12

Introduction to the
Philosophy
of the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 3
The Human Person as an
Embodied Subject

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Freedom of the Human Person First
Edition, 2020

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 Introduction to the
Philosophy
of the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 3
The Human Person as an
Embodied Subject

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders
to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Table of Contents

Overview i
Pre – Assessment iv
Lesson Proper
Lesson 1: Understanding Human Person 1-3
Activity 1.1 1
Activity 1.2 3
Activity 1.3 4
Lesson 2: Relationship of the Body and the Spirit 5-6
Activity 1.1 5
Activity 1.2 6
Activity 1.3 7
Lesson 3: Limitations and Transcendence 8-11
Activity 1.1 8
Activity 1.2 12
Generalization 13
Application 14
Post – Assessment 15-16
References 18
 OVERVIEW

Name: Date: Score:

Subject: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Topic: The Human Person as Embodied Spirit

Content The learner understands the human person as an embodied

Standards: spirit.

Performance The learner distinguishes his/her own limitations and

Standards: the possibilities for his/her transcendence

Learning 1. Recognize own limitations and possibilities.

Competencies ( PPT11/12-If-3.1)
2. Evaluate own limitations and the possibilities for their
transcendence. .
(PPT11/12-Ig-3.2)

What is this In everyday life, we are facing different challenges

module all that might come our way. These trials might push us into our
about: limits that hinder our activities. Somehow, we come to ask
ourselves how our body works. What are the things that limit
our capabilities? How are we going to surpass such
limitations?
In this module, you will be able to answer these and
many other questions that may be bothering you. Concepts
like embodiment, limitations, and transcendence will be
discussed in this module.

Module Content:
Lesson 1: Understanding Human Person
Lesson 2: Relationship of the Body and the Spirit
Lesson 3: Limitations and Transcendence

i
 Components in each Lesson

What I Need to Know

- Learning Objectives

What I Know?

- Pre-Assessment

What’s In?

- Review Activity

What’s New?

- Motivational Activity

What Is It?

- Lesson Proper

What’s More?

- Performance Task

What I Have Learned?

- Generalization

What I Can Do?

- Application

Assessment

- Post-Assessment

ii
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

1. define the meaning of the human person;

2. identify and describe the character traits of the human person;
3. recognize own limitations and possibilities; and
4. evaluate own limitations and the possibilities for their transcendence.

The following are your guides for the proper use of this module:

1. Follow the instructions in every activity closely.

2. Be honest in answering and checking your exercises.
3. Answer the pre-test before going over the materials. This is to find out
what you already know.
4. Answer the exercises encountered at the end of every lesson.
5. Review the lesson that you think you failed to understand.
6. Seek assistance from your teachers if you need help.
7. Ask permission from y our parents/guardians whenever you have
research and requirements to be conducted outside your home.

iii
 What I know

Pre-Assessment

I- MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Choose the letter of your correct answer from among the choices given.
Write your answers on your activity notebook.

1. What is the nature that enables us to become persons?

A. Spirit C. Free will
B. Transcendence D. Boundaries

2. What enables us to do actions whenever we want we want to or and makes self-

determination possible?
A. Spirit C. Interiority
B. Self D. Free will

3. Why is the human person an embodied spirit?

A. Both body & spirit define human nature & experiences
B. The body is irreplaceable or indispensable
C. Through the spirit, he or she can explore and surpass his or her limits.
D. Allow the human person to possess an awareness of the self

4. What do you call the ability to surpass limits?

A. Interiority C. Free will
B. Transcendence D. Boundaries

5. What do you call an imaginary point beyond which a person cannot do?
A. Interiority C. Free will
B. Transcendence D. Limitation

6. Carmela, your classmate, is bullied by Karl because she is not properly groomed. How
will you uphold the dignity of Carmela?
A. Give to Carmela things that could make her look good
B. Advise her not to mind her bully
C. Show her value and respect
D. Punish the bully of Carmela

7. Janela used the necklace of her sister, Julia, without asking a permission. Unfortunately,
the necklace was lost. What should Janela do to show morality in her action?
A. inform Julia the incident and face the risk of being scolded
 B. tell her that you were not using her necklace
C. ask money from her mother to buy another necklace
D. stay quiet

8. Nick Vujicic is born with no arms and legs. But this limitation he had, did not hinder
him from become a successful person. He had been known all over the world
being a motivational speaker, and he even builds his own family. Which
category of limitation and transcendence is this example?
A. Facticity C. Body as Intermediary
B. Spatial-Temporal D. Transitional

9. “I can always imagine myself living like a rock star, but I will never really know how
it is to be a rock star unless I become one myself. I can never be you, or you
can never be me.” Which category of limitation and transcendence is this
example?
A. Facticity C. Body as Intermediary
B. Spatial-Temporal D. Transitional

10. It gives us the chance to be more connected to one another. We should always
appreciate what is present in our space because sometimes we only
appreciate things or people when it’s already gone.
A. Facticity C. Body as Intermediary
B. Spatial-Temporal D. Transitional

II- IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Identify what is being described in each statement. Choose a trait that defines a
human person in the box. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Self-awareness Externality Self-determination Dignity

1. It refers to the capability of the person to make choices and decisions based on his
preferences, monitor and regulate his actions, and be goal-oriented and self-directed.

2. It distinguishes the human person from an animal because he or she has the innate right
to be valued and respected.

3. In this trait, the human person can reach and interact with others and the world.

4. It is referred to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.

5. Through this trait, the person needs to act freely and with due regard for the
consequences of his or her actions.
Lesson 1: Understanding Human
Person

What’s New?

Activity 1.1: “Are We Humans?”

Directions: List down at least five pieces of evidences to support your claim that we are
human persons. Write your answer and your explanation in your activity
notebook.

Evidence Why?
1. 1.
What makes us 2. 2.
human persons? 3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Guide Questions:

1. How did you find this activity? Was it difficult to answer? If yes, why? If no, why not?

2. How did you come up with those evidence? Explain.

3. Are those evidence evident to you? Why or why not?

What is It?

Philosophers were initially concerned with defining the essential characteristic that
makes a person human. This essential characteristic is what distinguishes as from plants,
animals, and other living things. Many agree that this essential characteristic is nothing
else but our being rational beings. Our rationality makes us superior to all others because
it is the highest form of activity, and no other being has it. To fully understand the concept
of human person we need to understand some terms about the discussion of the human
person.

 Man commonly used to refer to the entire human race.

 Human refers to man as species – Homo sapiens sapiens.
 Human Being used to distinguish man from another animal.
 Person refers to a human being granted recognition of rights,
protection, responsibilities, and dignity.
 Personhood refers to the state of being a person.
 Human nature refers to the characteristics that distinguish human from all
other creatures.

What is a Human Person?

Philosophers look for in their search to describe the human person by defining it
using the following character traits:

1. Self-awareness
- refers to the person’s clear perception of oneself, which includes her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions. It is also driven by rationality or
human thought. It is an awareness not just of his or her surroundings but also
of his or her existence, which leads to the notion of “self” – a person who
perceives and experiences interiority, which is the quality of being focused on
one’s inner life and identity. Having an inner world allows a person to create
goals, dreams, and plans.

2. Self-determination
- is the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their
preferences, monitor, and regulate their actions, and be goal-oriented and
self-directed. As human persons, we act, and we are aware of our actions.
- is associated with freewill, consequence, and morality. Freewill enables us
to act willfully, control our actions, and recognize ourselves as the source of
action. The consequence is the result or effect of an action or condition. And
morality refers to the goodness or badness of an act.

3. Externality
- is the capability to reach out and interact with others and the world. Our
interaction with others and the world is externality. We believe that no man is
an island and that we need to reach out to others to give meaning to our
 existence as persons. We grow and develop not only through our thoughts
and action, but also through the influence of other people whom we meet and
interact with in our lives.

4. Dignity
- is the innate right to be valued and to be respected. As human persons, we
have an innate worth or value. Each person is worth the same as another
person in the sense that every person is priceless, unique, unrepeatable, and
irreplaceable. We do not equate our value to any material thing that we have.
Outside forces or characteristics such as beauty, intelligence, or skills do not
define our dignity. A person’s incapability and criminal act will not make him or
her less of a person he/she is expected to be. Since a person has dignity,
he/she deserves to be treated fairly. The recognition of the dignity of the human
person is the basis for the recognition of human rights.

What’s More?

Activity 1.2: Complete Me!

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below by writing in the boxes

examples that show the following traits of the human person.
Copy this and write your responses in your activity notebook.

A PERSON ...

has self- is able to reach has dignity

has awareness of determination out and interact
self with others
Guide Questions:

1. How did you find the activity? Was it easy to answer? If yes, why? If no, why not?

2. Based on your responses in the graphic organizer, do you find it important to know and
understand the traits of the human person? If yes, why? If no, why not?

Activity 1.3: “Poster-Making”

Directions: Make a showing poster any of the traits of the human person. Come up with
a creative visualization that will show its characteristics. Use long
bond paper and art materials.

Rubric:

Criteria Rating
The poster clearly conveys the information and message. 1 2 3 4 5
The poster shows effective use of technique and god choice 1 2 3 4 5
of materials.
The poster is creative and artistic. 1 2 3 4 5
Effective time and work management in making the poster 1 2 3 4 5
are evident.
TOTAL (20 pts)
Lesson 2: Relationship Between the
Body and the Spirit

What’s New?

Activity 2.1: “My Viewpoint!”

Directions: In one to two sentences, answer the questions clearly. Write your answers
on the spaces given.

1. The four traits of the human persons are made evident through our actions. What is in
our human nature that is an intangible (invisible) element, along with the body, defines
us persons? __________________________________________________________.

2. Based from your answer in number 1, do you think it is essential to you?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.

What is It?

Philosophers believe that what makes a human person is not just all about its
traits and characteristics. It is also not all about its physicality, such as being tall, dark,
or having black hair. But philosophers also point out another unseen aspect of being
a human person, which is the spirit. The union of the body and spirit is what a human
person is, according to philosophers. Spirit refers to an intangible element of a human
person enables one to exercise thoughts, possess awareness, interiority, and the
capacity to reach out to the outside world and other persons.

The Human Person is an Embodied Spirit.

The idea of the human person as an “embodied spirit” does not necessarily
refer to the incarnation or materialization of spirit as an immaterial entity. The
embodiment of the spirit in the context of Christian philosophy specifically refers to the
inseparable union of body and soul. Thus, when we say “embodied spirit” we mean
that the body is not separate from the soul, just as the soul is not separate from the
body.
 So, when we speak that the human person is an embodied spirit, we specifically
mean that the human person is the point of convergence between the material and
spiritual entities, that is, between the body and soul. We cannot say, therefore, of the
human person without the union of body and soul.

The human body also stands as the mediator between the material and the
spiritual world. Being an embodied spirit, the person can encounter the world of objects
in a manner that transcends the physical. An example of this is a prayer where the
human body becomes an object of the world to reach the spiritual world (God) since
in saying a prayer, the body is required.

What’s More?

Activity 2.2: “Fill Me Out!”

Directions: Analyze and discuss how is embodiment demonstrated in the following

situations. Write your answers in your activity notebook.

Situation Discussion
1. Jamsel likes to listen to OPM (Original
Pilipino Music). He listens to music
when he paints, as it inspires him to
make beautiful landscapes on his
canvass.
2. Clarisa is very depressed. His girlfriend
just broke up with him, and he has
spent the whole day in his room. He
keeps going over their old
photographs in happier times while
listening to their favorite songs on the
radio.
3. Jeff nervously waits to be called to
perform on stage for her recital. She
looks toward the audience and sees
her family. Her father does the “thumbs
up” sign and smiles at her. She smiles
back, and she can feel her
nervousness disappearing.
4. Toni carries a picture of his family with
him in his wallet. Whenever he gets a
break from working in the fire station,
he takes the picture out and imagines
himself with his family back home.
Guide Questions:

1. Were you able to discuss the situations without difficulty? If yes, why? If no, why not?
2. Did any of these situations have an impact on you? If yes, why? If no, why not?

Activity 2.3: “This Is Me!”

Directions: Think of a profound emotional experience you had and reflect on how your
nature as an embodied spirit gave meaning to this experience. Write your
response in our activity notebook.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Guide Questions:

1. Did you find this activity interesting? If yes, why? If no, why not?

2. After answering this activity, have you realized that knowing the “human person as an
embodied spirit” is important to you? Explain.
Lesson 3: Limitations and Transcendence

What’s New?

Activity 3.1: “My Limitations!”

Directions: Copy this table and fill in at least ten (10) limitations or weaknesses that you
have as a human person. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Things That I Cannot Do

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Guide Questions:
1. Were you able to respond the activity as expected? If yes, why? If no, why not?

2. What brought about your own personal limitations? Do you see yourself overcoming
your limitations or weaknesses? If yes, why? If no, why not?
 What is it?

This lesson will discuss human being’s weakness and imperfections – a

person’s limitations and how he could go about getting pass these retrain in his being.
It is with good reason that we consider the body as having several of weakness
because we have many experiences that manifest the truth of this idea.

As defined in the Merriam dictionary, a limitation is “something that controls

how much of something is possible or allowed”. This means that though the nature of
the person as an embodied spirit provides numerous opportunities to explore
everything around us and even within us, our human nature imposes limitations. It can
be said that the person is very biologically deficient being. We do not have the natural
ability to fly. We cannot breathe underwater without using breathing apparatus. We
cannot survive in certain environments like other animals.

Three Categories of Limitations

1. Facticity refers to the things in our lives that are already given and did not
choose them. It also refers to all the details that surround us in the present,
including our environment, language, past decisions, past and present
relationships, and even our future death.

2. Spatial-Temporal is about being limited due to our being temporal. This

means that we will not live forever because we have a limited period of stay in
this world (we call this finitude). We are just passers of this place. Our
limitations here are based on time, ability, etc. (the not yet and the no longer).
Just like a five years old child cannot put on lipstick because she is still a child
(the not yet), and a senior citizen cannot bear a child because she is no longer
capable of reproduction. On the level of being spatial individuals, we are
limited by our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same time.
We are set to be in one place at a time. For example, one cannot be in Manila
and Cebu at the same time because his body does not allow him to.

3. Body as Intermediary is about having a body that links us to the world appears
to be a source of limitation because we can never really directly and fully
experience the world. We have established that we are our bodies, but also
more than our bodies. Our body then serves as an intermediary between the
physical world and us. It is because of my body that I experience the world as
my world and not the world of others. For example, “I can always imagine
myself living like a rock star; but I will never really know how it is to be a rock
star unless I become one myself. I can never be you, or you can never be me.”
 A very important tool that allows us to go through our physical limits is our
mind. Although we have these physical limitations, we can transcend them because of
our spiritual dimension. We have natural tendencies and inclinations as a human
person. Some of these are felt bodily functions like hunger, fatigue, etc.
Transcendence is the ability to explore and surpass limits. This means overcoming
oneself or being in control even if the body reminds us of certain tendencies. Although
these tendencies are felt, the person can govern them and ensure that they are
exercised within the bounds of reason.

The presence of several limitations of being an embodied subject may make us

think that life is difficult and is very restricting. But, if we come to think it, if we reflect
on our personal lives, we could come to the idea that the limitations that we have make
our lives more colorful and challenging. Let us try to look at these limitations and see
how we could surpass or transcend our limitations, or perhaps we could realize that
there is no need to overcome it.

1. Facticity
We understand that our facticity is the things already given to us the
moment we are born. With this, we could say that we really cannot do
anything about it, what we could do is to change our attitude towards it. If we
let our facticity define who we are then, that makes it a limitation but, if we
see our facticity as a chance to challenge and explore ourselves then, we
are making our facticity a positive aspect of our life. As a free individual, we
should always think that it is us who could decide what we want to do with
our lives and that we are not limited to what nature has initially given us.
Facticity challenges us to be creative with our life options and to maximize
the possibilities that are given to us. For example, Nick Vujicic is born with
no arms and legs. But this limitation he had, did not hinder him from become
a successful person. He had been known all over the world being a
motivational speaker, and he even builds his own family.

2. Spatial-Temporal
Our being temporal being maybe one of the things that bother as the
most. Knowing that we are temporary being in this world often times gave us
fear to try and do things. We are more concerned about what might happen
tomorrow, next month or next year that we forget to live our lives for today.
We forget to cherish and enjoy the present because we are too bothered
about what might happen next. If we appreciate how wonderful the present
is, then perhaps we could look at our temporality as a challenge, a challenge
on making our life more interesting, colorful, and meaningful, and how we
make most of the time given to us.
In relation to our being spatial being in one place at the same time may
be a limit to us, but if we take a look at it – it also helps us overcome our
temporality. Because being in one place at a time gives us the opportunity
to appreciate more the things and people around us. It gives us the chance
to be more connected to one another. We should appreciate always what is
 present in our space because sometimes we only appreciate things or
people when it’s already gone.

3. Body as Intermediary
Having a body as an intermediary to the world may only allow us to
experience the world base on our point of standing thus, limiting us to fully
experience the world. But, if we take a closer look at it, it is somehow our
privilege to experience the world uniquely. Our experience of the world is
unique and distinct from other beings. Therefore, it gives more meaning to
our experiences and how we live life as a whole. Although our body often
conceals or restrict what emotions we wanted to convey, somehow it
became our protection for there are a time that we do not want others to
know what we truly feel and think. The body may pose some limitations, but
these limitations serve as our advantage as well.

Each individual carries within himself or herself the possibility of transcending

his or her limits. Most of our limits often involve facing a challenge or
overcoming a weakness. Through the study of Philosophy, we can explore our
limitations and possibilities for transcendence. The essence of transcendence is to
acknowledge our limitations, identify possibilities for development, and change
ourselves for the better. Another aspect of transcendence is opening yourself to new
experiences and ideas. Our capacity for transcendence allows to work toward
becoming better versions of ourselves.
 What’s More?

Activity 3.2: “ The Revitalized Me!”

Directions: Complete the chart by rewriting your present limitations in the first Column
concerning your answers in the previous activities. Make an action plan
towards transcendence and the corresponding actions on how to surpass each
limitation in the second column. Copy the chart in your notebook.

MY LIMITATIONS PLAN TOWARDS TRANSCENDENCE

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
 What I Have Learned

 The human being is recognized not only as a distinct species – Homo sapiens,
sapiens, but as unique being, an individual person possessing awareness.
 The human person possesses self-awareness which refers to the awareness
of oneself as an active participant in reality. A person is not only aware of his
or her surroundings or reality but also of himself or herself as a participant in
this reality.
 Another trait that defines a human person is self-determination. This refers to
the awareness of one’s action. It is brought about by the person’s free will and
awareness of the consequences – that every action will have results or effects.
 A human person can reach out and interact with others. Our interactions with
others define our existence and help us develop as a person.
 A human person has dignity that each of us has an innate value and worth that
cannot be quantified.
 The human person is an embodied spirit. The body is not separate from the
soul, just as the soul is not separate from the body.
 Despite being an embodied subject, a human person has limitations. A
limitation is something that controls how much of something is possible or
allowed.
 There are three categories of limitations. Facticity, Spatial-Temporal being, and
Body as an intermediary.
 Facticity refers to the things in our lives that are already given.
 Spatial-Temporal being this means that we will not live forever – that we have
a limited period of stay in this world.
 The body as an intermediary serves as an intermediary between the physical
world and us.
 Transcendence is our ability to explore and surpass limits.
 What I Can Do

Activity 3.3: “ My Commitment!”

Directions: Make a personal commitment to overcome your limitations. Track your

progress in overcoming them in your reflection journal. Submit an update
on your progress after a month.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Rubric:

Criteria Rating
The entry relates entirely to the assigned topic or 1 2 3 4 5
question.
The work conveys a genuine personal view 1 2 3 4 5
regarding the topic or question.
The entry is written following the conventions of 1 2 3 4 5
good writing and proper grammar.
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized 1 2 3 4 5
content.
TOTAL (20 pts)
 Assessment

I- IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Identify what is being described in each statement. Choose a trait that defines a
human person in the box. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Self-awareness Externality Self-determination Dignity

1. It is referred to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.

2. Through this trait, the person needs to act freely and with due regard for the
consequences of his or her actions.

3. It refers to the capability of the person to make choices and decisions based on his
preferences, monitor and regulate his actions, and be goal-oriented and self-directed.

4. It distinguishes the human person from an animal because he or she has the innate right
to be valued and respected.

5. In this trait, the human person can reach and interact with others and the world.

II- MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Choose the letter of your correct answer from among the choices given.
Write your answers on your activity notebook.

1. Carmela, your classmate, is bullied by Karl because she is not properly groomed. How
will you uphold the dignity of Carmela?
A. Give to Carmela things that could make her look good
B. Advise her not to mind her bully
C. Show her value and respect
D. Punish the bully of Carmela

2. Janela used the necklace of her sister, Julia, without asking a permission. Unfortunately,
it was lost. What should Janela do to show morality in her action?
A. inform Julia the incident and face the risk of being scolded
B. tell her that you were not using her necklace
C. ask money from her mother to buy another necklace
 D. stay quiet

3. Nick Vujicic is born with no arms and legs. But this limitation he had, did not hinder
him from become a successful person. He had been known all over the world
being a motivational speaker, and he even builds his own family. Which
category of limitation and transcendence is this example?
A. Facticity C. Body as Intermediary
B. Spatial-Temporal D. Transitional

4. “I can always imagine myself living like a rock star, but I will never really know how
it is to be a rock star unless I become one myself. I can never be you, or you
can never be me.” Which category of limitation and transcendence is this
example?
A. Facticity C. Body as Intermediary
B. Spatial-Temporal D. Transitional

5. It gives us the chance to be more connected to one another. We should always

appreciate what is present in our space because sometimes we only
appreciate things or people when it’s already gone.
A. Facticity C. Body as Intermediary
B. Spatial-Temporal D. Transitional
6. What is the nature that enables us to become persons?
A. Spirit C. Free will
B. Transcendence D. Boundaries

7. What enables us to do actions whenever we want we want to or and makes self-

determination possible?
A. Spirit C. Interiority
B. Self D. Free will

8. Why is the human person an embodied spirit?

A. Both body & spirit define human nature & experiences
B. The body is irreplaceable or indispensable
C. Through the spirit, he or she can explore and surpass his or her limits.
D. Allow the human person to possess an awareness of the self

9. What do you call the ability to surpass limits?

A. Interiority C. Free will
B. Transcendence D. Boundaries

10. What do you call an imaginary point beyond which a person cannot do?
A. Interiority C. Free will
B. Transcendence D. Limitation
Answer Key

Pre-Assessment

I- Multiple Choice
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. B
II- Identification
1. Self-determination
2. Dignity
3. Externality
4. Self-awareness
5. Self-determination

Assessment
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. C
10. D

II- Identification
1. Self-awareness
2. Self-determination
3. Self-determination
4. Dignity
5. Externality
References

Abella, Roberto D. M.Div. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person. Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Sioco, Maria Paula G. and Vinzons, Ignatius H. 2016. Introduction to the

Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
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