Introduction To Mechanics

Mechanics
• Kinematics
• Dynamics
• Statics
Kinematics
1) Rest and Motion:
a) A body is at rest relative to a certain reference, if its position doesn’t change

relative to that reference.
b) A body is in motion relative to a certain reference, if its position changes relative to
that reference.
2) Trajectory of a moving object:
The trajectory of a moving object is the path followed by this object during its motion
Or (the set of occupied position)
• If the trajectory is a Straight line => The Motion is Rectilinear => eq: y = ax + b
• If the trajectory is a Curve => The Motion is Curvilinear => eg. Parabola
of eq: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
• If the trajectory is a Circle => The Motion is Circular => eq: (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑅 2
where (a, b) are the coordinates of the center of the circle an R is its radius.
3) References:
a) Frame of Reference:
To describe the motion of a body, its necessary to define a frame of reference (since
motion is relative). A suitable frame of reference is the Cartesian coordinate system (we
will use only two axis X and Y) XOY, that composes of two perpendicular axis 𝑂𝑋 and 𝑂𝑌
with unit vectors 𝑖 and 𝑗 respectively and origin O (0, 0)
b) Time Reference:
• Initial Time: 𝑡0 = 0
is the instant at which we start timing (it’s not necessary the instant we start the
motion)
• Instant and Duration:
The instant t at which an event occurs is determined relative to the initial time
The Duration ∆t is how long an event lasts from the beginning (initial) to the end
(final) ∆𝒕 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
4) Position vector:
Consider a particle M moving on a
plane, the position vector of M at an
instant t is 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
Where x and y are the coordinates of
M at the instant t.
The position vector 𝑟 has 4
characteristics:
Origin: O
Line of action: OM
Direction: from O to M
Magnitude: 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Example: 𝑟 = 3𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 2 𝑗
At t = 2sec 𝑟2 = 6𝑖 + 4𝑗
i.e the particle exists at a point with
coordinates x = 6 and y = 4
Applications
Deduce the trajectory equation.

Vector and Scalar
 A vector quantity is characterized by having both a
magnitude and a direction.
 Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force …
 Denoted in boldface type v, a, F… or with an arrow over the top
𝑣, 𝑎, 𝐹 … . .
 A scalar quantity has magnitude, but no direction.
 Distance, Mass, Temperature, Time …
 For motion along a straight line, the direction is
represented simply by + and – signs.
 + sign: Right or Up.
 - sign: Left or Down.
5) Distance and Displacement:
a) Distance:
The distance (d) covered by an object is the length of the followed path
b) Displacement vector:
The displacement vector ∆𝒓 of a moving particle, between 𝑡1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 is a vector that
joins the positions of the particle at 𝑡1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 .
𝒓𝟏 + ∆𝒓 = 𝒓𝟐 =>
∆𝒓 = 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 = 𝑨𝑩 or
∆𝒓 = ∆𝑥 𝒊 + ∆𝑥 𝒊 where ∆𝒙 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 and ∆𝒚 = 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
Note: ∆𝑟 ≠ 𝐴𝐵
The characteristics of the displacement vector ∆𝑟 are :
Origin: the initial position of the particle at 𝑡1
Line of action: the line joining the initial to the final position
Direction: from the initial to the final position
Magnitude: ∆𝑟 = (∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑦)2

6) Average speed and Average velocity vector:
a) Average speed:
The average speed of the particle M moving from A to B is the distance (d) divided by
the time interval ∆t.
𝐴𝐵 𝑑
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
b) Average velocity vector:

Is the displacement vector ∆𝒓 divided by the time interval ∆t.
∆𝒓 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
∆𝒓
Magnitude of 𝑉𝑎𝑣 : 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = ∆𝑡
Note: 𝑉𝑎𝑣 ≠ 𝑉𝑎𝑣

 Application 3
The expression of the position vector of a moving particle M is:
a) 𝑟 = 2𝑡𝑖 + (4𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 6)𝑗
b) 𝑟 = 3 cos(3𝑡) 𝑖 + 3 sin(3𝑡) 𝑗
1. Determine the shape of the trajectory of M in each of the above cases.

2. Determine the displacement vector between 𝑡1 = 1 sec 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐. for part
(a) only.
3. Deduce the average velocity vector between 𝑡1 = 1 sec 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐. for part
(a) only.
Note: to determine the shape of the trajectory, you should determine first the
trajectory equation i.e the relation between x and y independent on t.
So, you should put first the parametric equations i.e x(t) and y(t)
Assignment
 For Monday 5/10/2020

Study on the book P: 80 – 81 – 82 and 83.
Solve number 1 and 4 page 92

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Mechanics

a) A body is at rest relative to a certain reference, if its position doesn’t change

2) Trajectory of a moving object:

Deduce the trajectory equation.

Magnitude: ∆𝑟 = (∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑦)2

b) Average velocity vector:

Note: 𝑉𝑎𝑣 ≠ 𝑉𝑎𝑣

1. Determine the shape of the trajectory of M in each of the above cases.

 For Monday 5/10/2020

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