefixes, and rules for their use in AWS documents and by the welding industry. Italso contains factors and rules for converting ffom U.S. customary units to SI units and recommendations to industry for ‘managing the transition. 12 Safety 1.2.1 Safety and heath issues and concems are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not addressed herein. 1.223 Safety and health information is available from the following sources: American Welding Society 1, ANSIZ49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes! 2. AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets 3. Other safety and health information on the AWS website Material or Equipment Manufacturers 1. Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers 2. Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers Applicable Regulatory Agencies 1.2.3 Work performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have beea deemed hnazardous, and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death This standard does not purport to addess ll safety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish 2a appropriate safery program to address such risks 2s well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whea developing the safety program. 2, The International System of Units (ST) Asystem of units is any collection of related units. SI isthe only system that has the properties outlined in 2.1 through 2.3 2.1 Completeness. Completeness requires that a unit of measurement be defined for every quantity of interest in the physical sciences and technologies Published by the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 Stet, Miami, FL 33166; Telephone 800.143.0353; (website: www a. orf) AWS At 4:2016 2.2 Coherence. Coherence requires that all derived units in the system be obtained from the base units by the rules of ‘multiplication and division with no rumerical factor other than the rmmber one (1) ever occurring in the expressions for derived units in terms of the base units, The system of units must also be coherent with its corresponding system of quantities and equations. system of units is coherent with respect to a system of quantities and equations ifthe system of units is chosen in such 2 way that the equations berween numerical values have exactiy the same form (including numerical factors) as the corresponding equations between quaatities (Quantity Denied Unt Unit Equation Force (mass times acceleration) Fama Energy (force times distance) joule aie1 ee. Power (rate of energy transfer) watt IW=ide Pails ‘Beessare (foes dived by asta) paca paFla 2.3 Uniqueness, Uniqueness requires that there be one, and only one, unit defined for each quantity. For example, the SI ‘units for force (newton), energy (joule), and power (watt) are the same, respectively, whether the process is mechanical, electrical, or thermal. 2.4 Advantages of the SI. The International System of Units (SI i the metric system of units in its latest form. STis the ‘only system of units which fully satisfies all the above three requirements for completeness, coherence, and uniqueness, ‘Within SI, a set of base-ten prefixes is defined to form decimal multiples and submuliples of SI units. SI Units and their bbase-ten multiples and submultiples are in harmony with our decimal system of arithmetic, facilitating easy numerical calculations. Awkward manipalations of common fractions such as 1/16, 1/32, and 1 64 are completely unnecessary. All industrial nations, including the United States by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law 100- 418), have chosen the SI as the preferred system of units for all applications in science, engineering, technology, commerce, and trade 3. SI Units and Symbols ‘ST consists of seven base units, derived units, and a set of prefixes for the formation of multiples of the various units. 3.1 SI Base Units. Names of SI base quantities, names of comresponding STbase units, their symbols, and definitions are given in Table 1 3.2 SL Derived Units. SI derived units are formed as described in 2.2. Some of them have been given special names and symbols. Examples are listed in Table 2 3.3 Prefixes. SI prefixes may be used to indicate multiples of SI units, thas simplifying numeric terms and providing a convenient substitute for writing powers of ten as generally preferred in computation. For example. 16 $00 meters or 16.8 « 10? meters becomes 168 kilometers. See Table 3 for the list of prefixes and 6.1 for examples of their use. ‘The kilogram is the only SI base or derived unit whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. In this case, the appropriate prefix is atached to grara. 4. Other Units Used with SI “There ae certain units, although not part of SI, which are in widespread use and are acceptable for use with SL. See Table 4 for examples. AWS AL 12018 Table 1 SI Base Units Base Quantity UaitName Unit Symbol Definition Jeagth meter ‘m—_The meters the length of the path traveled by light in avacuum during a time iteral of 1298 702 458 of second, mass llega eg ‘The mass equal tothe mate ofthe intemstional prototype ofthe Kilogram. tie sesoad 5 The duration equal 199 192 631 770 periods ofthe radiation corresponding © ‘the transition between the to hyperiie levels of the ground state of the ceesam 133 ate leciicalcurest ampere A That constant current which, if maintained in vo straight parallel conductors of mfiate length. of negligible cucslar cross section, and placed one meter spect ia s vacuum, would prodace between there condsctars a force equal 2> 10" newton per meter ofength. ‘hermodynamic etn K The thermodynamic temperature that isthe fraction 1/273 16 of the thenmedy- seaperatere ‘zamis emaperatore ofthe imple poiat of water ominous intensity candela cd The candela i the luminous intensity, ina given disectioa, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency $40 = 10" herz and that has 2 “adiant itenoity sn thet direction of 1683 wat per steradinn seicustefsubstaace mole sacl The amoust af ssbutance ofa system that conta as sian’ elementary extities 2 there age atoms in 0.01? kilograms of carbos-12, Note: hes the mole is tied, the elementary entities must be apecifed and may be atoms, molecules, sos, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles Table 2 Examples of SI Derived Units Derived Quastity Vsit Name Unit Symbol Expression ia. Expressica ia teams of tems cfother ST hmeurte Si vit scseleration ‘eter per second squared aacust-of substance sole per cobse meter concentration (concentration) angular acceleration radian pet second squared ris? angolar velocity radian per second nds ace squere mete capacitance and F ow Celsius tempertere degree Celsios c current denis anpere per aquare meter dynamic viscosity paseal second Pes tlecine charge density ‘outomb per cubic meter Cit fleet charge quantity of coalomsb c eencity dlecric conductance siemens s Av elecine Bld suenath volt permeter Vim, slecar fox deanty cosloetb per square meter Cat elecire potental diference, Toit v wa tlecrromctie force elecine resstasce ohm a vA soos density joule pec cubic meter Jie cnerey, work, quantity ofteat —oule 1 Ne exposuee (Sand 71093) ‘coolom per hilogrem Chg force sexton N equency eae He (Continaed) ANS At 42016 Table 2 (Continued) Examples of SI Derived Units Desved Quanity Veit Name nit Srmbol Expression in Enpression in terms of, tems of ther ST base waits STesits joule per kein 1K ‘watt per square meter Wet ix & lon heary q Wea ceasdela per square meter tenes te ctw suagene feld seenzt ampere per meter ‘zageetic fox weber we ve ‘magnetic fox density tesla T Won? ‘zai density (esis) fulogram per cubic metic sass faction Jnlegram per tilozam, whe sy be roprseated by the sunber | solar cneray Joule per cle solar entropy, molar eat Joule permole kel capacity mromect of force sewtoa meter permeability hay per meter pereatansty ‘ard per meter plane angle edien ad power. radiant fsx watt Ww presse, sess pascal Pe sold angle Seradian specific caseey Joule per kilogram specific heat capacity, specific joule per kilogram kevin eater specific volume cobie meter per kilogram speed, velocity sctcr per second surface tension seven per meter thes conductivity vwattper meter kelvin volume cable meter wave cumber feiprocal meter = Table 3 SI Prefixes Factor Neme___Symbot___Factoe Name ios vytta ¥ 1 deci @ 108 zeta z 10° coat « 108 oa E 10 sul fs 103 pets P 104 aiceo # 102 ters T 102 ao 2 wo en 6 ioe pico e 10! mega M IB feet £ 10! tal « io ao 2 ie ecto & tos eto > 10 eka a lo you y ANS AL12018 Table 4 Other Units Which May be Used with SI Units ats Symbol Valve ‘ute ‘ai Tain = 60s bose b 1 R= 60 min= 35008 ay é k= L480 min 122 angulat) * titer L metic te + 5. Units Pertaining to Welding ‘Table 5 lists the recommended ST multiples to be used in welding nomenclature. The selection of these terms was based cca.use of (1) STunits where practicable, (2) numbers of reasonable size, and (3) accepted units currently in use. Filler metal and fillet sizes are tabulated in Tables 6 and 7. SIvalues are approximate equivalents for conversion on draw- ‘ngs, specifications, and so forth. These values are for conversion only and are not intended for new designs where a more rational series for sizing, such as shown in the Rational Series column of Table 7, may be used. 6. Style and Usage 6.1 Application and Usage of Prefixes 6.1.1 Prefixes may be used with SI units to indicate multiples. Prefixes provide convenient substitutes for using powers of ten and they eliminate nonsignificant digits. Prefecred Accepiable 123 km 12300 m, 123 10° m 6.1.2 Prefixes in steps of 1000 are recommended. It is generally desirable to avoid the prefixes hecto, deka, deci, and conti in technical wniting forthe welding industry, with the exception of the widely weed centimeter cm). Preferred ‘Noapieiened am, mk then, dam, dem 6.1.3 It is generally desirable that the prefix chosen place the numerical value between 0.1 and 1000, For special situations, such as tabular presentations, however, this recommendation may be inappropriate. 6.1.4 Multiple and hypheaated prefixes shall not be used. Contec Tncorect pF, Ge. GW. UF. Mig, KMAW, G-W AWS A11.2018 Table 5 Units Pertaining to Welding Quant ST Units or etiples Symbol ea dimensions square millimeter coment deanty seapere per square millimeter deposition rate ‘clogram per bour Pactroal eansnity ‘ohm mater tlecrode force sexton flow rate (gas and liquid) liter pe inate fractare tosgheess smeganerton meters impact energy absorption joule linear dimensions millimeter moment of frce(torque) sewton meter power density watt per square meter pressure (ga and liquid) lelopsseal presture (vacuum) pascal tensile strength megagascal ‘heranel concuctvity swat pecmeterleeris ‘raved speed smulimeter per second ‘sume dimensiont obi millimeter vite feed speed snillimeter per second 6.15 It is generally desirable to use only base and derived units in the denominator. Prefixes are used with the ‘numerator unit to give numbers of appropriate size (see 6.1.3) Preferred Nonprefemred 200g 020g 1 Mein kg eam 1. MPa 1 MNim* L Nom? 6.1.6 Prefixes should not be mixed unless magnitudes warrant a difference. Smm long 10 mm high Preferred ‘onprefewed mm long * 0.01 m high Exception 4mm diameter x $0 m long 6.1.7 The pronunciation of the prefixes is always the same, regardless ofthe following unit name. For example, the accepted promunciation for kilo is "KILL-oh’’ The slang expression Zeel> for kilogram should never be used. 6.2 Mass, Force, and Weight. in SI the unit of mass isthe kilogram (kg), and the unit of force is the newton (N). One newton is the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass atthe rate of one meter per second squared. In common and everyday use, and especially m commen parlance, the term weight is uswally used as a synonym for mass As a measure of mass, weight should be restricted to commercial usage. (See Annex F fora discussion of the terms mass and force 2s it relates to the tem weight in paragraph F4.) ke. N, kg kg ms? kgf Comect Incorrect AVIS 1.42018 Table 6 Filler Metal Sizes Decimal Equnalents. 0.920. 0.035 0.930 0031 0.935 0059, 0.985 o0s7 0.982 OSS, 0.960 0.062, 0.068 ort 0078 0.094 0120 ous 0156 0188, 10977 0219 1 0230 sie 0313 80 Seen 1 Shaded values rotmrmaly used AWS specifications 2 International Orgunzanon for SO), Zichnical Delhary Conatione for Weling Filer Maaie—Bpe of Prcict, Donerson, and lrg ISO $4, Gene: Iteraational Organisation for Standardiion Bolded ites romeally ix bare wire oly. Saaded items ae nonstandard Figure 7 Fillet Sizes Approximate Equivalents Rational Series 18 3 3 $32 4 4 316 3 5 v4 6 6 518 3 5 a8 0 10 716 a 12 v2 B . Sa 6 6 34 8 20 1 3 23 "We value in eguzed in hvintercl fr ratonalvisng Sethe 10 eres in Table 12, andthe coample sro 92. AWS A1 42018 63 Temperature, The SI unit for thermodynamic temperature is the kelvin (K). The ST unit for Celsius temperature, ‘used in most common applications, is the degree Celsius C). The degree Celsius was formerly called “degree centigrade “The degree Fahrenheit "F) is not io be used. 64 Time. The Stunt for time isthe second (s), The use of minute (min), hour (h), and day (@), which are non-St units, is permissible. {64 Angles. The SI unit for plane angle isthe radian (rad). The degree (°) may be used where appropriate or convenient ‘and shonld be decimalized. Angular minutes and seconds should be avoided, Prefered ‘Nonprefenred ] 3 rad $.1425¢ sees" 66 Stress and Pressure. The SI unit for pressure and stress is the pascal (Pa), which is the special name given to the newton per square meter (Nim*). A multiple of the pascal, the kilopascal (KPa), is appropriate for most pressures sncouatered in welding practice, and the megapascal (MPa) for most stresses. Other units for pressure and stress, such as the following, should not be used. Comect Tnconest a, KPa, MPa kefcm’, psi 6.7 Capitalization. SI unit names are capitalized only at the beginning of a sentence (examples: newton, pascal, meter, kketvin, and hertz). Exception: Celsius in “degree Celsius is always capitalized ST unit symbols are not capitalized except for those derived from a proper name (examples: A for ampere; J for joule; K ‘or kelvin; N for newton; Pa foe pascal; and W for watt). Athough both lowercase “I” and the capital “L” are internation- ally accepted symbols forthe lite, to avoid risk of confusion the preferred symbol forthe use in the United States is“. Only seven prefix symbols are capitalized, namely, ¥ for yotta; Z for zeta; E for exa; Pfor peta; T for tera; G for gia; and M for mega. 68 Plurals. Unit symbols are the same for singular and plural. Unit aames forma their plusals in the usual manee. Comect 50 newtons 50N 25 grams ® 22 kelvins 2K (69 Punctuation. Periods are not to be used after unit symbols except at the end of a sentence Periods are not used in unit symbols or in conjunction with prefixes. Comsct Inconrest 57 mm 37mm. 57mm ‘A raised dot is used to indicate the product of two unit symbols. A space should be used to indicate the product of two vuntnames Preferred Nonprefemed ~ [—Incontect newton meter (Nm) | newton-meter(Nm) | newton meter (N-m) AWS A1.12016 ‘Symbols for derived units involving division may use 2 slanted line (solidus), horizontal line, or negative exponents to indicate the division. (2) No more than one solidus may be used in any unit combination unless parentheses are used to provide clarity and to prevent ambiguity. (2) Incomplicated cases, the use of negative exponents may be preferable to the use of the solidus (whether with or ‘without parentheses). (3). Namenical values should be adyusted so that the numencal value of the denominator is one. ‘Comect Inconest misevet4ms m/0.1 s,m ms m-kg(s?-A) mkgs' A. kgs? ‘The word “per” is used to indicate the quotient of two unit names. ‘Example: meter per second squared (1m/s?) An exponent is used with unit symbols to show powers. Example: m? ‘The words “square”, “squared”, “cubed” and “cubic” are used with unit names to indicate powers. The terms “square” and “cubic” are normally used only with units of length, asin “square meters”, “cubic millimeters”. Note that due to the enlarging effects of exponentiation, the prefixes deci and centi are more often seen ia such instances. The liter (L) is ‘equivalent tothe SI unit cubic decimeter (den') and the milliliter (ma) tothe SI unit eubic centimeter (em) ‘Example: square meter (es), cubic meter (m’), second squared (s*), meter cubed (an’) 610 Writing Numbers 6.10.1 Pericds (not commas) are used as decimal maskers in ll AWS publications. Note that both pesiods and commas we recognized by ISO as decimal matkers for localization purposes. The use of periods asthe decimal markers by AWS

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy