Applied Thermodynamics D201 Self Assessment Solutions Tutorial 5 Self Assessment Exercise No. 1

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS D201
SELF ASSESSMENT SOLUTIONS

TUTORIAL 5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 1
1. A simple vapour compression refrigerator comprises an evaporator, compressor, condenser and

throttle. The condition at the 4 points in the cycle are as shown.
Point Pressure Temperature

After evaporator 0.8071 bar -20oC
After compressor 5.673 bar 50oC
After condenser 5.673 bar 15oC
After throttle 0.8071 bar -35oC
The refrigerant is R12 which flows at 0.05 kg/s. The power input to the compressor is 2 kW.
Compression is reversible and adiabatic.
Calculate the following.
i. The theoretical power input to the compressor.
ii. The heat transfer to the evaporator.
iii. The coefficient of performance based answer (i.)
iv. The mechanical efficiency of the compressor.
v. The coefficient of performance based on the true power input.
Is the compression process isentropic?
h1 = 180.45 kJ/kg h2 = 216.75 kJ/kg

h3 = h4 =50.1 kJ/kg
Φ(in) = 0.05(180.45 – 50.1) = 6.517 kW
P(in) = 0.05(216.75 – 180.45) = 1.815 kW
C of P = 6.517/1.815 = 3.59
η = 1.818/2 = 90.75%
C of P = 6.517/2 = 3.25
s1 = 0.7568 kJ/kg K
s2 = 0.7567 kJ/kg K
The compression is Isentropic since s1 = s2
2. A vapour compression cycle uses R12. the vapour is saturated at -20oC at entry to the
compressor. At exit from the compressor it is at 10.84 bar and 75oC. The condenser produces
saturated liquid at 10.84 bar. The liquid is throttled, evaporated and returned to the compressor.
Sketch the circuit and show the cycle on a p-h diagram.

Calculate the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator. (2.0)
Calculate the isentropic efficiency of the compressor. (71%)
Using the same diagram as Q1 for the point numbers the T – s and p –h diagrams are as shown.
Point 1 p = 1.509 bar θ = -20oC h = hg = 178.73 kJ/kg
Point 2 p = 10.84 bar ts = 45 oC θ = 75oC hence there is 30K of superheat h = 228.18 kJ/kg
Point 3 p = 10.84 bar θ = ts = 45 oC h = hf = 79.71 kJ/kg
o
Point 4 p = 1.509 bar θ = ts = -20 C h = hf = 79.71 kJ/kg
h4 = hf + xhfg = 79.71 + 17.82 + x(178.73 – 17.82) x = 0.385
Φ(in) = h1 – h4 = 99.02 kJ/kg

P(in) = h2 – h1 = 49.45 kJ/kg
C of P = 99.02/49.45 = 2.0
Compression process s1 = sg = 0.7087 kJ/kg K
Ideally s1 = s2 at 10.84 bar
Interpolation from tables gives
0.7087 − 0.6811 h 2 '−204.87
= h2’ = 213.87 kJ/kg
0.7175 − 0.6811 216.74 − 204.87
Ideal P(in) = 213.87 – 178.87 = 35.14 kJ/kg
ηis = 35.14/49.45 = 71%
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.2
1. A refrigerator operates with ammonia. The plant circuit is shown below. The conditions at the
relevant points of the cycle are as follows.
1 saturated liquid at -30oC
3,4 and 7 saturated liquid at 10oC
5 saturated vapour at -30oC
The pump and compressor have an isentropic
efficiency of 80%.
There are no heat losses. The specific volume
of ammonia liquid is 0.0015 m3/kg.
Determine the coefficient of performance and
the mass flow rate if the refrigeration effect is
10 kW.
Point 1 p = 1.196 bar θ = -30oC h1 = hf = 44.7 kJ/kg

Points 3,4 and 7 p = 6.149 bar h = hf = 227.8 kJ/kg
Point 5 h = 1405.6 kJ/kg
PUMP P(in) = V ∆p/η = 0.0015(6.149-1.196)x105/0.8 = 928 W per unit mass flow rate.
h2 = h1 + energy added = 44.7 + 0.928 = 45.628 kJ/kg
Φ(in) = h3 – h2 = 227.8 – 45.628 = 182.17 kW per unit mass flow rate.
s5 = s6’ = 5.785 kJ/kg K
5.785 − 5.634 h 6 '−1583.1
Interpolate at 6.149 bar = h6’ = 1637.2 Kj/kg
5.967 − 5.634 1702.2 − 1583.1
COMPRESSOR P(in) = (h6’- h5)/η = (1637.2 – 1405.6)/0.8 = 289.54 kW per unit mass flow rate.
FLASH VESSEL
h4 = yh5 + (1-y)h1 227.8 = 1405.6y + (1-y)44.7 y = 0.134 kg 1 – y = 0.865 kg
For a total flow of 1 kg/s
Pump Power = 0.928 x 0.865 = 0.803 kW
Compressor Power = 289.54 x 0.134 = 38.95 kW
Φ(in) = 182.17 x 0.865 = 157.58 kW
C of P = 157.58/39.75 = 3.964
Φ(in) = 10 kW = m x 182.17 hence m = 0.05489 kg/s but this is 0.865 of the total flow
Mass flow = 0.05489/0.865 = 0.06346 kg/s
2. A heat pump consists of a compressor, condenser, throttle, and evaporator. The refrigerant is
R12. The refrigerant is at 0oC at entry to the compressor and 80oC at exit. The condenser produces
saturated liquid at 50oC. The throttle produces wet vapour at -10oC. The mass flow rate is 0.02
kg/s. The indicated power to the compressor is 1 kW.
Sketch the T - s diagram and p - h diagram for the cycle.
Calculate the coefficient of performance for the heat pump.
Calculate the rate of heat loss from the compressor.
Calculate the coefficient of performance again for when the refrigerant is sub cooled to 45oC at exit
from the condenser.
Calculate the temperature at exit from the compressor if the compression is reversible and adiabatic.
h3=hf at 50oC = 84.94 kJ/kg p3 = p2 = ps at50oC=12.19 b

h1 with 10 K superheat is 190 kJ/kg
s1 is 0.725 kJ/kg K
P(in) = 0.02(230 – 190) = 0.8 kW Loss is 0.2 kW
Φ(out) = 0.02(230 – 85) = 2.9 kW
Φ(in) = 0.02(190 – 85) = 2.1 kW
C of P = 2.9/0.8 = 3.625 based on the cycle.
C of P = 2.9/1 = 2.9 based on the Indicated Power.
At 45oC h3 = 79.71 kJ/kg
Φ(out) = 0.02(230 – 79.71)= 3 kW
C of P = 3/0.8 = 3.75 based on the cycle and 3/1 = 3
based on the IP
REVERSIBLE COMPRESSION
s2 = 0.725 kJ/kg K h2 = 230 kJ/kg
0.725 − 0.7166 ∆T
Interpolation = ∆T = 3.73 θ = 50 + 3.73 + 15 = 68.7oC
0.7503 − 0.7166 30 − 15
3. A refrigeration cycle uses R12. The evaporator pressure is 1.826 bar and the condenser pressure
is 10.84 bar. There is 5K of superheat at inlet to the compressor. The compressor has an isentropic
efficiency of 90%. the condensed liquid is under-cooled by 5K and is throttled back to the
evaporator.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s and p-h diagram.
Calculate the coefficient of performance. (3.04)
Explain why throttles are used rather than an expansion engine.
POINT 1 θ = -10oC
p = 1.826 bar ts = -15 oC
hence 5 K superheat.
Interpolation
h1 =
5
(190.15 − 180.97 ) + 180.97 = 184.03 kJ/kg
15
s1 = (0.7397 − 0.7051) + 0.7051 = 0.7166 kJ/kg K
5
15
∆T 0.7166 − 0.6811
POINT 2 p = 10.84 bar s = 0.7166 kJ/kg K = ∆T = 14.64 K
15 0.7175 − 0.6811
14.64 h 2 '−204.87
= h 2 ' = 216.46 kJ/kg
15 216.74 − 204.87
h 2 '−h1 216.46 − 184.03
η IS = 0.9 = = h 2 = 220 kJ.kg
h 2 − h1 h 2 − 184.03
POINT 3 θ = 40oC (liquid) h3 = hf = 74.59 kJ/kg
h1 − h 4 184.03 - 74.59
POINT 4 h4 = h3 C of P = = =3
h 2 − h1 220 − 184.03
Throttles are used because they are simple with no moving parts. Expansion engines are expensive
and difficult to use with wet vapour being present.
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 3
1. Why is it preferable that vapour entering a compressor superheated?
A vapour compression refrigerator uses R12. The vapour is evaporated at -10oC and condensed at
30oC. The vapour has 15 K of superheat at entry to the compressor. Compression is isentropic. The
condenser produces saturated liquid.
The compressor is a reciprocating type with double action. The bore is 250 mm and the stroke is
300 mm. The speed is 200 rev/min. The volumetric efficiency is 85%. You may treat superheated
vapour as a perfect gas. Determine
i. the mass flow rate (0.956 kg/s)

ii. the coefficient of performance. (5.51)
iii. the refrigeration effect. (122.7 kW)
(Note that double acting means it pumps twice for each revolution. The molecular mass for R12 is
given in the tables.)
(a) Liquid refrigerant must be prevented from entering

the compressor as it would damage the piston and
cylinders and contaminate the lubricant.
(b) h1 = 192.53 kJ/kg s1 = 0.7365 kJ/kg K

s1 = s2 at 7.449 bar
∆T 0.7365 − 0.7208
= ∆T = 7.09 K
15 0.754 − 0.7208
7.09 h 2 − 210.63
= h 2 = 215.74 kJ/kg
15 221.44 − 210.63
P(in) = 215.74 – 192,53=23.21 kJ/kg
h3 = h4 = hf at 7.449 bar = 64.59 kJ/kg
Φ(in) = h1 – h4 = 129.9 kJ/kg
C of P = 127.9/23.21 = 5.51
Swept Volume = π x (0.252/4) x 0.3 = 0.014726 m3

ηvol = 85%
Induced volume = 2 x 0.014726 x 0.85 x 200/60 = 0.08344 m3/s
~
pVN 2.191x105 x 0.08344 x 120.92
At inlet m = = = 0.956 kg/s
R oT 8314.4 x 278
Φ(in) = 127.9 x 0.956 = 122.27 kW

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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS D201

SELF ASSESSMENT SOLUTIONS

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 1

1. A simple vapour compression refrigerator comprises an evaporator, compressor, condenser and

Point Pressure Temperature

h1 = 180.45 kJ/kg h2 = 216.75 kJ/kg

Sketch the circuit and show the cycle on a p-h diagram.

h4 = hf + xhfg = 79.71 + 17.82 + x(178.73 – 17.82) x = 0.385

Φ(in) = h1 – h4 = 99.02 kJ/kg

Ideal P(in) = 213.87 – 178.87 = 35.14 kJ/kg

ηis = 35.14/49.45 = 71%

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.2

Point 1 p = 1.196 bar θ = -30oC h1 = hf = 44.7 kJ/kg

h3=hf at 50oC = 84.94 kJ/kg p3 = p2 = ps at50oC=12.19 b

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 3

1. Why is it preferable that vapour entering a compressor superheated?

i. the mass flow rate (0.956 kg/s)

(a) Liquid refrigerant must be prevented from entering

(b) h1 = 192.53 kJ/kg s1 = 0.7365 kJ/kg K

Swept Volume = π x (0.252/4) x 0.3 = 0.014726 m3

Φ(in) = 127.9 x 0.956 = 122.27 kW

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