Science, Technology and o The nineteenth century

witnessed the Industrial

Society- An Introduction Revolution.
What is Science, Technology and
o Invention of textile
Society?
manufacturing machines
The intellectual roots of STS lie in the
o Division of labor
history, philosophy, and social study of
science and technology, an arena where o Increase in production
often-controversial issues and choices
interface with values and influence public o Crowded cities
policy. o Unsafe and unhealthy
STS prepares students to understand both working conditions
the technical and social dimensions of
science and technology, helps them
become more thoughtful and better- o The twentieth century saw
informed citizens of our high-tech society, the birth of suburbs.
and develops their critical interdisciplinary
thinking, research, and communication o Invention of the trolley car
skills. and automobile
o Status symbol
Students flourish intellectually in an o Alternative to harsh,
environment where critical questioning is crowded city conditions
encouraged and opportunities for research  Work
are abundant. The STS program
maintains a full slate of guest speakers, o Technical innovations
often co-sponsored by other departments, saved physical energy and
for the benefit of students and the larger lessened people’s
community. workload.
o Tractor
Technology & Science o Refrigerator
Science and technology have had both a o Vacuum cleaner
positive and negative impact on society,
o Washing machine
especially in the following areas:
 Community Life
o The concept of leisure
o The shift from nomadic life
developed from labor-
to farming led to the
saving technology. People
development of the city.
use the money they earn to
take advantage of leisure
time.
o Networks of transportation,
communication, and trade o Television
systems o Social activities
o Sporting events
o Specialized labor o Movies
o Government and religion  Health

o Social class o The greatest innovation of

technology was longevity.
  Natural history
o In 1796, Edward Jenner  Systematic inquiry into nature
paved the way for modern
immunology by discovering  A human cultural activity
a vaccine for smallpox.
 A total societal enterprise with vast
NOTE: Latin: Vacca - cow social consequences

o Sir Alexander Fleming  Organized, well-founded

discovered penicillin, the knowledge of nature and human
first antibiotic, in 1928. nature

o Dr. William Thomas  “A sophisticated intellectual version

Green Morton (c. 1846) of Esperanto or the universal
was one of the first medical language that the heroes of the
practitioners to use scientific revolution imagined as an
anesthesia on a patient instrument of global
before performing surgery. communication”
 “The cutting edge of ignorance”
o Some current innovations Science is based on Facts.
could have a drastic impact
• Scientists test existing knowledge.
on society.
• How do they do that?
o In 1997, scientists at the
Roslin Institute in • Scientific Method
Edinburgh, Scotland,
introduced Dolly the sheep, o Identify the problem
the first mammal ever to o Gather information about
have been cloned. Dolly the problem
quickly became the symbol
of the controversy over the o Formulate the hypothesis-
ethics of cloning. educated guess
o Embryonic stem cell o Test hypothesis
research is another area
that is at the center of o Draw conclusion
controversy. While stem o Communicate results
cells might be able to be
used to generate new Technology
organs for transplant, the
 Artefacts or Hardware.
use of them has many
ethical considerations o Products fabricated by
humans to meet specific
o Progress is a series of
needs. Tools, machines,
improvements in human life
implements.
marked by inventions and
discoveries.  Knowledge and Methods.
 Communication o A system of tacit and
explicit knowledge,
What is Science?
techniques, and materials
 Natural knowledge utilized in using, making, or

 Natural philosophy
 repairing a certain kind of  h = height (m)
artefact.
 g = accel due to gravity
 Human cultural activity or
profession.  (9.8 m/s2)

o e.g. military or civil What is Potential Energy?

engineers, crafters,  Energy that is stored and waiting to
machinists. be used later
 A total societal enterprise. o Stored Mechanical Energy
o e.g. “American  Energy stored in an
technological know-how.” object by the
R&D, invention, patronage, application of force
mass production and mass
consumption.  Must push or pull on
an object
Energy and the Environment
o Chemical Energy
 What is Energy?
 Energy stored in the
 The ability to do work bonds between
atoms
 Causes Changes
 Holds molecules
 The combination of energy and together
matter make up the universe:
 Potential energy
 Matter is substance, and energy is stored within the
the mover of substance. chemical bonds of
an object
 Has two types: POTENTIAL AND
KINETIC ENERGY  Energy that is
available for release
Potential
from chemical
 Energy of position or energy in reactions.
storage.
 The chemical
o Water behind a dam bonds in a
matchstick store
o Hammer over head energy that is
o Food on the plate transformed into
thermal energy
Kinetic when the match is
struck.
 energy of motion, the form capable
of doing work NOTE: comes from fuel sources, coal,
petroleum, car batteries
o Flowing water
What is Kinetic Energy?
o A falling hammer
 Energy an object has due to its
o Electrons regenerating ATP motion
in a bio’l cell
 K.E. = .5(mass x speed2)
PE = mgh
 m = mass (kg)
 o Mechanical Energy (Motion) excited and show rapid
movement.
 Movement of objects or
substances from one place to  Combustion
another
What do renewable and non-renewable
 Energy due to a object’s mean?
motion (kinetic) or position
(potential).  Energy resources can be classified
into two groups.
 The bowling ball has
mechanical energy.  Renewable

 When the ball strikes the pins, o Renewable energy

mechanical energy is resources can be replaced
transferred to the pins! or regenerated and will
never run out (at least not
NOTE: Sun – aka Yellow Dwarf Star; for a very long time).
nearest star
o Examples: wind and solar.
o Electrical Energy
 Non-renewable
 Movement of electrons in one
direction o Non-renewable energy
resources will eventually
 Energy caused by the run out – once used they
movement of electrons cannot be used again.
 Easily transported through o Examples: coal and oil
power lines and converted into
other forms of energy NOTE: Toyota Prius – hybrid car; runs in
battery & gasoline
o Sound Energy
What are fossil fuels?
 Movement of energy through
substances in the form of  Industrial societies need a lot of
longitudinal (compression) energy and, at the moment, rely on
waves fossil fuels as the main source of
this energy.
o Radiant Energy
 Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil
 Electromagnetic energy that fuels. They are carbon-based
travels in transverse waves materials that formed over millions
o Thermal Energy (a.k.a. Heat) of years from the remains of
ancient plants and animals.
 Internal energy of a substance
due to the vibration of atoms  Fossil fuels are so useful because
and molecules making up the they contain stored chemical
substance energy, which is converted into
large amounts of useful heat
 Heat energy energy when the fuels are burned.
 The heat energy of an object  The total amount of fossil fuels
determines how active its available is limited and so they are
atoms are. classed as non-renewable energy
resources.
 A hot object is one whose
atoms and molecules are How do fossil fuels produce electricity?
  Power stations that are fuelled by  the trapping of the sun's warmth in
coal and oil, operate on the same a planet's lower atmosphere due to
basic principle. the greater transparency of the
atmosphere to visible radiation
 The fuel is burned and the heat from the sun than to infrared
produced is used to boil water. radiation emitted from the planet's
This creates high-pressure, surface.
superheated steam, which is then
used to turn a turbine What is nuclear fuel?

 The turbine turns a generator and  Nuclear fuel is used to generate

so generates electricity. electricity but, unlike fossil fuels, it
does not burn.
 The cooling towers cool the steam,
which condenses as water and can  In a nuclear fuel, such as uranium,
then be recycled in the power reactions take place that split the
station. atoms and release huge amounts
of heat energy. This is called
 Natural-gas-fired power stations do nuclear fission.
not use steam. The natural gas is
burnt and the hot gases produced  In a nuclear power station, the heat
are used released from nuclear fission
reactions is used to change water
 directly to turn the turbine into steam. As in other types of
NOTE: Fossil fuel – takes time before power station, the steam then turns
created a turbine, which turns a generator
and produces electricity.
Scarboroshoal – large reserve of oil &
natural gas in PH  Nuclear power stations do not
release any greenhouse gases
Bahrain – Pearl Farming (before); Large such as carbon dioxide or gases
reserve of natural gases (Now) which cause acid rain
What waste do fossil fuels produce? What waste does nuclear power produce?
 Burning fossil fuels creates waste  Nuclear power stations produce
products that can act as pollutants radioactive waste.
and have harmful environmental
effects.  The used nuclear fuel contains
some uranium, which can be
 Carbon dioxide – This separated from the waste and
greenhouse gas is the main waste reused.
product of burning fossil fuels.
Increased levels of carbon dioxide  It also contains plutonium, which is
due to human activities are thought a highly-radioactive product of the
to be connected with global fission reactions that occur in
warming. uranium nuclear fuel.

 Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides  New reactors that use this waste
– These gaseous pollutants product as a fuel have been built.
contribute to the formation of smog
 However, plutonium is also used in
and acid rain.
the construction of nuclear bombs
 Ash – This waste solid is disposed and poses a very serious threat if it
of in landfill sites. gets into the wrong hands.

What is the greenhouse effect?

NOTE: Nuclear power plants are always cheaper to run expensive to build
near water to cool nuclear molecules if once built
ever there’s a disaster conserves fossil non-renewable
fuels
Where can nuclear waste be stored? conserves fossil produces
 Nuclear waste that cannot be fuels radioactive waste
reused poses serious problems as no carbon dioxide expensive to
it can remain radioactive for emissions decommission
thousands of years. safe under normal links with cancer
conditions
 Highly radioactive waste can be small amount of risk of disaster
turned into glass to help stabilize it fuel used
and prevent leaks during storage. so less transport
needed
 One solution is to bury the waste Renewable Resources
deep underground. This must be in
a geologically stable environment,  Renewable resources are natural
so there are few suitable sites. resources that can be replenished
in a short period of time.
 Another suggested solution is to
dump radioactive waste at the o Solar
bottom of the sea. Dealing with o Geothermal
nuclear waste is expensive and
any solution has to be long term o Wind
How quickly can electricity be produced? o Biomass
Type of fuel Start-up Time o Water
Natural Gas 1 Hr
Oil 4 Hrs Air Pollution
Coal 7 Hrs Atmosphere
Nuclear Power 48 Hrs
Major Components:
How long can non-renewable energy last?
A1. Air
Type of Fuel Time until
reserves run out  Is a mixture of different gases and
Natural Gas 25-30 yrs particles, each with its own
Oil 75 yrs physical properties.
Coal 300 yrs
 Molecules are loosely arranged
Nuclear Power 1000+ years
 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1%
Fossil fuels: what are the pros and cons? Argon
Pros Cons Oxygen – explosive gas – Corrosion
Readily available Non-renewable
Easily transported Acid rain B. Variable Components:
Low fuel cost Greenhouse effect
B.1. Water vapor – source of all clouds &
Low building cost Inefficient
precipitation
Short start-up time
Nuclear power: what are the pros and Bodies of water – evaporates (water
cons? changes from Liquid to Gas) ->
Atmosphere -> Conduction (From Clouds)
Pros Cons -> Precipitation (Rain)
  Snow remains constant to a height of
about 20 kilometers
 Drizzle
A.3. Mesosphere
 Sleet
 Is the layer of the atmosphere
 Hail immediately above the
B.2. Ozone stratosphere and is
characterized by decreasing
 It is a form of oxygen that temperatures with height.
combines three oxygen atoms into
A.4. Thermosphere
each molecule (O3).
 Is the region of the atmosphere
 Ozone gas is found
immediately above the
 Has 3 O atoms into each molecule mesosphere and is
characterized by increasing
 Chlorofluorocarbon decomposes in temperatures due to the
the ozone layer (thinning the ozone absorption of very short-wave
layer) solar energy by oxygen.
SUNBLOCK vs. SUNSCREEN  Great electrical activities
Provides full Fights UV
protection  Ions are found
 SPF – Sun Protection Factor
o Radio communication
 Melanocytes –
o Communication of
o pigment of skin Satellites

o has Melanin (brown) NOTE: Aurora Borealis: Northern Lights

C. Human Influence Aurora Australis: Southern Lights

 Emissions from transportation A.5. Exosphere

vehicles account for nearly half the It is where there are very few particles
primary pollutants by weight. that they rarely collide.
 Transportation Air Pollution in Shanghai, China, in
 Factories 2004

Layers of the Atmosphere: What Are the Major Outdoor Pollution

Problems?
A.1. Troposphere
Pollutants mix in the air to form
 It is the bottom layer of the industrial smog, mostly the result of
atmosphere where temperature burning coal, and photochemical
decreases with an increase in smog, caused by motor vehicle,
altitude. industrial, and power plant emissions.
 Where weather phenomena Air Pollution Comes from Natural and
happens Human Sources

A. 2. Stratosphere Air pollution

 It is the layer of the Natural sources

atmosphere where temperature
 Dust blown by wind
  Pollutants from wildfires and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfuric acid
volcanoes (H2SO4)

 Volatile organics released by  Sources

plants
 Human health and environmental
 Withdrawing groundwater impact
What is air pollution?  Ozone (O3)
 Contamination of the air by  Sources
noxious gases and minute particles
of solid and liquid matter  Human and environmental impact
(particulates) in concentrations that Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
endanger health
 Hydrocarbons and terpenes
 Air pollution only occurs outdoors
 Sources
Some Pollutants in the Atmosphere
Combine to Form Other Pollutants  Human and environmental impact
 Primary pollutants Acid rain

 Secondary pollutants  contains high levels of sulfuric or

nitric acids
 Air quality improving in developed
countries  contaminate drinking water and
vegetation
 Much more needs to be done in
developing countries  damage aquatic life

 Indoor pollution: big threat to the  erode buildings

poor
 Alters the chemical equilibrium of
What Are the Major Outdoor Air some soils
Pollutants?
Science Focus: Detecting Air Pollutants
Carbon oxides
 Chemical instruments
 Carbon monoxide (CO)
 Satellites
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Nanotechnology
 Sources
 How to know air is polluted?
 Human health and environmental
impact  Biological Indicators – organisms
that require specific conditions for
Nitrogen oxides (NO) and nitric acid them to live in a particular
(HNO3) environment
 Sources o Lichens - Natural Capital:
Vulnerability to Air
 Acid deposition Pollutants
 Photochemical smog o Trout – rivers/lakes –
 Human health and environmental celebrated in presence –
impact river is clean
o Rat – environment is dirty
Case Study: Lead Is a Highly Acid Disposition Is a Serious Regional Air
Toxic Pollutant Pollution Problem
 Reduction of lead (Pb)  Acid deposition, acid rain
o Unleaded gasoline  Formation
o Unleaded paint  Local versus regional problems
 Still problems  Effects of prevailing winds
o 2007: toys with Pb paint  Buffers
recalled
Acid Deposition Has a Number of Harmful
o Global ban on lead in Effects
gasoline and paint
 Human respiratory disorders
Burning Coal Produces Industrial Smog
 Aquatic ecosystems affected
 Chemical composition of industrial
smog  Release of toxic metals

 Reduction of this smog in urban  Leaching of soil nutrients

cities of the United States
 Loss of crops and trees
 China and smog
 Damage to buildings, statues, and
 Human deaths monuments

- Global Outlook: Photochemical Smog We Know How to Reduce Acid Deposition

in Santiago, Chile
 Prevention approaches
- Denver’s Brown Cloud
 Clean up
Several Factors Can Decrease or
Increase Outdoor Air Pollution:  Add lime to neutralize acidified
lakes and soil
 Outdoor air pollution may be
decreased by  Add phosphate fertilizer to
neutralize acidified lakes
o Settling of particles due
to gravity Indoor Air Pollution

o Rain and snow What Are the Major Indoor Air

Pollution Problems?
o Salty sea spray from
the ocean The most threatening indoor air
pollutants are smoke and soot from
o Winds wood and coal cooking fires (a hazard
found mostly in developing countries)
o Chemical reactions
and chemicals used in building
What Is Acid Deposition and materials and products.
Why Is It a Problem?
Indoor Air Pollution Is a Serious
Acid deposition is caused mainly by coal- Problem:
burning power plant and motor vehicle
 Developing countries
emissions, and in some regions, threatens
human health, aquatic life and o Indoor burning
ecosystems, forests, and human-built
structures.
 o Poor suffer the greatest  Tuberculosis
risk
 Lung cancer
 Developed countries
 Pneumonia
o Indoor air pollution is
 Emphysema
greater than outdoor air
pollution  Other possible indoor air
pollutants
 Why?
o Pesticide residue
o 11 of the common air
pollutants higher inside o Pb particles
than outside
o Living organisms and
o Greater in vehicles than their excrements
outside
 E.g., Dust mites
o Health risks magnified: and cockroach
people spend 70–98% droppings
of their time is indoors
o Airborne spores of
 Who are at greatest risk from molds and mildews
indoor air pollution?
o Sick-building syndrome
o Children under 5 and
the elderly NOTE: Major cause of Indoor Air Pollution:
LPG, Cigarette, AC, Animal danders
o Sick (Birds, Cats, Dogs), and dust. MAJOR:
Smoke & Soot
o Pregnant women
Science: Magnified View of a Household
o People with respiratory
Dust Mite in a Dust Ball
disorders or heart
problems What Are the Health Effects of
Air Pollution?
o Smokers
Air pollution can contribute to asthma,
o Factory workers
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung
 Four most dangerous indoor air cancer, heart attack, and stroke.
pollutants
Your Body’s Natural Defenses against Air
o Tobacco smoke Pollution Can Be Overwhelmed

o Formaldehyde  Respiratory system protection from

air pollutants
o Radioactive radon-222
gas o Role of cilia, mucus,
sneezing, and coughing
o Very small particles
 Effect of smoking and prolonged
o Sources of these air pollution exposure
pollutants
o Chronic bronchitis
 Human health risks
o Emphysema
o Human Respiratory
Diseases: Air Pollution Is a Big Killer

 Asthma
 • 3 Million deaths per year world-  Water Quality Today
wide
 Improving Water Quality
– Mostly in Asia
 Laws Controlling Water
– Main causes
Pollution
• EPA: proposed stricter emission
standards for diesel-powered  Water pollution
vehicles o Any physical or chemical
• Link between international trade change in water that
and air pollution adversely affects the
health of humans and
– Cargo ships and pollution
other organisms
Reducing Indoor Air Pollution Should
Be a Priority o Varies in magnitude by
location
• Greater threat to human health
than outdoor pollution  Major water pollution issue
globally
• What can be done?
o Lack of disease-free
– Prevention
water
– Cleanup
 Eight categories
NOTE:
o Sewage, disease-
Primary Pollutants: CO, CO2, SO2, NO, causing agents,
NO2 sediment pollution,
Secondary Pollutants: HNO – nitric acid, inorganic plant and algal
H2SO4 – sulfuric acid, CO (colorless gas) nutrients, organic
compounds, inorganic
Carol Banawa - Singer; Father(paralyzed)
chemicals, radioactive
& Brother(died) due to inhalation of
Carbon Monoxide while sleeping in the car substances, and thermal
at the basement parking resulting to CO pollution
Poisoning. WATER POLLUTION is the physical
Water Pollution or chemical change in surface water or
ground water that can adversely affect
 Types of Water Pollution living organisms
o Sewage POINT SOURCE- source that
discharges pollutants into bodies of
o Disease-causing agents
water at a specific location.
o Sediment pollution
NON-POINT SOURCE- one of many
o Inorganic plant and algal widely scattered sources that
nutrients discharge over a large area.
o Organic compounds Sewage
o Inorganic chemicals  The release of wastewater from
drains or sewers
o Thermal pollution
 o Includes human wastes, o Originate in the
soaps, and detergents wastes of infected
individuals
 Causes 2 serious environmental
problems:  Common bacterial or viral
diseases:
o Enrichment
o Typhoid, cholera,
 Fertilization of a
bacterial dysentery,
body of water by
polio, and infectious
high levels of plant
hepatitis
and algal nutrients
(nitrogen and DISEASE INFECTIOUS AGENT
phosphorus) Cholera Vibrio Cholerae
Dysentery Shigella Dysentariae
o Increase in Biological
Enteritis Clostridium Perfringens,
Oxygen Demand (BOD)
other bacteria
 Amount of oxygen Typhoid Salmonella typhi
needed by Infectious Hepatitis virus A
microorganisms to hepatitis
decompose Poliomyelitis Poliovirus
biological wastes Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium sp.
Amoebic Entamoeba histolytica
 As BOD increases Dysentery
Dissolve Oxygen Schistosomiasis Schistosoma
(DO) decreases Ancylostomiasis Ancylostoma sp
Sewage- Eutrophication
Oligotrophic - Unenriched, clear  Monitored by testing for
water that supports small populations presence of E. coli in the water
of aquatic organisms via a fecal coliform test

Eutrophic- Slow-flowing stream, lake o Indicates the presence of

or estuary enriched by inorganic plant pathogenic organisms
and algal nutrients such as NOTE: Typhus (fever) – infectious
phosphorus disease caused by lice, mites, etc.
Often due to fertilizer or sewage runoff from rats

Coral Bleaching Sediment Pollution

 is the loss of intracellular  Excessive amounts of

endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, suspended soil particles
also known as zooxanthellae) o Originates from erosion
through either expulsion or loss of agricultural lands,
of algal pigmentation forest soils exposed by
 Acidification of salt water logging, degraded
stream banks,
Disease-causing Agents overgrazed rangelands,
strip mines, and
 Infectious organisms that
construction
cause diseases
  Problems o Natural examples:
sugars, amino acids, and
o Limits light penetration oils
o Covers aquatic animals o Human-made examples:
and plants pesticides, solvents,
o Brings insoluble toxins industrial chemicals, and
into waterways plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
 Contaminants that contain
elements other than carbon
o Examples: acids, salts,
and heavy metals
 Do not degrade easily
 Lead
o Found in old paint,
industrial pollutants,
leaded gasoline
 Mercury
o Mercury bioaccumulates
Inorganic Plant and Algal Nutrients
in the muscles of top
 Chemicals such as nitrogen and predators of the open
phosphorus that stimulate the ocean
growth of plants and algae
Radioactive Substances
o Harmful in large
 Contain atoms of unstable
concentrations
isotopes that spontaneously
 Sources: emit radiation

o Human and animal  Sources

wastes, plant residues,
o Mining
atmospheric deposition,
and fertilizer runoff o Processing radioactive
materials
 Causes:
o Nuclear power plants
o Enrichment, bad odors,
and a high BOD o Natural sources
Organic Compounds Thermal Pollution
 Chemicals that contain carbon  Occurs when heated water
atoms produced during industrial
processes is released into
waterways
  Organisms affected Water Pollution in Other Countries
o Temperature affects  Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
reproductive cycles,
o 10,000 oil wells tap lake
digestion rates, and
bottom
respiration rates
o Leak oil into lake
o Warm water holds less
DO than cold water o Agricultural wastes from
local fields
Water Quality Today
o Unit recently raw human
 Two Types of Water Pollution
waste polluted the lake
 Point Source Pollution
 Po River, Italy
o water pollution that can
o Similar to Mississippi
be traced to a specific
River
origin
o Pollutants: Sewage,
o Discharge via pipes,
industrial wastes,
sewage, and ditches
sediment
 Non-point Source Pollution
o >16 million Italians
o Pollutants that enter depend on the river for
bodies of water over drinking water
large areas rather than
o Pollution is high
being concentrated at a
single point of entry o Swimming and fishing
prohibited
o Diffuse, but its
cumulative effect is very o Cleanup will require a
large national management
plan and may take
o Ex: runoff from
decades
agricultural fields or
parking lots  Ganges River, India
Water Pollution from Agriculture o Used for bathing and
washing clothing
 Agriculture is leading source of
water pollution o Sewage and industrial
waste discharged into
o Animal wastes and
river
plants residues have
high BOD o Ganga Action Plan
initiated by government
o Chemical pesticides can
leach into groundwater o Construction of 29
sewage treatment plants
 Almost all streams and rivers
are polluted with agricultural
pesticides
Environmental Health and Minamata Disease
Toxicology
 Symptoms:
 Worms, flukes and Intestinal
o ataxia
Parasites
o numbness in the hands
Dracunculus medinesis (Guinea
and feet
Worms)
o general muscle
 Transmission: Contaminated
weakness
water with the free-swimming
larvae o narrowing of the field of
vision
 Rural Areas (water)
o Damage
 India and Central Africa to hearing and speech.
 After a year of migrating  Caused by Mercury poisoning
through the body, adult (1 meter
long) emerges to lay eggs. Improving Water Quality-
Purification of Drinking Water
 Signs and Symptoms: fever,
pain, and INTENSE PAIN as  In US most municipal water
the worm travels down to the supplies are treated
lower leg. Hence the name,
 Collected from water or
FIERY SERPENT
reservoir
 Prevention: Drink water from
 Treated
underground sources.
 Treated water distributed to
 Fine mesh cloth to filter the
customers
water when drinking
 Sewer lines bring sewage to
 Infected people must not be
treatment plant
allowed to go to ponds and
other bodies of water.  Sewage treated at sewage
treatment plant
 The use of larvicides in water
infected areas. Purification of Drinking Water
 Tx: no treatment available.  Chlorine Dilemma
 Mechanical removal o Chlorine kills disease
causing organisms
 Not fatal
o Chlorine byproducts are
 Analgesic (pain) linked to numerous
 Antibiotic for secondary cancers, miscarriages
bacterial infection from wound. and birth defects

 Metronidazole (would cause o Peru stopped using

worms to migrate to other parts chlorine
of the body)  1991- huge
cholera epidemic
 that infected
300,000 people
 Fluoridation
 Prevents tooth decay
 Linked to cancer, kidney
disease

Land Pollution
the presence of land in any solid waste
in such quantity, of such nature and
duration, and under such conditions
that would be injurious to human
health or welfare, animal or plant life,
or property
 People Cut forest for furniture.
 Plastic is the main source of
land pollution (and sea).
 People throw house garbage on
roads.
 Some industries throw their
waste on land.
NOTE:
Biodegradable

 (of a substance or object)

capable of being decomposed
by bacteria or other living
organisms.
Non-Biodegradable

 a substance or chemical that

cannot be changed to a
harmless natural state by the
action of bacteria, and may
therefore damage the
environment