c. Is una ected d. Operated in the breakdown c.

Seven-segment indicator
d. Reverses direction region d. Tunnel diode

22. The device associated with 26. The device to use for rectifying 30. The diode with a forward
voltage-controlled a weak ac signal is a voltage drop of approximately
capacitance is a a. Zener diode 0.25 V is the
a. Light-emitting diode b. Light-emitting diode a. Step-recovery diode
b. Photodiode c. Varistor b. Schottky diode
c. Varactor diode d. Back diode c. Back diode
d. Zener diode d. Constant-current diode
27. Which of the following
23. If the depletion layer width has a negative-resistance 31. For typical operation, you need
decreases, the capacitance region? to use reverse bias with a
a. Decreases a. Tunnel diode a. Zener diode
b. Stays the same b. Step-recovery diode b. Photodiode
c. Increases c. Schottky diode c. Varactor
d. Is variable d. Optocoupler d. All of the above

24. When the reverse voltage 28. A blown-fuse indicator uses a 32. As the forward current through
decreases, the capacitance a. Zener diode a PIN diode decreases, its
a. Decreases resistance
b. Constant-current diode
b. Stays the same a. Increases
c. Light-emitting diode
c. Increases b. Decreases
d. PIN diode
d. Has more bandwidth c. Remains constant
29. To isolate an output circuit from d. Cannot be determined
25. The varactor is usually an input circuit, which is the
a. Forward biased device to use?
b. Reverse biased a. Back diode
c. Unbiased b. Optocoupler

Problems
SEC. 5 1 THE ZENER DIODE 5-5 Calculate all three currents in
Fig. 5-44.
5-1 An unloaded zener regulator has a
source voltage of 24 V, a series resistance of 5-6 Assuming a tolerance of 65 percent in both
470 V, and a zener voltage of 15 V. What is the resistors of Fig. 5-44, what is the maximum
zener current? zener current?
5-2 If the source voltage in Prob. 5-1 varies from 24 to 5-7 Suppose the supply voltage of Fig. 5-44 can vary
40 V, what is the maximum zener current? from 24 to 40 V. What is the maximum zener
current?
5-3 If the series resistor of Prob. 5-1 has a tolerance of
65 percent, what is the maximum zener current? 5-8 The zener diode of Fig. 5-44 is replaced with a
1N4742A. What are the load voltage and the zener
SEC. 5 2 THE LOADED ZENER REGULATOR current?
5-9 Draw the schematic diagram of a zener regulator
5-4 If the zener diode is disconnected in
with a supply voltage of 20 V, a series resistance
Fig. 5-44, what is the load voltage?
of 330 V, a zener voltage of 12 V, and a load resis-
tance of 1 kV. What are the load voltage and the
zener current?
Figure 5-44
RS
470 Ω SEC. 5 3 SECOND APPROXIMATION
+ OF A ZENER DIODE
POWER +
24 V RL 5-10 The zener diode of Fig. 5-44 has a zener
SUPPLY 15 V
– 1.5 kΩ resistance of 14 V. If the power supply has a
–
ripple of 1 Vp-p, what is the ripple across the
load resistor?

184
Figure 5-45

V130LA2
115 V ac

R1 R2
1N5314
1000 mF
TIL221 1N753

5-11 During the day, the ac line voltage changes. This c. Series resistor open
causes the unregulated 24-V output of the power
supply to vary from 21.5 to 25 V. If the zener resis- d. Load resistor shorted
tance is 14 V, what is the voltage change over the 5-22 If you measure approximately 18.3 V for the load
foregoing range? voltage of Fig. 5-44, what do you think the
trouble is?
SEC. 5 4 ZENER DROP OUT POINT
5-23 You measure 24 V across the load of Fig. 5-44.
5-12 Assume the supply voltage of Fig. 5-44 decreases An ohmmeter indicates the zener diode is open.
from 24 to 0 V. At some point along the way, the Before replacing the zener diode, what should you
zener diode will stop regulating. Find the supply check for?
voltage where regulation is lost.
5-24 In Fig. 5-45, the LED does not light. Which of the
5-13 In Fig. 5-44, the unregulated voltage out of the following are possible troubles?
power supply may vary from 20 to 26 V and the
load resistance may vary from 500 V to 1.5 kV. Will a. V130LA2 is open.
the zener regulator fail under these conditions? If b. Ground between two left bridge diodes is open.
so, what value should the series resistance be?
c. Filter capacitor is open.
5-14 The unregulated voltage in Fig. 5-44 may vary from
18 to 25 V, and the load current may vary from 1 d. Filter capacitor is shorted.
to 25 mA. Will the zener regulator stop regulating e. 1N5314 is open.
under these conditions? If so, what is the maximum
value for RS? f. 1N5314 is shorted.
5-15 What is the minimum load resistance that may be
used in Fig. 5-44 without losing zener regulation? SEC. 5 8 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES LEDS
5-25 What is the current through the LED of
SEC. 5 5 READING A DATA SHEET Fig. 5-46?

5-16 A zener diode has a voltage of 10 V and a current 5-26 If the supply voltage of Fig. 5-46 increases to 40 V,
of 20 mA. What is the power dissipation? what is the LED current?
5-17 A 1N5250B has 5 mA through it. What is the 5-27 If the resistor is decreased to 1 kV, what is the LED
power? current in Fig. 5-46?
5-18 What is the power dissipation in the resistors and 5-28 The resistor of Fig. 5-46 is decreased until the
zener diode of Fig. 5-44? LED current equals 13 mA. What is the value of the
resistance?
5-19 The zener diode of Fig. 5-44 is a 1N4744A. What is
the minimum zener voltage? The maximum?

5-20 If the lead temperature of a 1N4736A zener diode

rises to 100°C, what is the diode’s new power
rating?
Figure 5-46
RS
SEC. 5 6 TROUBLESHOOTING 2.2 kΩ
+
5-21 In Fig. 5-44, what is the load voltage for each of
POWER
these conditions? 15 V
SUPPLY
–
a. Zener diode shorted
b. Zener diode open

185
Critical Thinking
5-29 The zener diode of Fig. 5-44 has a zener resis- 5-34 In Fig. 5-45, the secondary voltage is 12.6 Vrms,
tance of 14 V. What is the load voltage if you in- and diode drops are 0.7 V each. The 1N5314 is a
clude RZ in your calculations? constant-current diode with a current of 4.7 mA. The
LED current is 15.6 mA, and the zener current is 21.7
5-30 The zener diode of Fig. 5-44 is a 1N4744A. If the mA. The filter capacitor has a tolerance of 620 per-
load resistance varies from 1 to 10 kV, what is the cent. What is the maximum peak-to-peak ripple?
minimum load voltage? The maximum load volt-
age? (Use the second approximation.) 5-35 Figure 5-47 shows part of a bicycle lighting system.
The diodes are Schottky diodes. Use the second
5-31 Design a zener regulator to meet these specifica- approximation to calculate the voltage across the
tions: Load voltage is 6.8 V, source voltage is 20 V, filter capacitor.
and load current is 30 mA.
5-32 A TIL312 is a seven-segment indicator. Each seg- Figure 5-47
ment has a voltage drop between 1.5 and 2 V at
20 mA. The supply voltage is 15 V. Design a seven-
segment display circuit controlled by on-o switches
that has a maximum current drain of 140 mA.
1000 mF
5-33 The secondary voltage of Fig. 5-45 is 12.6 Vrms 6 V ac GEN
when the line voltage is 115 Vrms. During the day,
the power line varies by 610 percent. The resistors
have tolerances of 65 percent. The 1N4733A has
a tolerance of 65 percent and a zener resistance #27 BULB
of 7 V. If R2 equals 560 V, what is the maximum
possible value of the zener current at any instant
during day?

Troubleshooting
The troubleshooting table shown in Fig. 5-48 lists the 5-36 Find Troubles 1 to 4 in Fig. 5-48.
voltage values at each respective circuit point and the
condition of the diode D1, for circuit troubles T1 through 5-37 Find Troubles 5 to 8 in Fig. 5-48.
T8. The first row displays what values would be found
under normal operating conditions.

Figure 5-48 Troubleshooting.

VA VB VC VD D1
+18 V
OK 18 10.3 10.3 10.3 OK
A
T1 18 0 0 0 OK
RS
270 Ω T2 18 14.2 14.2 0 OK
C
B T3 18 14.2 14.2 14.2
+
D T4 18 18 18 18
D1 RL VL
1N5240B 1 kΩ T5 0 0 0 0 OK
E
– T6 18 10.5 10.5 10.5 OK

T7 18 14.2 14.2 14.2 OK

T8 18 0 0 0 0

Multisim Troubleshooting Problems

The Multisim troubleshooting files are found on the Open up and troubleshoot each of the respec-
Instructor Resources section of Connect for Electronic tive files. Take measurements to determine if there is a
Principles, in a folder named Multisim Troubleshooting fault and, if so, determine the circuit fault.
Circuits (MTC). See page XVI for more details. For this
chapter, the files are labeled MTC05-38 through 5-38 Open up and troubleshoot file MTC05-38.
MTC05-42 and are based on the circuit of Figure 5-48.

186