Step 5 - to make the final activity

Individual work

Carlos Julio Prieto Veloza

Group 01

C.C. 1073161142

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

In the following report you will find a personal analysis of the concepts of wave propagation
modes, the purpose of polarizing a wave, and the natural phenomena normally found in the
environment where it is transmitted. These concepts and theoretical bases are also applied to
the resolution of case studies, where the use of these laws and their approach in the context of
real life is already mathematically exposed.

The report corresponds to phase 3 of the course, is made using learning in projects taught by
the UNAD, to carry out these projects strengthens and applies the knowledge that is taken to
the
carry out the study of the contents of unit’s 1, 2 and 3.

The student is expected to understand why and the application of these theories.

Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group
number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 107 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a ship

to a receiver located at 𝑝 = 3 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an advance
angle of 𝑎 = (10 + 01)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to reach the
receiver.
For development, follow the following steps:

a. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿).

 𝜎 𝜎 4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = = = 8,412
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 106 ∗ 80 ( 1 ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋
Angle of losses

𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (8,412) = 83°

b. Classify the behavior of the medium.

c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽.

GAMMA

𝛾 = √𝑖𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑖𝜔𝜀)

1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁
𝛾 = √𝑖2𝜋 ∗ 107𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1 ∗ (4 + 𝑖2𝜋 ∗ 107𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 3𝑥108 m/s)
𝐴2

 = 38.735 + 43.620i

• Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

 = 𝑅𝑒() = 38.735 Np/m

• Phase constant  (Beta).

 = 𝐼𝑚() = 43.620i Rad/m

• Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).
  = √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁
𝑖2𝜋 ∗ 107𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1 ∗
𝜂=√ 𝐴2
𝑆
4 𝑚 + 𝑖2𝜋 ∗ 107𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 3𝑥108 m/s

𝜂 = 10.828 + 9.615𝑖

d. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave.

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 107𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝑝 =
43.620 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝑉𝑝 = 15.412𝑥106 𝑚/𝑠
e. Calculate the distance between the ship and the receiver 𝑑 .

𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
cos 𝑎 =
ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎

3𝑘𝑚
cos 11° =
ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎

3𝑘𝑚
ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠11°

ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎 = 3.056 𝑘𝑚

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route.

𝑑
𝑉𝑝 =
𝑡
𝑑
𝑡=
𝑉𝑝
 3.56𝑘𝑚
𝑡=
15.412𝑥106 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡 = 2.309 ∗ 10−7 𝑚𝑠

2. From an airplane, which is 1000 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 = 107 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is

emitted to a submarine that is 1500 𝑚 deep, the angle of incidence of the signal
on the sea surface is 𝑎 = (10 + 01)°. Determine the time it takes for the signal
to reach the submarine.
For development, follow the following steps:

a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea 𝑑1 .

𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜
sin 11° =
ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎

1000
ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎 =
sin 11°

ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎 = 5240.84 𝑚

b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (see exercise
1).

𝐶𝑜
𝑣𝑝1 =
𝑛

3 ∗ 108
𝑣𝑝1 =
1.000293

𝑚
𝑣𝑝1 = 2.99912126 ∗ 108
𝑠
c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.

𝑛1
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( sin(79°))
𝑛2

1.0002926
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( sin(79°))
1.3333

𝜃2 = 47.43°

d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the
submarine.

𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
cos 11° =
ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎

1500
ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎 =
cos 47.43°

ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎 = 2217.326 𝑚
e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave V_p2 at sea (it is 𝑉𝑝 from exercise
1).

𝜔
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽

2𝜋𝑓
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽

2𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 106
𝑣𝑝 =
168.6737

𝑣𝑝2 = 3.98580𝑥106 𝑚/𝑠

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path.

 𝑑1
𝑉𝑝1 =
𝑡1

𝑑1
𝑡1 =
𝑉𝑝1

5240.84 𝑚
𝑡1 =
2.99912126𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡1 = 17.47𝑥10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑔

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path.

𝑑2
𝑉𝑝2 =
𝑡2

𝑑2
𝑡2 =
𝑉𝑝2

2217.326 𝑚
𝑡2 =
3.98580𝑥106 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡2 = 556.30638𝑥10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑔

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 .

𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑡 = 17.47 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑔 + 556.30 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝑡 = 573.77 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑔
 Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.

Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/

characteristics-of-sound-wavesamplitude/

3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 50Ω, a length

of 𝐿 = 1𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 200 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is connected to an
antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (30 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into account that 𝑉𝑝 =
3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:

a. Wavelength 𝜆 ; (𝜆 = 𝑉𝑝 /𝑓).
𝑉𝑝
𝜆=
𝑓

3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆=
200 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧

𝜆 = 1.5 𝑚

b. Electrical length ℓ.

𝐿
ℓ=
𝜆
 1𝑚
ℓ=
1.5 𝑚

ℓ = 0.666 𝜆
c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋ℓ)

(30 + 𝑗45) + 𝑗50𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋0.666)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50
50 + 𝑗(30 + 𝑗45)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋0.666)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 87.2812472354133 − 75.2684711954563𝑖

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

30 + 𝑗45 − 50
Γ=
30 + 𝑗45 + 50

Γ = 0.0504451038576 + 0.5341246290801𝑖

Γ = 0.5365014705415 ≮ 84.6047354317869°

e. VSWR

1 + |Γ| 1 + |0.5365|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = = 3.3150082964373
1 − |Γ| 1 − |0.5365|

f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.

 Conclusions

The best guided medium remains a physical medium as a transmission line. The
physical medium will always be better at an air environment such as RF waves.

In the world there are a large number of compounds and elements that, depending on
their components and alloys, allow their electrical conductivity to be greater or lesser
depending on the material of the propagation medium that is worked. The salt water
is an excellent conductor thanks to the water and the large amount of salt.

The tangent of loss of a component is the dispersion or absorption factor of

electromagnetic waves transmitted in a medium, this factor is directly proportional to
the conductivity of the medium. Thanks to the loss tangent you can calculate what loss
tolerance each material offers us and thus know in which cases to use them.
Bibliography

Paz, A. (2013). Ondas electromagnéticas en medios guiados. Capítulo 8.

Electromagnetismo para Ingeniería electrónica. pp.311-385. Recovered
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usp=sharing
Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves
in free space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves:
An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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