CE140 Lecture 02

COURSE COVERAGE
COURSE OUTCOME 1 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

2. Fluid Properties
3. Principles of Hydrostatics
COURSE OUTCOME 2 4. Pressure Measurement (Manometer)

5. Hydrostatic Force on Plane Geometric Surfaces
6. Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces
COURSE OUTCOME 3 7. Hydrostatic Forces on Dams

8. Buoyancy (Archimedes’ Principle)
9. Stresses on Thin-walled Vessels and Hoop
Stresses
10. Relative Equilibrium (Uniform Linear Motion)
11. Relative Equilibrium (Rotational Motion)
COURSE COVERAGE
COURSE OUTCOME 4 12. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics (Reynold’s)
13. Continuity Equation
14. Momentum Equations
15. Bernoulli Energy Equation
16. Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
17. Energy and Head, Power and Efficiency
COURSE OUTCOME 5 18. Flow Measurement
19. Flow through an Orifice (Prismatic and Non-prismatic
tank)
20. Unsteady Flow through an Orifice
21. Venturimeter, Nozzles, Pitot Tube and Weirs
22. Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude
23. PI Buckingham Theorem
24. Models Studies and Similitude
MANOMETER
A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid/s to

measure pressure rather than using pressure gage.
MANOMETER

MANOMETER
Types of manometer
Open type – has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of

measuring gage pressures.
Differential type – without an atmospheric surface and capable of

measuring only differences of pressure.
Piezometer – simplest form of open manometer. A tube tapped into a

wall of a container or conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure.
The fluid in the container rises in this tube to form free surface.
MANOMETER

Identify two points that have the same

pressure, i.e., that are at the same
elevation in the same liquid, such as
points 2 and 3.
MANOMETER

Since point 4 is shown to be open to
the atmosphere, the pressure there is
zero gage pressure.
Note that a point is positioned at all

interfaces. Some manometers will have
several fluids with several interfaces. Each
interface should be located with a point
when analyzing the manometer.
MANOMETER
Prob. No. 01]
For the manometer shown,

determine the pressure at the
center of the pipe.
MANOMETER
Prob. No. 02]
For the manometer setup shown,

determine the difference in
pressure between A and B.
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Prob. No. 01]
Determine the value of y in the

manometer shown in the figure.
Prob. No. 02]
The pressure at a point “m” in the

figure shown was increased from
70 kPa to 105 kPa. This caused the
top level of mercury to move 20
cm in the sloping tube. What is the
inclination, θ.?
Prob. No. 03]
The U-tube shown is 10 mm in

diameter and contains mercury.
If 12 mL of water is poured on the
right leg, what are the ultimate
heights in the two legs?
Prob. No. 04]
For a gage reading of -17.10 kPa,

determine the (a) elevations of
the liquids in the open piezometer
columns E, F, and G; (b) the
deflection of the mercury in the
U-tube manometer neglecting the
weight of the air.
Prob. No. 05]
For the configuration shown,

calculate the weight of the piston
if the pressure gage reading is 70
kPa.
Prob. No. 06]
A differential manometer is
attached to a pipe as shown.
Calculate the pressure difference
between points A and B.
Prob. No. 07]
In the figure shown, determine the

difference in pressure between
points A and B.
INTRODUCTION
The force (F) on the
plane surface is due to
the pressure (p = ɣh)
acting over the area
(A).
INTRODUCTION
pcg
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prob. No. 01]
A vertical rectangular plane of height “d” and base “b” is submerged in a

liquid with its top edge at the liquid surface. Determine the total force “F”
acting on one side and its location from the liquid surface.
Prob. No. 02]
A vertical triangular plane of height “d” and horizontal base “b” is

submerged in a liquid with its vertex at the liquid surface. Determine the total
force “F” acting on one side and its location from the liquid surface.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prob. No. 03]
A vertical circular gate of radius “r” is submerged in a liquid with its top
edge flushed on the liquid surface. Determine the magnitude and location of
the total force “F” acting on one side of the gate.
Prob. No. 04]
A vertical triangular gate 1.50 m wide and 3 m high is submerged in water

with its top edge 2 m below the water surface. Find the total pressure acting
on one side of the gate and its location from the bottom of the gate.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prob. No. 05]
A vertical triangular gate with top base horizontal and 1.5 m wide is 3 m
high. It is submerged in oil having s = 0.82 with its top base submerged to a
depth of 2 m. Determine the magnitude and location of the total
hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the gate.
Prob. No. 06]
A vertical rectangular plate is submerged half in oil (s = 0.80) and half in

water such that its top edge is flushed with the oil surface. What is the ratio
of the force exerted by water acting on lower half to that by oil acting on
the upper half?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prob. No. 07]
A vertical circular gate in a tunnel 8 m in diameter has oil (s = 0.8) on one

side and air on the other side. If oil surface is 12 m above the invert and
the air pressure is 40 kPa, where will a single support be located (above
the invert of the tunnel) to hold the gate in position?
Prob. No. 08]
A cylindrical tank 2 m in diameter and 8 m deep with axis vertical contains

oil (s = 0.8) 6 m deep. The air above the liquid surface has a pressure of
0.80 kg/cm2. Determine the total normal force in kg acting on the wall and
its location from the bottom of the tank.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prob. No. 09]
In the figure, stop B will break if the

force on it reaches 40 kN. Find the
critical water depth. The length of the
gate is 1.50 m.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prob. No. 10]
The gate shown is 1.50 m wide,

hinged at A, and rests against a
smooth wall at B. Compute (a)
the total force on the gate due to
seawater, (b) the reaction at B,
and (c) the reaction at A. Neglect
the weight of the gate.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prob. No. 11]
Determine the magnitude and

location of the total hydrostatic
force acting on the 2 m x 4 m gate
shown.
CASE NO. 1
Fluid is above the

curved surface
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The submerged curve AB is one

quarter of a circle of radius 2 m
and is located on the lower
corner of a tank shown. The
length of the tank perpendicular
to the sketch is 4 m. Find the
magnitude and location of the
horizontal and vertical
components of the total force
acting on AB.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The crest gate shown consists of a

cylindrical surface of which AB is the
base supported by a structural frame
hinged at O. The length of the gate is
10 m. Compute the magnitude and
location of the horizontal and
vertical components of the total
pressure on AB.
CASE NO. 2
Fluid is below the curved surface

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the magnitude of the

resultant pressure on a 1-ft-
wide strip of a semicircular
tainter gate shown.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The gate shown is a quarter circle

2.5 m wide. Find the force F just
sufficient to prevent rotation
about hinge B. Neglect the weight
of the gate.
CASE NO. 3
Fluid is both above and below the curved surface

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the magnitude of the

resultant force per meter length
due to water acting on the radial
tainter gate shown..
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the magnitude of the

per meter length acting on the
three-quarter cylinder gate shown.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The 1.20 m diameter cylinder, 1.20 m

long is acted upon by water on the left
and oil having s = 0.80 on the right.
Determine the components of the
reaction at B if the cylinder weighs
19.62 kN.
HOMEWORK
Determine the magnitude of the

acting on the cylinder per meter
of its length.
QUIZ NO. 2
(5 points)
A glass U-tube open to the

atmosphere at both ends is
shown. If the tube contains oil
and water, determine the specific
gravity of the oil.
QUIZ NO. 2
(5 points)
The 1.20 m diameter cylinder,

2.00 m long is acted upon by
water on the left and oil having s
= 0.80 on the right. Determine the
Height of water for the horizontal
component of the reaction at B to
be zero, if the height of oil is 1.20
meters.
QUIZ NO. 2
(10 points)
A cylindrical tank contains water at a

height of 55 mm. Inside is a small open
cylindrical tank containing cleaning fluid
(s = 0.8) at a height h. The pressure pB =
13.4 kPa gage, and pC = 13.42 kPa gage.
Assume that the cleaning fluid is
prevented from moving to the top of the
tank. (Ɣwater = 9.79 kN/m3).
(a) Determine the pressure pA in kPa,
(b) the value of “h” in mm, and
(c) the value of “y” in mm.
QUIZ NO. 2
(10 points)
The gate in the figure shown

weighs 5 kN for each meter
normal to the sketch. Its center of
gravity is 0.50 meters from the
left face and 0.60 meters above
the lower face. Find “h” for the
gate just to come up to the
vertical position.
QUIZ NO. 2
(20 points)
Determine the force P needed to

just open the 2-m-wide
parabolic gate, if the hinge is at
the following y-position in the xy-
plane:
H
Odd: H = 2 meters
Even: H = 8 meters

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COURSE COVERAGE

COURSE OUTCOME 1 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

COURSE OUTCOME 2 4. Pressure Measurement (Manometer)

COURSE OUTCOME 3 7. Hydrostatic Forces on Dams

A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid/s to

A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid/s to

Open type – has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of

Differential type – without an atmospheric surface and capable of

Piezometer – simplest form of open manometer. A tube tapped into a

A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid/s to

Identify two points that have the same

A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid/s to

Note that a point is positioned at all

Prob. No. 01]

For the manometer shown,

Prob. No. 02]

For the manometer setup shown,

Prob. No. 01]

Determine the value of y in the

Prob. No. 02]

The pressure at a point “m” in the

Prob. No. 03]

The U-tube shown is 10 mm in

Prob. No. 04]

For a gage reading of -17.10 kPa,

Prob. No. 05]

For the configuration shown,

Prob. No. 06]

Prob. No. 07]

In the figure shown, determine the

Prob. No. 01]

A vertical rectangular plane of height “d” and base “b” is submerged in a

Prob. No. 02]

A vertical triangular plane of height “d” and horizontal base “b” is

Prob. No. 03]

Prob. No. 04]

A vertical triangular gate 1.50 m wide and 3 m high is submerged in water

Prob. No. 05]

A vertical rectangular plate is submerged half in oil (s = 0.80) and half in

Prob. No. 07]

A vertical circular gate in a tunnel 8 m in diameter has oil (s = 0.8) on one

A cylindrical tank 2 m in diameter and 8 m deep with axis vertical contains

Prob. No. 09]

In the figure, stop B will break if the

Prob. No. 10]

The gate shown is 1.50 m wide,

Prob. No. 11]

Determine the magnitude and

Fluid is above the

The submerged curve AB is one

The crest gate shown consists of a

Fluid is below the curved surface

Calculate the magnitude of the

The gate shown is a quarter circle

Fluid is both above and below the curved surface

Calculate the magnitude of the

Determine the magnitude of the

The 1.20 m diameter cylinder, 1.20 m