FILIPINO SERVICES TO SPAIN

Why Did the Filipinos Serve Spain?

The Filipinos served Spain instead of serving their own fellow citizens because of three
reasons:

1. The Filipinos were not united. They did not think of themselves as one nation. So
the Spaniards divided and conquered them. Spain played one tribe against the
another. For example, the Visayans were used to put down a revolt in the
Tagalog region. The Christian Filipinos were used to fight against the Filipinos
were used to fight against the Filipino Muslims (Moros) and the pagan minorities.
2. The Filipinos were converted to the Roman Catholic religion. So Filipinos were
laugh to be loyal to the Spanish officials and priests who converted them and
who defended that religion. The Filipinos fought on the side of Catholic Spain
against the Muslims and the Protestant Dutch and British.
3. The Filipinos were offered rewards and honors by the Spanish rulers. The
Spanish flattered and took care of the royal Filipinos. But they punished and
killed the Filipinos who disobeyed or revolted. Loyal Filipinos were given
positions in the local government as "gobernadorcillos" (little governor) and
"cabeza de barangay" (barangay chiefs). Master-of -Camp Francisco
Laksamana received the highest military honor.

How Did Filipinos Serve Spain

 The Filipino services to Spain during the Spanish era included the following:
1. Filipinos provided food for the Spaniards
2. Filipinos worked in industries owned by the Spaniards
3. Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against Portugal
4. Filipinos joined the military expeditions to Borneo and the Moluccas
5. Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against the Dutch and British
6. Filipinos joined the expedition to Indochina
7. Filipinos joined the expedition to Taiwan
8. Filipinos helped to colonize the Marianas, Palaus, and Caroline islands
 9. Filipinos helped put down the Chinese revolts and to stop the invasion of
Lim-Ah-Hong
10. Christian Filipinos fought with Spain against the Filipino Muslims (Moro)
Filipino as Farmers
 Filipinos became the real farmers even in the farms owned by the Spaniards and
other foreigners
 This was because the Spaniards did nit like manual work. They thought that it
was shameful to be seen working in dirty jobs like digging, farming, cleaning, or
carrying heavy loads
 So the Filipinos tilled the land and raised foodstuffs and livestock
 All the Spaniards – officials, priests, soldiers, and civilians – would have died of
starvation if the Filipinos had not provided them with food.
Filipinos in Industries
 Filipinos became good builders of ships for the Spaniards
 They constructed many galleons used in the Manila-Acapulco trade, and
numerous galleys and frigates used by the Spaniards to fight their enemies
Filipinos the Portuguese Wars
 1568-70 Portuguese attacked the early Spanish settlements in Cebu
 Raha Tupas and his Cebuano warriors remained loyal to Legaspi and fought on
the side of Spain in these attacks.
Filipinos in the Expedition to Borneo and the Moluccas
 1578 – Filipinos helped the Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Sri Lela (Sirela), to regain
his throne.
 With a powerful expedition of 1,500 Filipinos, 400 Spaniards, 300 Bornean
warriors, they sailed to the island of Borneo, fought and recaptured the city of
Brunei and regained the usurped throne
 The military expeditions to the Moluccas were not as successful. At first, the
expeditions were sent to try to capture the rich Moluccas (Spice Islands) from the
Portuguese
 Later, they were sent to capture it against the Dutch, who had taken over the
Moluccas colony (17th century)
 These numbers show that thousands of Filipinos fought in these military wars to
colonize the Moluccas unsuccessfully.
Filipinos in the Dutch Wars
 The Dutch wanted to make us a colony by defeating the Spaniards
 The British became their allies, and both the British and Dutch ships blockaded
Manila from (1621-22)
 They harassed the people in coastal areas.
 Finally, they tried to win the friendships of the Filipinos
 But the Filipinos remained loyal to Spain and Catholicism against the Protestant
Dutch and British
The results of the Dutch Wars were as follows:
1. Victory of the Spaniards against the Dutch. The Philippines remained a
colony of Spain because the Filipinos helped the Spaniards against the
Dutch invaders
2. The Filipinos suffered tremendously. The Filipino population declined
during the Dutch Wars because many Filipinos were killed or ran to the
hills
3. The Philippine economy stagnated. Trade with Mexico, China and other
countries was paralyzed. Filipinos left farms and industries to fight in the
wars or to hide from them. The Filipinos paid the price of these costly
wars.
Filipinos in Indochina
 In 1858-63, about 1,500 Filipino soldiers were sent by Spain to help its ally,
France, to conquer the Vietnamese.
Filipinos in Taiwan
 1626-1642, Spaniards tried to colonize Taiwan (Formosa), Filipinos took part in
these expeditions
 They manned two Spanish settlements and surrendered these garrisons
on August 24, 1624.
 The Dutch took over the island of Taiwan (Formosa)
Filipinos in the Marianas, Palaus, and Carolines
 The Marianas, Palaus, and Carolines are islands archipelagoes in the Pacific
Ocean near Mindanao that were ruled by the Spanish governor in Manila and the
Spanish bishop of Cebu.
  The Filipinos helped the Spaniards to make these islands a colony and a
Catholic area.
 Filipinos went to Guam to settle down permanently in that island.
Filipinos Against the Chinese
 Chinese were excellent artists and tradesmen
 They were important in the economy of the country
 Chinese revolted five times during the Spanish era – 1603, 1639, 1667, 1686,
and 1762
 They were treated badly by the Spanish rulers
 Abuses to the Chinese:
1. the Chinese were forced to pay heavy taxes;
2. all Chinese were forced to lived in the Parian (Chinatown) outside the city
walls;
3. the Chinese were ordered to cut off their queues (long hair);
4. many Chinese were deported to reduce their population; and
5. The Chinese were massacred every time they revolted.
 The greatest Filipino hero of the Chinese revolts was Francisco
Laksamana, commander of the Pampangueno troops in the Spanish army
 He defeated the Chinese rebels in the hills of Antipolo in June 1662 and saved
the city of Manila
Filipinos and the Moro Wars
 Moro – in Spanish term means “Muslim”
 The Filipino Moros in Mindanao and Sulu were not conquered by Spain
 Christian Filipino heroes were:
1. Juan Aquino
2. Nicolas Martinez
3. Cirilo Maypit and
4. Geronimo Sundulin
 Filipino Muslims who defended Islam and Moro independence were:
1. Sultan Kudarat, the greatest warrior of Mindanao, who defended Lamitan
against the Spaniards in 1837
2. Sultan Jamalul Alam, who defended Jolo in 1876 and leased North
Borneo (Sabah) to the British in 1878
3. Datu Utto, who defended Cotabato in 1886-87;
4. Datu Amai Pakpak, who defended Lanao in 1889-91;
5. Datu Pian (Amal Mingka), who conquered Cotabato and Tamontaka in
1878-99.
 The British Invasion

Why the British came?

The 18th century was period of bitter struggles among the imperialist powers of Europe
for the world supremacy. The two leading opponents were England and France. The
political interests of these two rivals clashed in Europe, in America and in Asia. Spain
supported France because her king was a relative of the French King. Both kings
belonged to the bourbon family. On August 25 1761, the famous family compact was
signed in Versailles. In this treaty, the bourbon king of Spain promised to come to the
aid of the bourbon king of France in case war should break out between England and
France.

 Therefore, it came pass that when England and France fought 7 Years war
(1756-1763). Spain was dragged into it.
 English government ordered the British authorities of the East India Company in
India to prepare a military expedition for conquest of the Philippines. A Spanish
Colony

Arrival of the British Expedition

 On evening September 22 1762, the British fleet entered Manila Bay.

 The residents and officials saw the vessels and mistook that it was only a
Chinese sampans.
 Spain was in war with England, for they had not received any official news from
the mother country regarding the matter.
 Surprised the next day that it was a British warships on a mission for invasion.
 The British expedition Consisted of 13 Ships and 6,830 men. (British and Indian
troops.)

 The commanders were Admiral Samuel Cornish and General William Draper.

Enemy Landing

 On the morning of September 23 1762, two British officers under a flag of truce
went ashore and entered Manila.
 They presented William Draper’s demand to surrender to Archbishop Antonio
Rojo acting as the governor general of the Philippines.
 Archbishop Antonio Rojo Bravely rejected General Draper’s Ultimatum and
proudly replied “the Spaniards know how to die like true men for their God, for
their king, and for their fatherland, and they never surrender in the face of
danger.
 General Draper immediately ordered the landing of British troops. By nightfall,
despite the stormy weather the landing was successfully effective.
 The British troops occupied the stone churches of Malate, Ermita, and
Bagumbayan.

The siege in Manila

 The city was not in position to repel any foreign invasion. The Military defenses
were deplorably poor; the arm forces were unprepared for war.
 Archbishop Rojo called the city defenders to their battle stations and hurriedly
strengthen the old ramparts and fortifications.
 He appointed Cesar Fallet a French soldier of fortune, as the commander of
Filipino-Spanish forces.
 In the morning of September 24, the British batteries started to shell the city.
 The Spanish guns fired in retaliation, and the war is on.
 That same night a large force of Filipino-Spanish troops marched out of the city
gates and assaulted the British lines.
 The invaders held their ground and drove back the defenders to the city.
 On September 25, General Draper repeated his demand for surrender. Again,
Archbishop Rojo turned it down.

Filipino Courage and Loyalty

 Rising in response to the Spain cry for aid, thousands of Filipinos from
Pampanga, Bulacan and Laguna reinforced the city Garrison.
 At the early dawn of October 3, they audaciously assaulted the British posts in
Bagumbayan and Malate Led by Pampangan Leader Manalastas.
 This Filipino attack, although failed was somehow significant. It proved the
loyalty, courage and fighting of the Filipino.

Surrender of Manila to British

 On October 3, of the afternoon the council discussed the course of action needed
in a solution for problem. The military officers mostly Mexicans, favored
surrender because of the futility of further resistance.
  They were overruled by the friars, magistrates and merchants who vigorously
advocated resistance till the bitter end.
 The most fiery champion of the continued resistance to British arms in the
session of the council was Don Simon de Anda. Member of the royal audiencia.
The council granted him the title of lieutenant governor and the authority to carry
on the war in the provinces.
 On the night of October 4, part of the city walls facing luneta crumbled before the
smashing blows of the British siege batteries, at sunrise of the next day the
invaders stormed the city through the breach. The defenders tried to stem the
enemy on rush but in vain.
 More British brigades penetrated the through Parian, Sta. Lucia gates.
 Major Moore fighting at the head of his regiment was killed by a Filipino arrow.
 Raymond Kelly an Irish Catholic galleon pilot who was fighting under the Spanish
flag died in action.
 To put stop of the horrible slaughter of the city and the residents Archbishop Rojo
raised the white flag at fort Santiago as a signal of surrender of the city on
October 5, 1762.

The terms of surrender

 Rojo and Draper discussed the terms of the surrender.

 On October 6, 1762. According to his document, the Spanish authorities would
surrender Manila, Cavite, and other fortified areas and pay a war indemnity of
P4,000,000.00, In return the British would grant the following: 1.) Security of life
and Property 2.) Free Exercise of the Catholic Religion 3.) Freedom of commerce
and Industry 4.) Preservation of Royal Audiencia 5.) Parole of all Spanish officers
with the privilege of wearing their swords.

The sacking of Manila

 For more than 30 hours, the victory- crazed soldiers looted the churches and the
citizens’ home. They plundered schools, colleges and convents. Hunt for the
buried treasures including Salcedo and Legazpi, in an Agustinian church.
 The Convent of Santa Clara was spared because of a cordon of armed soldiers
placed there by General Draper, on the petition of Archbishop Rojo.
 The outrageous sacking perpetrated on October 6 and 7 1762 was the first of its
kind ever committed by a civilized foe in the city of Manila.
Philippines under East India Company Rule

 East India Company with headquarters in Madras, India ruled our country.
 This happened because this company, which had furnished funds, ships and
armed forces for the invasion was empowered by the British government in
Manila with Dawsonne Drake as the governor , assisted by the legislative body
called Manila Council. This British civil government lasted from 1762-1764.

The British Government enacted laws such as:

1. Establishment of the city government of Manila under British city mayor.

2. Opening of Manila to foreign trade.
3. Confiscation of agricultural lands owned by the religious orders.
4. Introduction of the Indian currency “rupee” for circulation in the colony.
5. Holding of local elections in towns pacified by the British troops.

Anda continues the war.

 Fortunately for Spain, on the eve of the fall of Manila, Simon de Anda
Escaped in a banca, paddled by the loyal Filipinos.
 He established headquarters in Bacolor, Pampanga. Which he made the
temporary capital of the Philippines.
 He continued the government, with himself as Governor General. He
organized an army of Filipinos and Spaniards ad dispatched swift couriers
to all parts of the country urging people to resist the British invaders.
 Within a short time, Anda was at the head of an army read to fight to the
British conquerors of Manila.

British Offensive against Anda

 On January 18 1763, Captain Slay left Manila with a force of 400,

Britishers 200, Malabar Negroes and 2,000 Chinese allies.
 He attacked province of Bulacan. The town fell after some valiant
resistance. Its parish priest, Father Agustin de San Antonio , fighting with
a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other. Died in action together with
many of his brave parishioners.
  Slay’s triumph was cut short by the arrival of Busto with 8,000 Filipino
Guerillas.
 Slay was forced to retreat to Manila failing to break Anda by force of Arms.
 On January 28 1763 British authorities issued an edict declaring him a
rebel and traitor and promised a reward of P5,000 for his capture,
whether he was dead or alive . Anda’s reply was a counter edict on May
19, offering a reward of P10,000 for the capture of any British authority,
dead or alive.

End of British Occupation

 The seven years’ war ends in Europe. The Treaty of Paris, which
concluded the war, on February 10, 1763.
 England restored the Philippines to Spain. Owing to poor means of
communication during that time, the news that the war was over reached
Manila in a much later date. Meanwhile Archbishop Rojo died, On January
30 1764.
 Four months later, on May 31 1764, Anda and his troops made their
triumphant entry into Manila to the cheers of guns and strains of music.
 British sailed away after occupying Manila for a year and a half.

Economic and Social Progress under Spain

Even though our social and cultural life improved under Spain, our economic life did not
improve very much. While we were colony of Spain, the Filipinos benefited only a little
from economic change made by Spain. It was the Spaniards who benefited more than
the Filipinos. This slow development in the wealth of our country was one of the reasons
of the Philippine revolution. The economic wealth of the Filipinos did not really improve
a lot under Spain. This due progress was due to:
 1.) Lack of interest of Spain of practical matters, 2.) Spain was more interested in
the Catholic religion, 3.) In dreaming of an empire in Asia. The Spaniards did not
go deep into the mountains and the forests in short; Spaniards did not really
know how to make money grow. Slow Development under Spain.

Economic changes Made by Spain

1. New way of land ownership

2. Encomienda system
3. Tribute
4. Polo y’ Servicio or force labor
 5. Abolition of slavery
6. Galleon trade and annual subsidy from Mexico
7. Introduction of new plants and animals
8. Introduction of new Industries
9. Economic society and Royal Company;
10. Scientific survey;
11. Opening of the Philippines to world trade and foreign investments
12. Rise and banks;
13. Improvement in transport and communication;
14. New social classes
15. Prizes and International exhibitions.

 New Way of Land Ownership Spain introduced the idea that a person and his
Family own land. Before, the entire barangay owned the land in common under
the Datu’s leadership, but after the Spaniards came, the land was divided among
the rich Hacienderos (farm owner), the religious orders, and others. Rich
landowner could now pass on their land to their heirs. Encomienda An
encomienda was the money from the tribute upon a certain conquered territory.
The king gave it to a Spanish conquistador (colonizer) as a reward for his
services. The encomiendas (owner of the encomienda) could keep the tribute
money for himself instead of giving it to the government. In 1591 there were 267
encomiendas in the Philippine. But due to abuses, the system abolished in the
16th century. Afterwards, all the tribute money went to the Spanish government.
 Tribute The tribute was the residence tax during Spanish times. Each family paid
one peso per year. A single person paid one-peso half. The CEDULA TAX
replaced the tribute in 1884. Filipino were very unhappy with these taxes
because the Spanish officials cheated and oppressed them. Today, Filipinos of
18 years above still pay the Cedula in their local town or city. In exchange, they
are given a “residence certificate”. Polo or Forced Labor All male Filipinos from
16 – 60 yrs old were forced to work for the government for 40 days. This forced
called POLO. But in 1884, it was reduced to 15 days. The Polista (forced laborer)
worked for various public works, like building, roads and bridges, etc. A polista
could get out of work by paying a sum of money or hiring somebody else to do
his polo.
 Abolition of Slavery .One of the good thing Spaniards did for the Filipinos. A
Filipino could own slaves like they owned property. In 16th century, the Spanish
missionaries protested to the king about keeping of slaves in the Philippines. A
royal decree was made in 1589 to abolish the abolition of the slave in our
country. This ahead of other countries in giving freedom to slaves. The United
States did not ban slavery until 1862. Britain ended slavery in the British Empire
in 1833, Galleon Trade and Subsidy from Mexico. For two and half centuries, the
Philippines carried on the galleon trade with Mexico and received a subsidy from
 the Mexican victory.The Galleon trade was named after the sailing ship which
sailed once a year from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico and back. The galleon left
Manila with a rich cargo of Chinese silk and woodcarvings. It returned from
Acapulco with a rich measure of Mexican silver pesos, wines, sardines, official
documents, the royal subsidy and new officials for colony.
 It ended in 1815 when Mexico revolted against Spanish. Royal Subsidy (real
situado) – The Spanish government could not afford to pay for expenses
(salaries & public works). The average amount was 250,000. But it ended in
1810 after the Mexican Revolution. Introduction of New Plants and Animals
Spanish colonizers introduced new plants and animals in the Philippines. New
plants include corn, coffee, cacao, beans, achuete, maguey, peanuts, chico and
papaya. New Animals were sheep, cattle, goats, horse, pigeons, swan, carabao,
ducks, geese, and better breeds of chicken and rooster. Introduction of New
Industries The Spanish taught the Filipinos better methods of farming, cattle-
ranching, the making of candles and soap, the construction of stone houses, the
building of roads, bridges and dam, and the weaving of hats and mats. The
Filipinos began to grow large amounts on sugar, hemp, coconut, and tabacco.
Later, these industries became the pillars of the Philippine economy
 Economic Society and the Royal Company 1.) The Economic Society of Friends
of the country - It was founded in 1781 by Governor General Basco. He was the
Spanish governor general who helped develop Philippine agri-cultural the most.
The Economic Society sent the first shipment of Indigo (dye) to Europe. It bought
special birds from China to fight the locusts that destroyed crop. And it imported
new seeds and machinery from United States to help farmers. The Economic
Society stopped operating in 1809. 2.) The Royal Company of the Philippines - In
1785, King Charles III founded the Royal Company of the Philippines. This was
another business firm to take advantage of the trade trade and shipping
industries. The king, foreign banks, and private citizens in Spain, Mexico, Cuba,
the Philippines, and other Spanish colonies owned it, but it was badly managed,
and it closed down in 1834.
 The Spaniards under the command of Captain Alejandro Malaspina did scientific
Survey, The first Scientific Survey of the Philippines in 1789. A botanist named
Antonio Pineda went with the expedition. He made a study of the Philippines
plants. From this expedition came the first modern shipping chart and map of the
Philippines. Opening doors to World Trade and foreign Investment In 1834,
Spain opened the Philippines to world trade. This meant that the goods from the
Philippines could be shipped to any country abroad. And the other goods could
be enter the Philippines directly. The new policy improved the Philippine
economy. In the early 19th century, foreign businesspersons were allowed to do
business in Manila and other places in the country. American and European
opened new business in the Philippines. By 1859, there were 15 foreign
companies in the Manila – seven British, three American, two French, two Swiss,
and one German.
 The first merchant to live in the Visayas was Nicolas Loney of Plymouth England
in Iloilo in 1855. he became a rich businessman in just a short time. He
developed the Philippine sugar industry. The Spaniards started the rise of the
banks, the first bank in the Philippines. Several religious orders and rich
Spaniards gave loans for businesspersons. The interest was used for charitable
works. This was called the Obras Pias (Good works) system. Francisco
Rodriguez founded the first Filipino bank at Manila in 1830. He was a Filipino
Quarker (Protestant) who lived in England. This bank was no longer exist. The
oldest existing bank in the Philippines is the Bank of the Philippine Islands. It
started at the Banco Espanol-Filipino. In 1862 the Monte de Piedad Savings
Bank was also founded by the Spaniards.
 Improvement of Transportation and Communications In the 19th century
transportation and communications improved greatly in Spanish Philippine. Spain
built many roads and bridges, lighthouse for ships, the first city tramcar (tramvia)
and the first electric light system. The British built the first railroad in 1891. it ran
from Manila to Dagupan. The first postage stamp was issued on February 1,
1854. The monthly mail started from manila to Hong Kong in 1854. the first
steamships came in 1848. The first telegraph started in 1783. The first telephone
came in 1890. Social Classes Three social classes during Spanish era:
1.) The upper class - Composed of the richest and most powerful people in the
society. They were also called Principalia or illustrados. They were the former
Datus and Maharlikas (Noble), the biggest landowners or hacienderos (owners of
large haciendas), the leading professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers and
teachers. From this class came the local officials like the Gobernadorcillo and
Cabeza de Barangay.
2.) 2. The middle class - They were newly rich people who owned lands and
business o worked as professionals, but were not rich as the upper class. The
richest of the middle class could also become Illustrados Professionals, and
landowners. The middle class only arose during the 19th century when the
Philippine economy boomed. Out of the middle class came Rizal, Aguinaldo, and
the Luna brothers.
3.) The lower class - The rich people who owned farm called Hacienderos or
sometimes caciques. However, the word “caciques” gas a bad meaning in the
Philippines, because it was used to describe a selfish rich person who does not
help the poor. Unfortunately, some caciques became proud and abusive. They
imitated the aristocratic airs of the Spaniards and maltreated their farmers or
servant. They gave lavish parties for Spanish officials and snubbed their fellow
countrymen. The poor people hated these arrogant rich caciques. - This includes
the workers and tenants farmers. They were the servants of the other classes,
the factory workers, or the masses in the countryside. Out of this classes came
heroes like Bonifacio (“The Great Plebeian”), Emilio Jacinto, and Diego Silang.
  Prizes and Exhibition Many prizes were given by Spanish officials to
encourage farmers, investors, artist, and scholars. For example, in 853 a
Filipino inventor won 2,000 and a gold medal for a machine to clean hemp
fibers. Historical Values

1. Our country’s natural resources and wealth were not developed by

Spain.
2. During Spanish times, the Spaniards benefited the most from the
nation’s wealth, and rich Filipinos copied their arrogant snobbishness and
aristocratic ways.
3. There were a little development under Spain in land ownership,
abolition of slavery, new trade and companies, new banks, better roads
and bridges, modern electricity, railways and ship, the new middle class,
and prizes and exhibitions.
4. but the oppression of the Filipinos by Spanish and the rich caused
unhappiness and led revolts and revolution later on.

Spanish Heritage
Spanish Heritage Spain ruled the Philippines for three centuries (1565-1898) Spain’s
cultural legacy was more beneficial and comprehensive than her political and economic
endowments.
 Christianity - Spain’s greatest legacy. The Roman Catholic religion
originated in Asia, being founded by Jesus Christ in Palestine; spread to
Western Europe after Christ’s crucifixion, in the 16th and 17th centuries,
propagated across the Atlantic to the New World and across the Pacific to
the Philippines, making her then the greatest power. the most outstanding
achievement of Spanish missionaries who came with the Spanish
conquistadores.
 Diet and dress diet- Spain introduced new food plants (wheat, corn,
patatas, cacao, coffee, cabbages, chicos, papayas, guavas).The Filipinos
learned to eat bread, ham, longanizas, beef(cattle’s meat), mutton(sheep’s
meat) and European canned goods drink coffee, cacao & foreign wine
uses drinking glasses, table knives & napkins while eating.
 Dress - For Men Western coat called americana for it was introduced from
America. Trousers replaced jacket & bahag began to wear hats instead of
putong.Used slippers and shoes for footwear.
For Women replaced the sarong & used the saya (skirt) as
lower apparel; used the camisawith long & wide sleeves in place of the old
short-sleeved jacket.
 Wore jewelry - (gold earrings, rings, pendants, necklaces, bracelets) but
not armlets and leglets. Used slippers, stockings, hair combs, mantillas &
panuelos like Spanish women. By the middle of 17th century, the dress of
Filipinos had become “almost Spanish”, according to Father Colin.
 Family Life - Simple & wholesome because of Christianity’s influence.
The father was the master of the family yet he consults his wife regarding
family matters. The mother was the first TUTOR of the children (taught
them the alphabet & Christian prayers), and the custodian of the family
fund & keys. Parents & children prayed the Angelus & rosary every night,
prayed before each meal, and went to Church every Sunday, town fiestas
& religious holidays.
 Broken homes were rare- Children kiss their parents’ hands after
evening prayers, upon leaving their home & upon returning home.
 Filipino Women- Position of Filipino WOMEN were elevated. Respected
by men. If unmarried, they were chaperoned in attending social
gatherings. Had NO freedom to study in universities, engage in
professions (law, medicine, engineering,etc.) and to mix freely with men.
Permitted to engage in business. Entered exclusive schools for girls
operated by nuns were they were trained on the “HOW To’s” of being a
good wife or mother
 Introduction of the GREGORIAN CALENDAR - Until 1845, the Phil.
Calendar was 1 day behind that of European time. Gov. Gen. Narciso
Claveria corrected the Philippine Calendar. Aug. 16,1844 - He issued an
order proclaiming Tuesday, Dec.31,1844, to be Wednesday, Jan.1,1844,
advancing the calendar by one day so that it would be in accord with world
standard time.
 Spanish surnames for Filipinos - First names of Filipinos were from the
saints ex. Juan from San Juan. Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria issued an
order on Nov. 21, 1849 which gave Spanish surnames to the Filipino
families. He sent lists of Spanish family names to the authorities of
provinces & towns (ex. Gomez, Reyes, Santos). Many Filipino families
became loyal to their Malayan descendants’ surnames (ex. Batungbakal,
Magbanua, Sumulong, Tonogbanua, Kalaw, Makapagal).
 Latin Alphabet and Spanish Language - Filipinos easily adopted Latin
alphabet & Spanish language. Enriched our national language called
PILIPINO– there are 5,000 Spanish loan-words in our national language.
Filipinos became the sole Spanish-speaking nation in Asia.
  Preservation of Philippine Languages - Spanish friars studied & used
our native language in spreading Christianity instead of the Spanish
language. Spanish missionaries were the first to write grammars &
dictionaries for Filipino languages. 1610 – 1st tagalog grammar was
published, entitled Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala, written by Fr.
Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a Spanish Dominican missionary, who
was known as the “Demosthenes of the Tagalog Language”, because of
his mastery in Tagalog.
 Printing - In 1593, the Dominicans in Manila established the first Filipino
press (47 years before the appearance of the first printing press in U.S).
Printed books by means of old xylographic method (printing using
engraved wood blocks). It still exists at the University of Santo Tomas
Press & is one of the oldest printing establishments in the world.
 First Books Printed in the Philippines - Doctrina Christiana en
lenguaespañola y tagala, (Manila, 1593). Doctrina Christiana En Letra y
Lengua China (by Keng Yong (Chinese), in the Parian, Manila. Tratado de
la Doctrina de la Santa Iglesia y de Ciencias naturales (by Fr. Juan de
Cobo, O.P., Manila, 1593).
 Education - Spain introduced the European system of education in the
Philippines. First schools established were parochial schools, with
Spanish missionaries as teachers. Filipino children were taught the
Catholic doctrine, the 3 R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic), music, arts and
trades.
 The JESUITS - Founded the 1st college for boys (1589). Originally called
College of Manila, the name was changed to Colegio de San Ignacio. Founded
College of San Ildefonso in Cebu (1595). Founded College of San Jose in
Manila. Took charge of Escuela Pia, public school for boys in Manila &
transformed it into Ateneo de Manila.
 The DOMINICANS - College of Our Lady of the Rosary (1611), whose name
later changed to College of Santo Tomas and still later, University of Santo
Tomas and College of San Juan de Letran (1630). Oldest existing college for
boys in the Philippines.
 UNIVERSITIES - University education in the Philippines is much older than the
U.S. 1st university: University of San Ignacio. Oldest university in the Philippines;
founded in 1589 as a college but was elevated to university rank by Pope
Gregory XV in 1621. It was closed in 1768 when Jesuits were expelled in the
Philippines.
 The College of San Ildefonso also closed but was re-opened in 1783 as Colegio-
Seminario de San Carlos (became University of San Carlos in 1948). 2nd
university: University of Santo Tomas. Originally founded as a college in 1611 by
Miguel de Buenavides, a Domincan prelate who is also the third Archbishop of
Manila. Raised to university rank in 1645 by Pope Innocent X upon request of
King Philip IV of Spain, making it the only Royal & Pontifical University in all Asia.
 UST is 25 years older than Harvard University, the oldest university in the U.S.
3rd University: University of San Felipe. A government sponsored university,
established in Manila by a royal decree of King Philip V of Spain. Never gained
popularity and was closed in 1726. All universities during the Spanish times were
exclusively for men.
 Educational Progress Under Spain - Schools established by Spain contributed
the Filipinos’ intellectual growth. In 1843, the percentage of literacy in the country
was relatively high. In 1867, there were 593 elementary schools with 133,990
children enrolled. In 1898, at the end of the Spanish rule, the schools numbered
to 2,150, with a total enrolment of 200,000. The schools founded in the
Philippines were highly defective yet they were better than school in other
Spanish colonies.

 Literature - Philippine Literature were religious in character (ex. Prayer

books, doctrinas, novenas, biographies of saints, etc.) in order to propagate
Christianity. Awits (chivalric-heroic poems) and Corridos (legendary-religious
poems) became popular among the masses. Ex. SieteInfantes de Lara,
Ibong Adarna, Bernardo Carpio. They were filipinized versions of Spanish &
French medieval romances.
 The Pasion - Favorite reading material during Lenten season depicts the story of
Christ’s life, suffering & crucifixion. Gaspar Aquino de Belen – wrote the first
Tagalog Pasion, which was published in 1704.
 Theatre - Early forms of drama: duplo and karagatan. Duplo – a poetical debate
held by trained men & women on the 9th or last night of the mourning period of
the dead. Male participants were called bellocos, the female participants,
bellacas. Karagatan - a poetical debate, like duplo, but it was participated by
amateurs.
 3 Kinds of Play: 1.) Cenaculo depicts the life & sufferings of Christ; performed
during the Lenten season 2.)Moro-Moro - depicts the wars between Christians &
Muslims where Christians were always victorious- Fr. Jeromino Perez wrote the
1st moro-moro which was staged in Manila in 1637 to commemorate Gov. Gen.
Corcuera’s victory against the Moros of Mindanao.- favorite play of the people,
especially during town fiestas. 3.) Zarzuela - musical comedy Rizal wrote a
zarzuela entitled, Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig).
 Music - Filipino music was enriched by Spanish & Mexican influences. Filipino
songs like Sampaguita (composed by Dolores Paterno) & Bella Filipina (by T.
Masaguer) were Hispanized. The Phil. Nat’l Anthem composed by Julian Felipe
shows similarity to the Spanish Nat’l Anthem.
 The violin, flute, piano, harp, guitar & other musical instruments came from
Mexico & Europe - Filipinos made replicas of the foreign instruments using
bamboos. Musikong Buho (bamboo musicians). Could not read notes but can
play European music on their bamboo musical instruments.Learned any kind of
music by ear.
 First to teach music to Bicolanos Colegio de Niños Triples - A music
conservatory established in 1742 in the Manila Cathedral by Arch. Juan Angel
Rodriguez.44 poor yet gifted boys studied in this conservatory such as Marcelo
Adonay “Palestrina of the Philippines” from Pakil, Laguna, the foremost Filipino
composer of church music & a splendid organist.The Bamboo Organ of Las
Pinas. Built in 1818 by Fr. Diego Cerra, a Recollect priest-musician. One of the
living glories of Philippine musical art, remaining intact for over 100 years.
 Architecture - Houses of well-to-do families were in Spanish styles, with
characteristics of Azotea and Andalucian court. Churches were also of Spanish
expression.
 Painting - Damian Domingo – “Father of Filipino Painting”. 2 Greatest Filipino
Painters:Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo. Their paintings were
recognized not just in the Philippines, but also all over Europe.
 Sculpture - Filipino Sculptors: Isabelo Tampingco – wood carvings in the Jesuit
Church of St. Ignacius. Manuel Asuncion, Jose Arevalo, Romualdo de Jesus –
carvers of beautiful saints. Jose Rizal and Mariano Madrinan – his materpiece,
Mate

 Spanish Blood - Spanish-Filipino marriages improved the Filipino racial

stock by assimilating Spanish traits like religious devotion, delicadeza (honor),
romanticism, loyalty to family, and urbanidad (good manners). Spanish –
Filipino mestizas were noted for their beauty & charm. Notable Spanish-
Filipinos: Father Gomez,Burgos, Zamora (GomBurZa), Manuel A.Roxas, and
Manuel L. Quezon.
 Fiestas - Every town or barrio had its own patron saint and each year, the
feast day of the patron saint was celebrated with a fiesta. Official holidays
were implemented during the Spanish times.
 Cockfights - Existed in the Philippines before the coming of Magellan;
Pigafetta saw it in Palawan Spain introduced cockfighting as legalized
gambling.
 Horse Races - Horseracing – “the sport of kings”; past time of the elite. The
hippodrome (racetrack) was located at the suburb of Sta. Ana, Manila. Horse
racing season lasted for three days.
 The Manila Lottery - Spain introduced lottery as legalized gambling for
government revenues purposes.
 The Carillo - A unique cardboard puppet show Other Amusements During
the Spanish Regime Parties celebrating birthdays, baptisms, weddings
&siyaman (9th day after burial of family members). Flores de Mayo &
Santacruzan in May. Indoor games (storytelling of legends & ghost stories,
dramatic debates, card games) and outdoor games (swimming, patintero,
sipa).
 Spain’s Contribution to Filipino Nationalism - Because of Spain’s three-
century colonization, the country came to be known to the world as the
Philippines & the people, the Filipinos. Spain caused the diverse native tribes
(Tagalog, Visayans, Bicolanos, Ilocanos, etc.) to unite one people.