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7 Trans System

The document discusses the functions and design considerations of electric power transmission systems. It describes how transmission systems allow for: [1] the transfer of energy from generation stations to distribution systems and loads; [2] pooling of generation capacity between interconnected systems; and [3] optimal operation of generating stations. The document also covers choices between alternating current and direct current transmission technologies, considerations for alternating current transmission systems, and factors that influence the selection of transmission line voltages.

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36 views

7 Trans System

The document discusses the functions and design considerations of electric power transmission systems. It describes how transmission systems allow for: [1] the transfer of energy from generation stations to distribution systems and loads; [2] pooling of generation capacity between interconnected systems; and [3] optimal operation of generating stations. The document also covers choices between alternating current and direct current transmission technologies, considerations for alternating current transmission systems, and factors that influence the selection of transmission line voltages.

Uploaded by

Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission System

AHMED-ALARASHI

Transmission system
• Introduction
• Functions
• Interconnections
• Choice of technology
• AC transmission
• Transmission Line voltage
• Surge Impedance Loading

INTRODUCTION

Basically the purpose of a high voltage


transmission system is to convey
electrical energy from one or more
generating stations to the distribution
system and hence the loads. In practice,
however, the transmission system may
fulfill additional functions as outlined
below.

1
additional functions
(1) Planned Transfer of Energy:
This is perhaps the most obvious function and consists of the
interconnection of a source of electrical power and energy to a load
area.
(2) Pooling of Generation Capacity:
A disadvantage of an electrical supply system which is not
interconnected is the fact that each individual undertaking has to
possess excess generating capacity. This is required to supply
power in the event of a generator breakdown or maintenance outage.
Since the largest generator is as likely to fail as the smallest, the
excess capacity has to equal the size of the largest generator.
In the case of steam driven plant it is not possible to start up from cold
in a matter of minutes, as would be required in the case of an
emergency, and to be effective the spare generating capacity must
operate as spinning reserve.
Interconnection means that the necessary spare capacity can be
shared, resulting in an overall reduction in both capital and
operating costs.

additional functions
(3) Optimum Operation:
Interconnection means that full use can be made of the most
efficient generating plant on the system. Thermal generating
stations suffer from the disadvantage imposed on them by the
laws of thermodynamics, which require the largest possible
temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the turbine
in order to convert heat energy into mechanical energy with the
highest efficiency. Practical efficiencies of the most modern
stations are a little less than 40% so that to achieve cheaper
electricity it is essential to operate generating plant under
optimum conditions and in the optimum configuration. This
means large generating stations, which are more economical to
operate than small stations, and ensuring that such stations are
operated as base load plant in accordance with the merit order
listing. To summaries, interconnection enables generating
scheduling and system operation generally to be optimized.
(4) Sitting of Generation
The provision of a transmission network facilitates the sitting of
generation stations. This can result in fuel transportation costs
being minimized and full advantage being taken of any sources of
cooling water which may exist.

POWER SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION

• The advantages may be increased when the transmission


system interconnects neighboring power systems on a national
or international basis. There is obviously a case for
interconnection if one power system (or region) has an
increasing demand for electrical energy and an adjacent power
system or region has a surplus. A more common situation is
perhaps that in which power can be generated more cheaply in
one area than in another. It may be more economical to use
expensive local generation as little as possible and to import
power from the area where generation is cheap - possible from
hydro sources.
• The situation can arise when two neighboring systems
experience their peak load at different times. In such cases it
may be economical to install a link to transfer power from one
system to the other to meet the peak load demand. Such a link
would reduce the need to use older, less efficient, generating
stations to supply the peak load.

2
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

For some transmission links a choice may be available


between alternating current or direct current
transmission. In some instances, however, HVDC
may be the only possible method. Examples are in
the case of a long submarine connection,
interconnection between systems of different
frequency and reinforcement in a highly
interconnected system where the vector
displacement between two points is so small that
little or no power would flow in the case of an AC
link.
HVDC requires a large investment in terminal equipment
which is independent of the length of the transmission
link.

CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

DC lines and cables are cheaper than A C lines and cables


and DC line losses are less than those for an AC line.
Figure 1 shows typical curves for comparison between
AC and DC transmission over different lengths of
transmission. These are point-to-point links in which a
large amount of power is available at the generating
station and has to be transferred to a single point in the
transmission/distribution system. It is seen that the
higher terminal equipment cost for DC transmission has
to be balanced against lower line and cable costs and
for short distances AC is more economical, whereas for
longer distances DC could be used.

CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

The break even distance is of the order of 60 km for


underground cables and about 500 km for overhead
lines. The figure offers only a general guide since its
detail is critically affected by the basis of comparison.
For example, if the loss of a circuit is permitted to cause
the loss of only half the power transmitted, DC
transmission will show a greater advantage because it
is relatively easy to erect a second line conductor to
provide a double pole system, whereas for AC, this
virtually involves a doubling of the entire cost.

3
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

The lower cost for the DC circuit arises firstly from the
need for only one conductor (perhaps with a neutral) to
constitute a circuit. Secondly, the absence of reactive
power generation and absorption by the circuit
components, e.g. AC cable generates reactive power
and requires shunt reactor compensation at intervals,
an AC overhead line absorbs reactive power by virtue of
its series inductance which also limits the real power
which can be transmitted.
DC offers special technical advantages. All angular
stability problems disappear because the link is
asynchronous and even systems of different frequency
can be connected where it would be necessary to install
very expensive frequency control equipment to obtain a
.steady transfer of power with an AC link.

CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUMMARY OF BASES OF SELECTION

(1) Economic

4
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUMMARY OF BASES OF SELECTION

(2)Technical (stability, cables charging


current, compensation and connecting
systems with different frequencies)

(3) Reliability (Reliability of HVDC is now quit


good and comparable to that of AC system)

AC TRANSMISSION

Two main types


(1) Long distance scheme connecting a remote station to a load center.
Problems
(i) Voltage profile
(ii) Stability
(2) Highly interconnected heavily loaded transmission network.
Problems
(i) short circuit current

In areas which are or have been the subject of intensive industrial and
private development, loadings become very high and as a
consequence excessive short circuit levels can result. Short circuit
levels are important, partly because switchgear must be able to safely
interrupt maximum current and partly because all plant must be able
to safely withstand the maximum through current to which it may be
subjected.

AC TRANSMISSION

• To reduce short circuit levels, it is necessary to segregate


parts of the network by opening interbus coupling, or by
coupling busbars through reactors. Alternatively, short
circuit limiting reactors can be used or plant impedance
can be increased. For example, transformer reactance can
be increased above the normal 12% to 15% values to 20 to
25% at relatively modest cost. However, increased
reactance leads to larger voltage drops, due to reactive
power flow and these of themselves are undesirable. A
reactor inserted in a system at a point of low reactive
current flow, can be effective and is fairly widely used in
power networks.
• The least expensive approach is undoubtedly to operate
with sectionalized busbars. Alternatively, a system can be
sectionalized and overlaid at a higher voltage level, in such
a way that excessive fault levels are not produced. It may
be argued that overall reliability of the system is thereby
reduced but this reduction may have no practical
significance.

5
Transmission Line voltage

• One of the most important decisions is that of voltage level.


The choice depends upon a number of factors both
economical and technical.
• Considering the transmission of a fixed amount of power
on a simple system consisting of point to point
transmission only, increasing the voltage will permit a
reduction in conductor cross section to be made for the
lower currents that will flow, but will entail an increase in
the insulation to cater for the higher voltage.
• At the lower voltages the conductor costs will predominate
but at higher voltage insulation costs will become more
important, as shown in Figure 2.
• The total cost is represented by a V curve and for the
optimum economic results the operating voltage will be
that corresponding to the lowest point on the curve.

Transmission Line voltage


Usually, however,
transmission costs are
more complex and may
involve the introduction
of switchgear, busbars,
transformers and
reactive compensation.
Such terminal equipment
will add to the costs but
the shape of the curve
tends to remain basically
the same but the
maximum cost will be
increased and the
economic voltage will be
reduced.

Surge Impedance Loading

Surge Impedance Loading is a useful concept for


transmission system design and may be used as a
measure of the transmission capacity of a line.
It is based on the condition that the reactive power
absorbed by the series reactance of the line is
exactly balanced by the reactive power generated
by the line susceptance.
Under these conditions reactive power is neither
supplied to nor absorbed from the line.

6
Surge Impedance Loading
When reactive power is neither supplied to nor absorbed
from the line. For single phase circuit the following
equation applies
This gives

Now we can have

From which

This is known as surge impedance loading


(SIL) for single circuit

Surge Impedance Loading


For 3 phase SIL will be

Hence, in general Surge Impedance Loading


(SIL) can be found as

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