Earth Quakes Tsunami, Floods, Drought, Wildfire

Earth Quakes/ Tsunami

1. Shensi, China, Jan. 23, 1556 Magnitude (8.1) – Over 830,000 deaths.
2. Sumatra, Indonesia, 26 December 2004 (9.1) – Over 230,000 deaths.
3. Sendai, Japan, 11 March 2011 (9.0) - Over 10,000.
4. Kashmir, Pakistan Oct 2005 (7.6) – Over 100,000 deaths, 3.5 Mn Homeless, Above 500,000 Families
affected
Floods
1. Mississippi River Flood Of 1993 - $15 billion in damages,
2. Hurricane Katrina Flooding Of 2005 - costing $81 billion
3. Heavy monsoon rains - July 2010 - Indus River - affected about 20 Mn people – Total loss US$43 Bn.
4. In 2003 Sindh province; In 2007, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa; In September 2011 Sindh; In September
2014, the Kashmir; In 2016 Pre-Monsoon KPK.
Droughts
1. The 2012 Sahel Drought - West Africa
2. The 2015 Brazilian Drought
3. Mar 2000, About 2,200,000
Excessive irrigation wastefulness, Less rainfall, Less storage, Demand supply mismatch, Land and water
temperatures - more water evaporates
Wildfires
1. 1871 – USA – over 1,500 lives lost and 3.8 million acres burned
2. 1987 – The Black Dragon Fire burnt a total of 72,884 square kilometres
3. Pakistan has a forest cover of only 4.5% of land area, Firewood accounts for 50% of rural fuel needs.
4. Barikot Valley 01-06-2000; 253.33 Hectare Area Affected, Continued for 04 days and appeared as
major disaster

Renewable Energy
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) are non-renewable. Most renewable energy comes either directly or
indirectly from the sun,
Solar Energy
Solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes. The average amount of daily sunlight in
Pakistan is eight and a half hours. Eight power generation plants have been installed and eleven are in various
stages of completion.
o Solar PV power potential has been estimated as 1600 GW which is about 80 times greater than current
non-renewable energy power generation in Pakistan

Wind Energy
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines.
o Pakistan is developing wind power plants in Jhimpir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim in Sindh. The
government of Pakistan decided to develop wind power energy sources due to problems supplying
energy to the southern coastal regions of Sindh and Balochistan, the project was undertaken with
assistance from the government of China.
Hydro Energy
Water from rain or snowfall flows downhill into rivers its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power.
Hydro energy is cheap, clean and environment-friendly, therefore should be preferred to other sources for
electricity generation.
 o Pakistan has massive hydropower potential of 60000 MW

Bio Energy
Organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. The use of biomass for any of these purposes
is called bioenergy.
o Pakistan has the potential of 1500 MW electricity generation through biomass-based power.

Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel
or converted into electricity.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and
the heating and cooling of buildings.
Ocean energy 
Ocean energy comes from a number of sources. There’s the energy of the ocean's waves, which are driven by
both the tides and the winds. The sun also warms the surface of the ocean more than the ocean depths. All
these forms of ocean energy can be used to produce electricity.
o The coastline of Pakistan, which is about 1,045 km-long with dominant features, is the best resource
for harnessing tidal energy. In Sindh, two sites, creek system of Indus delta of 170 km and two to five
metres tidal heights at the Korangi Creek, are available to exploit the tidal energy. Sonmiani
Beach and Kalamat are also good prospects of tidal energy in Balochistan. Government has issued
licence to private companies to take measures to build tidal power stations in February 2013.

Example: US Energy Sources 2017

o Petroleum 1%
o Renewable 17% (Hydro 7.5%, Wind 6.3%)
o Nuclear 20%
o Coal 30%
o Natural Gas 32

Example: In Pakistan Electricity

Total installed capacity: 22,797 MW (2014)
Electricity – Sources (2014)
o Fossil fuel – 14,635 MW – 64.2% of total (Oil-35.2% + Gas-29%)
o Hydro – 6,611 MW – 29% of total
o Nuclear – 1,322 MW – 5.8% of total
 Women Related Facts
Institute for Gender Studies
1. Government College Women University, Faislabad
2. Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
3. Government Fatima Jinnah College for Women, Lahore
4. University of Punjab
5. University of Peshawar
Development Centers/Forums
 2018 Women’s Empowerment Principles Forum – UN Global Compact - A call to companies to align
strategies and operations with universal principles on human rights, labour, environment
 Global Thinker Forum (GTF) aims to strengthen the role of women leaders worldwide.
 World Economic Forum
1. Centre of Excellence for Women's Studies (CEWS) at the University of Karachi - 1989 by the
Ministry of Women Development
2. Center of Excellence in Gender Studies Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad,  August, 2004
3. Women Development Department was established on April 4, 2012 under "Punjab Women
Empowerment Package 2012 (PWEP)
4. Women Development  Cell in Planning & Development Department established by Government of
Sindh in 1979 and renamed as Women Development Department in 2003.
Women Empowerment
In July 2010, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women
1. A study using data from 219 countries from 1970 to 2009 found that, for every one additional year of
education for women of reproductive age, child mortality decreased by 9.5 per cent
2. Women in senior management globally only 24%, Russia has highest proportion of women in senior
management that is 43%
3. Women domestic workers worldwide 83%
4. only 47 per cent of women have account in financial institutes worldwide
5. male employment-to-population ratio stood at 72.2 per cent, while the ratio for females was 47.1 per
cent
6. Women in most countries earn on average only 60 to 75 per cent of men’s wages
7. women could increase their income globally by up to 76 per cent if they got proper employment
opportunity - global value of USD 17 trillion
8. Women devote 1 to 3 hours more a day to housework than men
9. to 10 times the amount of time a day to care (for children, elderly, and the sick)
10. 1 to 4 hours less a day to market activities
11. Almost 90 per cent of 143 economies: (128/143 countries) presence of at least one legal difference that
restricts women participation in economic opportunities
12. In 2013 in the US for instance, “women of all major racial and ethnic groups earn less than men of the
same group” Hispanic women’s average earnings were USD 541 per week of full-time work that is
only 61.2 per cent of white men’s average weekly earnings,
13. Women comprise an average of 43 per cent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries. In
South Asia, over 80 per cent of women in non-agricultural jobs are in informal employment.
14. Women responsible for household food preparation in 85-90 per cent in developing countries
 15. Only 22.8 per cent of all national parliamentarians were women as of June 2016, a slow increase from
11.3 per cent in 1995. At the current pace, it will take another 40 years to reach equal representation.
16. An estimated 31 million girls of primary school age and 32 million girls of lower secondary school age
were out of school in 2012. Girls are almost 2.5 times more likely to be out of school.
17. 1 in 5 women and girls aged 15-49, reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an
intimate partner within a 12-month period.
18. An estimated 246 million girls and boys experience school-related violence every year.
19. Globally, young women aged 15–24 are most vulnerable to HIV, with infection rates twice as high as
in young men
20. Worldwide barriers:
i. Owning using and inheriting property
ii. Obtaining ID card and Passport
iii. Having access to parental or maternity leaves
iv. Open bank account and accessing credit
v. Earning equal pay with man for work of comparable worth
vi. Accessing justice for domestic violence and sexual harassment
Sources:
a. World Development Report: Gender Equality and Development
b. UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2015-2016
c. World Bank Gender Data Portal
d. International Labour Organization: Global Employment Trends 2014
e. World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund, 2014
f. UNICEF (2015) Girls' education and gender equality

Key Feminist Worldwide/Pakistan

1. Simone de Beauvoir 1. Tehmina Durrani - My Feudal Lord - troubles a woman has to face
2. Doris Lessing 2. Shahtaj Qizilbash – Founder Women's Action Forum
3. Toni Morrison 3. Hina Khan - from Swat District - work for women's rights
4. Cindy Sherman 4. Farida Shaheed - sociologist and women rights activist - extensive work on
5. Marina Warner gender bias, class differences and culture in an in-discriminated way
6. Chantal Akerman 5. Fouzia Saeed – Formed AASHA (An Alliance Against Sexual
7. Margaret Fuller Harassment)
8. Elizabeth Cady Stanton 6. Dr.Farzana Bari – Book: Women in Pakistan

Women’s Health in Pakistan

1. 26.1% women and girls aged 18-49 are underweight as per BMI Standard
2. 58.5% women and girls aged 18-49 who do not have say in their healthcare
3. 70.2% births are attended by unskilled health personnel
4. 98.7% women and girls aged 18-49 with less than equal to 6 years of education (Primary education)
5. 17.8% women and girls aged 18-49 with no access to basic drinking water services
6. 60.1% women and girls aged 15-49 with no access to basic sanitation facility
7. Globally, anemia is a major cause of maternal as well as infant mortality; Data from the Global Nutrition
Index shows that 52 percent of the reproductive mothers in Pakistan are anemic
8. Total fertility rate 2.62 children born/woman (2017 est.)
Women Employment statistics in Pakistan
1. Pakistan is the signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
2. Signatory to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
3. Youth Business Loan Scheme, with 50 percent of loans reserved for female.
4. Mere 22 percent of women (compared to 67.8 percent of men) officially take part in some economic
activity in Pakistan. Vietnam and Bangladesh, the female labour force's participation rate is 73 percent and
36 percent, respectively
5. Only 3 to 5 percent of women have bank accounts in Pakistan.
6. The male-female wage differential in Pakistan is almost 67 percent
7. labour force, only 3 percent are involved in the formal sector
8. The Government of Pakistan's vision 2025 aims to increase women's participation in the workforce to 45
percent
9. The Punjab government has announced special budget allocations for the women’s empowerment package
in the provincial budget.
10. An amount of Rs 2.7 billion has been proposed for women empowerment and their socio-economic
development
Women and Legal developments
1. Constitution grants equal rights (Article 25, 26 and 27)
2. Inheritance assured under laws (Article 23 and 24)
3. Adverse provisions of Hudood laws repealed (Women’s Protection Act)
4. Protection of Women against Violence Bill 2015 and Acid Throwing Act
5. Laws on harassment and cyber-crimes formulated (Harassment Act)
6. Introduction of first women bank
7. Domestic Violence(Prevention and Protection) Act 2012
8. Prevention of the Anti-women practices Bill, Act 2011
9. The protection of women at workplace, Act 2010
10. Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, 2008
11. Women protection Bill, 2006
Gender Issues in Women as
1. Voters
o Women vote representation: lower than 10pc turnout to be declared null and void.
o Ahead of this week’s election, 46.7 million Pakistani women are registered to vote
o Only accounts for 44 percent of the electorate, though women make up 48.76 percent of the
population.
o Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP), women voter turnout in the 2018 general elections stood at
40% with 21 of 46 million registered women voters participating in polling.
2. Candidates/ Representation
o United States, women held 19 percent of Congress last year - in the last election a mere nine women
were directly elected to the parliament
o Muslim-majority country to elect a female head of government in 1988, and 60 of 342 seats in the
National Assembly and
o 128 of 728 seats in provincial assemblies are reserved for women
o Pakistan’s new election laws require that women account for 5 percent of a party be nominated seats. 
o Ali Begum Khan, a 63-year-old politician, is the only woman contesting elections in Kurram Agency.
Women account for 43 percent of eligible voters in her constituency
3. Quota
o Allocation of quotas in jobs and representative bodies (Article 37e and 38a)
o The government has established a 10 percent quota for women’s employment in civil service,
o Punjab Government (under the Punjab Fair Representation of Women Act 2014) has mandated that
women make up 33 percent
Health in Pakistan
1. The infant mortality rate in Pakistan is 66 per 1,000 births, compared to 38 in India and 08 in Sri Lanka.
2. Life expectancy in Pakistan for women is 67 years, as compared to 73 in Bangladesh and 78 in Thailand.
3. The maternal mortality rate in Pakistan is 170 per 100,000 live births, in contrast to 30 in Sri Lanka and 20
in Thailand
4. Children under the age of 5 years underweight 32.2%
5. Pakistan spends a mere 0.9pc of its GDP on health. Only two countries, the Democratic Republic of
Congo and Bangladesh, have a lower ratio of GDP to health spending.
6. Tamil Nadu’s infant mortality rate is 22 per 1,000 births and maternal mortality is 97 per 100,000 births,
significantly better than all provinces in Pakistan
7. Health policies devolved to the provinces in 2010 after the 18th Amendment
Education in Pakistan
1. Literacy Rate 57.9%
o Male: 69.5%
o Female: 47.8%
2. Average School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) 2017 Total: 8 years
o Male: 9 years
o Female: 7 years
3. Gross enrollment rate for Pakistan is 87 percent; The gross enrollment for males is 94 percent and 78
percent for females.
4. Around 51,000 higher secondary schools/inter colleges with 120,300 teachers were functional in 2016-17
5. latest Pakistan Education Statistics Report June 2018 by AEPAM, Ministry of Education Pakistan, there
are 22.84 million children out of school
6. Out of the 5.06 million children not going to primary school, 60% are girls
7. Compared to a girl, a boy in Pakistan has a 15% higher chance of going to primary school

Drinking water quality and standards

1. WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, set up in Geneva, 1993, are the international reference
point for standard setting and drinking-water safety.
2. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) - As per standard 84% of the population does
not have access to safe drinking water. 91pc of Karachi’s water is unfit to drink
3. 844 million people are now struggling globally to access life’s most essential requirement.
4. 21 million people in Pakistan don’t have access to clean water, Out of the total population of 207 million
5. One of the top 10 countries with the lowest access to clean water
Population Planning in Pakistan
1. Pakistan has one of the lowest health indicators in the region. Currently the sixth populous country in the
world.
2. 85 percent of women are aware of family planning methods but unfortunately, a majority do not have
access to these services.
3. 52 percent of currently married women do not want any more children.
4. under-five deaths can be prevented if the birth-to-birth interval is increased to 3 years
5. Under-five mortality is twice as high for children born after an interval of less than 2 years
6. DKT is an international organization working in 22 countries and 5 of them are Muslim countries
7. Pakistan was one of the first South Asian countries to initiate a family planning program (1960)
8. Pakistan committed to a series of reforms at the London Summit on Family Planning (now called
FP2020) in 2012
9. 20 percent of women in Pakistan have an unmet need for family planning.
Benefits of family planning
1. Empowers people to choose
2. Reduces poverty
3. Saves the lives of mothers and babies
4. Prevents teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections
Provides opportunity for economic growth
Total profit earned by commercial banks in three years, four banks had earned profits exceeding Rs270bn -
HBL Rs88bn, MCB Rs71Bn, UBL Rs61Bn and ABL 45bn. The First Women Bank and the SME Bank were
the only two banks that had suffered losses in three years.