Ch. 2. Motion in A Straight Line

MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE
Syllabus: Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line, Position-time graph, speed and velocity, Uniform
and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, Uniformly accelerated motion,
velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion.
Position and Frame of reference

Position of an object is specified with respect to a reference frame.
In a reference frame, an observer measures the position of the other object at any instant of time,
with respect to a coordinate system chosen and fixed arbitrarily on the reference frame.
for example: The position of particle at O, A, B and C are Zero, +2, +5 and –2 respectively with
respect to origin (O) of reference frame.
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X X -a x is
C O A B
Distance
1. The total length of actual path traversed by the body between initial and final positions is called
distance.
2. It has no direction and is always positive.
3. Distance covered by particle never decreases.
4. Its SI unit is meter (m) and dimensional formula is [M 0L1T0].
Displacement
1. The change in position of a body in a certain direction is known as displacement.
2. The distance between the initial and final position is known as magnitude of displacement.
3. Displacement of an object may be positive, negative or zero and it is independent of the path
followed by the object.
4. Its SI unit is meter and dimensional formula is [M0L1T0].
S
Average speed: It is defined as distance travelled by particle per unit time in a given interval of time. t
Average velocity: [<v>]:
If ∆ x is displacement in time t, then average velocity in time interval ∆ t will be
x x f  x i
v   
t tf  ti
Here xf and xi be the position of particle at time tf and ti (tf > ti) with respect to a given frame
of reference.
Solve: A body travels from A to B at 40 m/s and from B to A at 60 m/s. Calculate the average speed and
average velocity. ( ans: average speed = 48m/s, average velocity = 0)
( position - time graphs and velocity – time graphs should be drawn from the text book)
#1
Uniform motion: The motion of an object is said to be uniform if it covers equal displacements (or
distances) in equal intervals of time.
Non uniform motion: The motion of an object is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal
displacements (or distances) in equal intervals of time.
Variable velocity: An object is said to be moving with variable velocity if it undergoes unequal
displacements in equal intervals of time.
Instantaneous velocity (v): It is the velocity of particle at any instant of time.
Mathematically,
x dx
v  Limit  v   Limit 
t 0 t  0 t dt
Solve: If the distance travelled by a body in time t is given by x = at + bt 2 , then what will be the
instantaneous acceleration of the body? ( ans: a = 2 b_)
Acceleration: Time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
1. Average acceleration: If ∆ v is change in velocity in time average ∆ t, then average acceleration
in time interval ∆ t is
v v f  v i
<a>= 
t tf  ti
2. Instantaneous acceleration: The acceleration at any instant is called instantaneous

acceleration. Mathematically
v dv
a= Limit  a   Limit 
t  0 t  0 t dt
(Acceleration time graph should be drawn from the text book)

Uniform and variable acceleration:
If the change in velocity of the particle is equal in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of
the body is said to be uniform. Neither direction, nor magnitude changes with respect to time.
If change in velocity is different in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the particle is
known as variable. If either direction or magnitude or both magnitude and direction of acceleration
changes with respect to time, then acceleration is variable.
EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Equations of motion of a particle moving with uniform acceleration in straight line:
u = velocity of particle at t = 0
1. v = u + at s = Displacement of particle between 0 to t
1
2. S  ut  at 2
2 = x – x0 (x0 = position of particle at t = 0,
2 2
3. v = u + 2as x = position of particle at time t)
4. x  x 0  ut  1 at 2 a = uniform acceleration
2
v = velocity of particle at time t
#2
Note: All the equations will be derived in the class.

Solve: A car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed of 144 km/h in 20 s . How much distance is covered
by the car? (400 m)
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
Whenever a particle is thrown up or down or released from a height, it falls freely under the effect of
gravitational force of earth.
The equations of motion :
1. v = u + gt
2. 1 2 or 1 2
h  h0  ut  gt h  h0  s  ut  gt
2 2
3. v2 = u2 + 2g(h – h0) or v2 = u2 + 2gs
where h = vertical displacement
 When an object falls freely, its initial velocity u is zero and the value of g is positive.
 When an object is thrown up against gravity, it will rise till its final velocity v becomes zero. In
this case, the value of g is negative.
HW.
Solve:
1. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 14 m/s. Find the maximum height
reached and the time of ascent. Given, g = 9.8 m/s 2 . ( h = 10 m, t = 1.428 s)
2. What is common between the two graphs shown in figures, (a) and (b) ?
3. A ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 20 m/s. it takes 4 seconds to return to its
original position. Draw a velocity- time graph for the motion of the ball and answer the following
questions. At which point the stone has: a) reached its maximum height. b) stopped moving?
#3

Ch. 2. Motion in A Straight Line

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MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE

Position and Frame of reference

2. Instantaneous acceleration: The acceleration at any instant is called instantaneous

(Acceleration time graph should be drawn from the text book)

Note: All the equations will be derived in the class.

where h = vertical displacement

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