PREDICTING CORROSION DUE TO CARBONATION IN STEEL FIBERS OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL

NETWORK (ANN)

by

Ferreras, Matthew

Ismail, Jaspher

Nicolas, Dharwin

Pedrozo, Maronne

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

at

FEU Institute of Technology

October 2020

Engr. Stephen John C. Clemente, MSCE

Thesis Adviser
 © 2020 Ferreras, M.; Ismail, J.; Nicolas, D.; Pedrozo, M.
All Rights Reserved

The authors grant the FEU Institute of Technology permission to

reproduce and distribute the contents of this document in whole or in part.
 APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE SHEET

The thesis entitled “Corrosion in Concrete Using Artificial Neural Network (Ann)”

prepared and submitted by:

Ferreras, Matthew
Ismail, Jaspher
Nicolas, Dharwin
Pedrozo, Maronne

In partial fulfillment of the course requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Civil Engineering has been examined and is hereby recommended for approval.

[name] [name]
Panelist 1 Panelist 2

[name]
Head Panelist

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science

in Civil Engineering.

[name] [name]
Panelist 1 Panelist 2

[name]
Head Panelist

Date
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The student may choose to include an acknowledgment page to thank those whom

they wish to show gratitude to such as their parents, advisers, etc. The contents must be in

English.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables......................................................................................................................ii
List of Figures...................................................................................................................iii
List of Abbreviations........................................................................................................iv
Abstract..............................................................................................................................v
Chapter 1. Introduction....................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study.......................................................................................2
1.2. Significance of the Study......................................................................................3
1.3. Objectives..............................................................................................................3
1.4. Scope and Delimitations.......................................................................................3
1.5. Conceptual Framework.........................................................................................3
1.6. Definition of Terms...............................................................................................3
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature........................................................................4
2.1. Corrosion...............................................................................................................4
2.2. Heading.................................................................................................................5
2.3. Steel Fiber.............................................................................................................6
2.4. Artificial Neural Network.....................................................................................7
Chapter 3. Methodology....................................................................................................9
3.1. Heading.................................................................................................................9
3.2. Heading.................................................................................................................9
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion.................................................................................10
Chapter 5. Conclusion.....................................................................................................11
Chapter 6. Recommendations.........................................................................................12
Appendices........................................................................................................................16

i
LIST OF TABLES

ii
LIST OF FIGURES

iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

iv
 ABSTRACT

The paragraph shall be fully justified with multiple spacing of 1.15. Use Times New

Roman 12. The abstract should not exceed 300 words. The authors should choose five (5)

keywords. These should be listed at the bottom of the abstract. These keywords shall be

used as search keywords once the thesis has been archived.

Keywords: 5, italicized, Times New Roman 12, aligned left

v
 CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION

The Philippines experiences a number of natural disasters due to its location with

respect to the Pacific Ocean where the greater part of the world’s tropical storms is

formed, which results in the nation being hit with multiple typhoons consistently. These

and other ecological issues contrarily sway the country in numerous ways, and one of

these is flooding. There are 143 rainfall days in Manila alone, and 2025.7 mm of

precipitation is accumulated throughout the year. Concerning engineering, these rainfalls

and floods can result in the damage of steel and concrete structures due to corrosion.

Corrosion is an entire deterioration process. It has become one of the significant

issues in reinforced concrete structure durability assessment. The action of calcium

carbonate and chloride ion at the protective oxide film on reinforcing steel in concrete has

been identified as corrosion’s root cause. The activity of the harmful compounds formed

because of the reaction between the ions and the embedded reinforcing steel generates

tensile stress that produces cracks and degenerates to concrete spalling. Although the

passive film on the reinforcing steel protects concrete against corrosion, reinforced

concrete structure exposed to the moist area is liable to corrode, especially at carbon

dioxide and chloride ion.

One viable strategy to prepare and assess corrosion is to predict its damage with

respect to time by using artificial neural network (ANN). The data are encoded to a

computer program that solves complex problems and this program then determines the

logical relationship between the dependent and the independent variables through the

form of a model or equation. It is applied to several civil engineering problems which are

1
very complex in nature. These include building material behavior, geotechnical and

structural analysis, structural identification and control, transport infrastructure issues,

management and technology in construction, and installation issues.

As a country that commonly experiences typhoons, it is a challenge for civil

engineers to prepare and assess structures in terms of its serviceability and susceptibility

against corrosion. This study aims to predict the behavior of the corrosion of steel fiber

through carbonation in a steel fiber reinforced concrete using ANN.

1.1. Background of the Study

Steel fibers is accustomed to enhance concrete properties without steel reinforcement

bars; however, the steel fiber within the part of the concrete cover are always at risk of

corrosion, since corrosive materials such as water and oxygen are present in the

environment. Once these materials are in direct contact with the steel fiber in the

concrete, the steel fibers corrode resulting in the reduction of the mechanical properties of

concrete. Data on the susceptibility of steel fiber against carbonation is limited. One

study explored this by using destructive measurement of half-cell potential of the steel

fiber or by determining the occurrence of rust stain on the surface of concrete cover

[ CITATION Hwa15 \l 1033 ].

Concrete steel fiber is also vulnerable to chemical degradation because the steel

fiber in concrete may impose the event of air void or porosity. Air bubbles generated

within the process of casting fresh concrete could also be unexpectedly arrested

underneath the steel fiber even after the vibration and compaction; of course, only 0.5–

1.0% point of air void and bubbles in volume may be removed by vibration. The open

pores within the steel fiber concrete may allow aggressive external ion to penetrate the

2
steel fiber reinforced concrete and corrode its concrete cover.[ CITATION Hwa15 \l

1033 ]

Over the past few years, the use of ANN shown an exceptional performance as a

tool for regression, especially used for pattern recognition and function estimation. It is

highly nonlinear and can capture complex interaction with input or output parameter

within the system. The ANN model will be used to predict the extent of degree of the

structures service life and it can be used for maintenance and assist in restoration of the

investigated reinforced concrete structure.[ CITATION Nev05 \l 1033 ]

Based on the result of the study, the researchers will be able to predict the time of

corrosion and corrosion rate of the concrete and steel fiber by using ANN.

1.2. Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the people that uses steel fiber as reinforcement in

concrete. Predicting the corrosion of steel fiber will help in determining the serviceability

of the structure. Corrosion of steel fiber is natural spontaneous occurrence. Carbonation is

a corrosion process in which the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the pores in

concrete and produce carbonic acids these acids will eventually reaches the steel fiber

reinforcement and it will neutralize the alkalinity of the steel fiber with the presence of

water and oxygen corrosion will proceed.

1.3. Objectives

The main objective of this study is to determine a reliable model that predicts the

amount of steel fiber lost with respect to the material properties of the concrete and the

time of its exposure to the environment.

Specifically, the researchers aim to:

3
 a. Predict the percent of decrease in diameter of steel fibers when exposed to

carbonation; and

b. Determine the material properties relevant to predict the effect of carbonation.

1.4. Scope and Delimitations

This study aims to determine a model of the effect of carbonation as the corrosive

element to the steel fibers in a reinforced steel fiber concrete. The study is based on the

data gathered by Nordstrom in 2005 in his doctorate thesis. These data were gathered in a

field study in different locations in Sweden where beams made in batch were exposed to

the environment for five years.

1.5. Conceptual Framework

Process

Output
Input

Data Collection Input Data to ANN Model Generation

1.6. Definition of Terms

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) – a system that imitates how the human brain

examine and operate received information

Carbonation – a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and

calcium compound of concrete

Corrosion – the deterioration of metal by chemical action

Data Point – an information containing the dependent and independent variables

Model – an equation that closely describes a set of data points

4
Steel Fiber – a material added to regular concrete mixture to improve some

mechanical properties of reinforced concrete

Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) – a composite material of concrete and

steel bars with steel fiber as an additional mixture

5
 CHAPTER 2.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Corrosion

In the last two to three decades, corrosion in reinforcement has been widely

documented in the literature. It degrades the structural capacity of a structure, particularly

when the rebar is exposed to the chlorides in the environment. These chlorides are

brought either from the concrete ingredients or from the surrounding chloride-bearing

atmosphere. The natural wear and tear of a concrete structure also exposes the

reinforcements to the air which can cause corrosion. The other causes of corrosion in

reinforcements are present in the concrete [ CITATION Ahm03 \l 1033 ]. Corrosion of

reinforced concrete includes mass loss of steel bar, concrete cracking, and surface

deterioration. All of these significantly undermines the protection and reliability of civil

infrastructures [ CITATION Fan19 \l 1033 ].

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is a normal occurrence and a major concern in

reinforced concrete members, as both serviceability and ultimate limit states are

compromised once corrosion occurs [ CITATION Fen16 \l 1033 ]. Reinforcement

corrosion affects, in particular, the diameter of reinforcement cross-section, the yield

strength of steel, and the overall load capacity of the concrete structure. Compressive

strength reduction is studied on the decrease in reinforcement concrete member capacity [

CITATION Gha19 \l 1033 ]. Corrosion of concrete reinforcement bars has significant

effect for significant damage to concrete bars. Concrete structures which can cause the

structures to fail prematurely as a function of time [ CITATION Yal121 \l 1033 ].

6
 Corrosion is a long-term process that results in the degradation of the structures of

reinforced concrete (RC). The majority of structural problems that undergo through either

earthquake or service loads can occur due to corrosion. Consequently, To avoid

significant premature damage, the prediction of the remaining service life of a corroding

RC structure plays an important role [ CITATION Yal123 \l 1033 ].

When it comes to the blast impact for various explosion distances, the load was tested

on both corroded and uncorroded reinforced concrete buildings. Changed to guarantee the

consequences of corrosion, plastic hinge characteristics were used. The findings showed

the distance of the explosion and the concrete key parameters for defining the efficiency

of the structures against blast loading were intensity [ CITATION Yal14 \l 1033 ].

2.2. Bond

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is a normal occurrence and a major concern in

reinforced concrete members, as it is both serviceability and ultimate limit states can be

greatly affected. The consequences of corrosion are simulated to the effects of corrosion

on material bond-slip properties that must be quantified by mechanics [ CITATION

Fen16 \l 1033 ]. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) bond efficiency with uncorroded

and corroded steel bars are combined. The RAC was produced using 20%, 50%, and

100% of the 40 MPa compressive strength concrete is coarse recycled aggregates

obtained from the grinding of waste [ CITATION Fer16 \l 1033 ].

The weakening of the bond between steel bars and concrete due to steel corrosion has

a major effect on the durability of buildings with reinforced concrete (RC) [ CITATION

Jia17 \l 1033 ]. The strength of the bond can be overlooked when the lack of corrosion is

7
less than 2.4%. The bond conduct is more prone to corrosion between smooth bar and

concrete such as the specimen with the deformed bar [ CITATION MaG17 \l 1033 ].

In a series of experiments, the impact of corrosion on the bond strength between

reinforcement bars and concrete was examined. Experimentation an accelerated process

of corrosion has been used to corrode the reinforcement bars embedded in specimens of

concrete. To establish an empirical model for the ultimate bond, pullout tests were

conducted by comparing bond strengths in two distinct concrete blends, strength

[ CITATION Yal12 \l 1033 ].

The effects Geo-grids for uncorroded and corroded flexural strength, moment-

curvature, bond-slip, and crack patterns Concrete-reinforced beams. A geo-grid

confinement technique has been compared with conventional for each parameter, as a

function of corrosion degree, reinforced concrete beams [ CITATION Yal18 \l 1033 ].

2.3. Steel Fiber

Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) corrosion in an adverse climate, which is

less harmful compared to corrosion in reinforced steel concrete, although it exists, is

mostly considered to be of minor significance. It can, it can the fibers bridging the cracks

are compromised and then the strength of the structures involved is diminished. It, as

well, this results in the presence of spots of corrosion on exposed surfaces. Then the

adverse impact is no longer it is just aesthetic, as reflected in terms of resistance

[ CITATION Bal10 \l 1033 ].

The corrosion risk of steel fiber in concrete was assessed by measuring corrosion in

the present research. Steel fiber concentration in chloride-contaminated mortar. At the

same time, the chloride transport rate in steel chloride profiles has been determined for

8
fiber mortar [ CITATION Hwa15 \l 1033 ]. The tensile strength of crack steel fiber

concrete reinforced concrete (SFRC) using a multiscale modeling system, subjected to

corrosion damage [ CITATION MaM20 \l 1033 ].

Corrosion of steel fiber and tensile actions of clear and self-healed ultra-high-

performance exposed to 3.5 percent sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, fiber-reinforced

concrete (UHPFRC) [ CITATION Yoo20 \l 1033 ]. The effects of steel fiber corrosion on

the tensile behavior of fiber-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete has been

investigated (UHPFRC). Macro fibers of straight steel with five distinct degrees of

corrosion varying from 0 to 8% were used, and unwashed and washed corrosion fibers

were used simultaneously to test the impact of corrosion fibers. The rust layer on the

tensile output is formed on the fiber surface [ CITATION Yoo201 \l 1033 ].

2.4. Artificial Neural Network

It is necessary to obtain a reliable prediction of the expected sewer service life,

especially if this is based on limited environmental performance the situations. To

establish the driving factors of concrete sewage systems, long-term studies have been

carried out. Corrosion to various levels of H₂S concentration using well-controlled

laboratory-scale corrosion chambers, relative levels of H₂S concentration temperature,

humidity, and in-sewer location. Three separate data using the findings of the long-term

analysis—MLR, artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy models, i.e.

multiple linear regression (MLR), the inference framework (ANFIS) as well as the

interaction between parameters of the environment were evaluated for predicting the time

(ti) and corrosion rate (r) of corrosion initiation [ CITATION LiX191 \l 1033 ].

9
 Concrete corrosion is a major concern for sewer authorities due to significantly

shortened service life which is regulated by the corrosion rate and the corrosion initiation

period [ CITATION Liu17 \l 1033 ].

Based on the data and information that the researchers have gathered, concrete

corrosion is one of the most serious problems in the structures, it weakens the bond of

steel and concrete. It shortens the life span of the structure especially when it is exposed

to Earth’s surface. Corrosion is often due to material’s interactions with its environment,

water, and humidity; thus, it is inevitable and irreversible. This can be addressed through

ANN since the interaction between the parameter of the environment are to evaluate and

predict the time and corrosion rate. It also aims to analyze corrosion data to investigate

various attempts to predict corrosion behavior.

10
 CHAPTER 3.

METHODOLOGY

3.1. Data Gathering

The data gathered are based from Nordstrom’s 2005 [CITATION Nor05 \l 1033 ]

study on the effects of corrosion on exposed concrete members with steel fiber

reinforcements.

3.2. Data Set

Mix Types Used in the Field Exposure Tests

Type Wet-mix Dry-mix Accelerator Dramix 30/0.5 Dramix 40/0.5

WA30 x   x x  
W30 x x  
WA40 x x x
D30   X   x  
x = applied

Mix Design Used in Field Exposure Tests

  WA30 WA40 W30 D30

w/c 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.3*
cement (kg/m³) 510 510 510 500
aggre. 0-8 mm (kg/m³) 1202 1202 1202 815
aggre. 4-8 mm (kg/m³) - - - 286
aggre. 2-5 mm (kg/m³) - - - 260
aggre. 0-1 mm (kg/m³) 298 298 298 138
plasticiser** (%/kg C) 1.4 1.4 1.4 -
accelerator (%/kg C) 3.5 3.5 - -
fibre (kg/m³) 70 70 70 65
* Approximated by measuring the amount of water required during spraying.
** Plasticiser used is melamine.
x = not applied

11
 Decreases in Fiber Diameter (%)
Location: Rv40; Mix = WA30
Crack Depth from Crack Mouth (mm)
Year
Width (mm) 0-25 25-50 50-75
0.1 1998 3.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 3.0 3.0 0.0
  2002 8.5 0.0 2.5
0.5 1998 9.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 16.0 6.0 0.0
  2002 13.5 11.0 0.0
1.0 1998 14.0 7.0 0.0
  2000 7.0 2.0 2.0
  2002 13.0 18.5 8.5

Decreases in Fiber Diameter (%)

Location: Eugenia; Mix = WA30
Crack Depth from Crack Mouth (mm)
Year
Width (mm) 0-25 25-50 50-75
0.1 1998 0.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 0.0 0.0 0.0
  2002 12.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 1998 0.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 5.5 1.5 2.0
  2002 8.0 9.5 1.5
1.0 1998 2.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 2.0 0.0 0.0
  2002 9.0 0.0 5.0

Decreases in Fiber Diameter (%)

Location: Dalälven; Mix = WA30
Crack Depth from Crack Mouth (mm)
Year
Width (mm) 0-25 25-50 50-75
0.1 1998 0.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 0.0 0.0 0.0
  2002 0.0 0.0 8.0
0.5 1998 3.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 0.0 0.0 0.0
  2002 0.0 0.0 5.5
1.0 1998 10.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 14.0 0.0 0.0
  2002 0.0 0.0 0.0

12
 Decreases in Fiber Diameter (%)
Location: Rv40; Crack Width = 0.5 mm
Mix Depth from Crack Mouth (mm)
Year
Types 0-25 25-50 50-75
W30 1998 5.0 3.0 0.0
  2000 15.0 8.5 0.0
  2002 17.5 6.0 1.0
D30 1998 10.0 4.0 0.0
  2000 12.5 7.5 0.0
  2002 15.5 11.5 10.0
WA40 1998 18.0 6.0 0.0
  2000 27.5 16.0 0.0
  2002 10.5 16.0 16.5

Decreases in Fiber Diameter (%)

Location: Rv40; Crack Width = 0.1 mm
Mix Depth from Crack Mouth (mm)
Year
Types 0-25 25-50 50-75
W30 1998 1.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 3.0 0.0 0.0
  2002 6.0 2.0 0.0
D30 1998 0.0 0.0 0.0
  2000 6.0 0.0 0.0
  2002 12.5 5.0 1.0

3.3. Analysis of Data

The researchers will use Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to identify and predict the

results based on the existing data gathered. The group will a use MathLAB software to

model the relationship of the corrosion on steel fiber over time with respect to its material

properties.

13
 CHAPTER 4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

14
CHAPTER 5.

CONCLUSION

15
 CHAPTER 6.

RECOMMENDATIONS

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APPENDICES

18