Analog Electronics 1

Chapter
5 Analog Electronics
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)

1. Diode Circuits 5V
5K
Solutions for Objective Practice Questions
1V V0 = 1V
(1–2)
01. Ans: (d) 2V
Sol: 3V
D1 (1–3)
1V
2V D2  D2 & D3 are reverse biased and ‘D1’ is

Vo forward biased.
3V D3
i.e., D1 only conduct
5 1
 I0 = = 0.8mA
5k 5K
Io
(1–3)
03. Ans: (d)
1V Sol: Let diodes D1 & D2 are forward biased.
2V V0 = 3V  V0 = 0 volt
(2–3)
10  0
I2 = = 2mA
3V 5K
5K 0  (10)
I0 I3 = = 1mA
10K
Apply KVL at nodes ‘V0’:
 D1, D2 are reverse biased and D3 is forward –I1 + I3 – I2 = 0
biased. I1 = –(I2 – I3) = –1mA
i.e., D3 only conducts.
+10V
 I0 = 3/5K = 0.6mA
5k
02. Ans: (b) +5V` Vo
Sol: I2
Io 5k I1
D1
1V Vo I3 10k
2V D2
D3 –10V
3V
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So, D1 is reverse biased & D2 is forward biased. Output wave form:

 ‘D1’ act as an open circuit & D2 is act as short
circuit. V0
3V
Then circuit becomes Vx 0
–2 t
+10V
–7V
5K
20 V0
I A Transfer characteristics:
15k
10K V0
3V
–10V
 20 
 V0  10k     10 –5V 2V 5V Vin
 15k 
 V0 = 3.33V
05. Ans: (b)

04. Ans: (c)
Sol:
Sol: R
2V
+ – + +
+ + Vin Vo
+ –
Vo 2V –
Vin Vx
RL
– – –
For Vi < – 2Volt, Diode ON
 V0 = – 2Volt
For Vi > – 2Volt, Diode OFF
Apply KVL to the loop:
Vin – 2 – Vx = 0  V0 = Vi
 Vx = Vin–2 ----- (1)

V0
Given, Vin range = –5V to 5V
 Vx range = –7V to 3V [∵ from eq (1)] +5V
Diode ON for Vx > 0V
t
 V0 = Vx
–2V
Diode OFF for Vx < 0V –5V
 V0 = 0 V
V0 range = 0 to 3V
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3 Postal Coaching Solutions
06. Ans: (c) 08. Ans: (a)

Sol: For positive half cycle diode Forward biased and Sol: Always start the analysis of clamping circuit
Capacitor start charging towards peak value. with that part of the cycle that will forward bias
 VC = Vm = 5V the diodes this diode is forward bias during
 V0 = Vin – VC = Vin – 5 negative cycle.
Vin range = – 5V to +5V
 V0 range = – 10V to 0V For negative cycle diode ON, then capacitor
starts charging
V0  VC = VP + 9
0 t
= 12 + 9
–5V
= 21V
–10V
Now diode OFF for rest of cycle.
 V0 = VC + Vin
= 21 + Vin
07. Ans: (d) Vin range: –12 to +12V
Sol: For +ve cycle, diode ‘ON’, then capacitor starts V0 range: 9V to 33V
charging
V0
 VC = Vm – 7
= 10 – 7 33V
= 3V
21V
Now diode OFF for rest of cycle t
 V0 = –VC +Vin
= Vin –3 9V
Vin range : –10V to +10V
 V0 range: –13V to 7V
09. Ans: (b)
V0 Sol: During positive cycle,
D1 forward biased & D2 Reverse biased.
7Volts
VC
+ –
–3Volts t
+
Vin
–13Volts –
VC1 = Vin = 6volt

During negative cycle,
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D1 reverse biased & D2 forward biased. 02.

Sol:
+6V –
– + Vr
6V VC2
+ –
VC2 = – 6 – 6 = –12V
Capacitor C2 will charge to negative voltage of
magnitude 12V.
Solutions for Conventional Practice Questions T
01. T
[T << RC   1 ]
Sol: RC
R
+ 
Ripple amplitude = Vr  Vm  Vm e T RC 
  e 
D1  T 
D2  x
 Vm  Vm 1   1  x if x  1
Vin +– V0
  RC  
2V 3V
V T
–  m 
 RC 
I
Vr 
For positive cycle: fC
 If Vin is lie between 0 and 2V i.e 0< Vin <
2V, D1 and D2 are off, so V0 = Vin 03.
 If Vin is greater than 2V D1 is short circuit Sol:
and D2 is open circuit, then V0 = 2V
D1 D2
For negative cycle: Vin +
–
 If Vin is lie between 0 and –3V i.e. –3V < Vin D4 D3
< 0V both D1 and D2 are off. Both are acts
as open circuit, so output V0 = Vin
RL
 If Vin is less than –3V i.e Vin < –3V diode D1
is open circuit and diode D2 is short circuit, If we interchange the given circuit as the load at
so output V0 = -3V. transform and transform at load nodes.
ACE

A
D2 +10V
D1
Vin
+ Vx –
P 0
B D
+ – –10V
D4 D3 1msec
C
Vx
During positive cycle of Vx in the circuit all Vx1 Vx1
Vx
diodes [D1, D2, D3, & D4] are ON 20v
But, when we check in negative cycle of Vx all Vo 20v
diodes are OFF. 0
Positive cycle of Vx [D1, D2, D3 & D4 are ON]
–Vy1 –Vy1
–Vy –Vy
+ +Vx –
0V= V0 R
– Vx1 – (–Vy) = Vx–(–Vy1) = 20V -----(1)
t
1 RC eq T
Vx  Vx e t  0.5m sec
2
Negative cycle of Vx [All diodes are OFF] T

RC eq t T
 Vx e 
+ RC 2RC
Vx
+ – Req = 2RC [FB]
V0 = 0V
–  T 
1
Vx  Vx 1  RC  T 
 4RC 
t
1 RC eq
 V0 = 0V Vy  Vy e
Conclusion: T
1 2 RC eq
We should not interchange the positions of the Vy  Vy e [Req = RC (D1FB)]
transformer and the load positions. T
 Vy e 2 RC
04
 T 
 Vy 1 
 2RC 
Sol: C
+
+ D1 D2 T
Vin Vo Let 
– R 2R 4RC
 Vx  Vx 1   
– 1

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Vy  Vy 1  2 
1
10V
Sub in (1) Vx Vy
9.3V
Vx1 + Vy = Vy1 + Vx 8.77 V

 Vx – Vx+Vy = Vy – Vy (2) + Vx 0.7V
 Vx = 2Vy -----(3)
–10V
Sub in (1)
Vx1 + Vy = 20 T=1/f msec
Vx – Vx + Vy = 20 When diode is OFF, the capacitor discharges
 Vx + Vy = 20 ----(4) through the resistor
[Vx – Vx = Vx as RC >> T  << 1]
Vy  Vx e  t RC t  T
From (3) and (4)  1m 

Vy  9.31   = 8.37 V
2Vy + Vy = 20  3Vy = 20  100  100 
 Vy = 6.66V
 Vx = 20 –Vy = 13.33V Ripple amplitude, Vr = Vx – Vy = 9.3 – 8.77
= 0.93 V
For RC >> T, the output wave form is as shown
below
0.93 (ripple)
Vx = 13.33V
9.3V
V Vx  Area 8.37V
1
0 V
Vx 
o y
Vy1 1msec
Vy=6.66
V
1
9.3(1m)  (0.93)(1m)
05. Area 2
(a) VAvg  
Sol: Consider a half wave peak detector the calculate Base 1m
average value for triangular waveform 0.93
 9.3  = 8.84V
2
charges discharges 10  Vr 
(b) tan  
T 4  t 
+ 10 0.93
Vin R  100  
– C= 100C 0.25m t
t = 0.023 msec
ACE

V +0.7V
(c) I C ( avg )  C
t 1K
0.93
 100 0.7V
0.023m 0.7
+
IC ( avg )  4A +
1K Vo
Vin –
– I
VP 9.3 –10.7V
(d) I R  =
R 100
10.7  0.7 
Vo  I1K     1K  5V
 2K 
Total ID(max) = IC + IR
9.3
 4 Case 3: –5V  Vin  5V [D1D2D3D4 
100
FB]
= 4.093 A
 Vo = Vin
06. +10.7V
D1D 3  FB  1K
Sol: Case 1: Vin > 5V D D  RB
 2 4  0.7V
Vin+0.7
0.7V
Vin Vin
+
+10.7 0.7V
+ 0.7V 1K Vo = Vin
Vin Vin–0.7
1K
– –
1K
0.7V –10.7V
Vin
+
+
Vin 0.7 1K Vo
– Vin–0.7 – 5V
I
1K Vo
–10.7V –5V
5V V
in
 10.7  0.7 
Vo  I1k    1k  5V –5V
 2k 
D 2 D 4  FB
Case 2: Vin < –5V D D  RB 
 1 3 

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ACE
07. R2
Slope(m) 
Sol: R1  R 2
R1 +
+ R
Vi Vo
– 2  R 
n –  0.7 1  2  R2
 R1  R1  R 2
Case 1:
R2
 0.7
Vin R 1 Rl
 0.7 1
R1  R 2
 R 
 Vin   1  2  0.7 [Diode FB]
 R1 
08.
 Vo = 0.7 + Vin
Sol:
y = mx + C R=1F
Slope(m) = 1 +
+
Vin C=1k Vo
0.7V –
–
+
+
Vin Vo
– +5V
–
Vin
0
Case 2:
Vin R 1 –5V
 0.7
R1  R 2
 R  Vx
 Vin   1  2  0.7 [Diode RB] Vy Vy
Vx
 R1 
10v
V R Vo
Vo  in 2
R1  R 2 0
0.5msec
R1 –Vy –Vy
–Vx –Vx
+
+ 10msec
Vin R2 V
– o
–
Vy = Vxe–t/Rc
T 1m sec
y = mx t   0.5m sec
2 2
ACE

 Vy = Vxe–0.5 ------(1) RC = 1K(1) = 1m Given,

VB = 4V
t/RC = 0.5 VBE = 0.7
VB – VE = 0.7
from the fig VE = VB –7= 3.3V
Vx – (–Vy) = 10 3.3
IE = = 1mA
 Vx + Vy = 10 -------(2) 3.3K
Let transisotr in active region
Sub (1) in (2)  IC = /(+1) . IE = 0.99mA
Vx + Vxe–0.5 = 10 IB = IC/ = 9.9A
 Vx[1+e–0.5]=10 VC = 10 – 4.71030.9910-3 = 5.347V
10  VC >VB
 Vx   6.22V
1  e 0.5  Transistor in the active region.
 Vy =10 – Vx = 10 – 6.22
= 3.77 V (from 2) 02. Ans: (b)
6.22V
Sol:
3.77V +10V
Vo 4.7K
0
6V
– 3.77V
+
– 6.22V
0.7 6–0.7=5.3V
–
3.3K
2. Bipolar Amplifiers

VE = VB – VBE = 6 – 0.7 = 5.3V
01. Ans: (c) 5.3
IE = = 1.6mA
Sol: 3.3K
+10V
Let transistor is active region
4.7K 
IC = I
1   E
4V IC = 1.59mA
 = 100
VC = 2.55V
VC < VB
3.3K
 Transistor in saturation region
 VCE(sat) = 0.2V

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ACE
VC –VE = 0.2 04. Ans: (c)

VC = 5.3+0.2 Sol: +10V
 VC = 5.5V
VC= 5.5 V
5K
+
+ 0.7
VB= 6V 0.2 V = VCE –
–
VE=5.3 V VC
1K
10  5.5 –10V
 IC = = 0.957mA
4.7K
IB = 1.6 – 0.957 = 0.643mA VE = 0.7V [∵ VB = 0V]
I C 0.957 mA 10  0.7
=  =1.483  IE = = 1.86mA
I B 0.643 mA 5K
forced < active Let transistor in active region.

 IC = I = 1.84mA
03. Ans: (c)   1 E
Sol:  VC = –10 + 1K  1.84m
+10V
VC = –8.16V
4.7K VEC = VE – VC = 8.86V
VEC > VEB
 Transistor in active region
VE= –0.7V 05. Ans: (d)

3.3K Sol:
+10V
1K
+
VE = –0.7V 0.7
Transistor in cut off region –  = 100
IC = IB = IE = 0A
VCE = 10V
5K
VE = 0V
VC = 10V
VB = 0V –10V
ACE

Let transistor in active region IE = IC + IB

VE = 0.7V [∵ VB = 0V] 5  (VB  0.7) (VB  0.5)  5 VB
 = 
10  0.7 1k 10k 10k
IE   9.3mA 10(5 – VB – 0.7) = VB + 0.5 + 5 + VB
1k
43–10VB = 2VB+5.5

IC  .I E  9.2mA 43  5.5
 1 VB = = 3.125V
12
 VC = –10 + 5K  9.2m
3.125
VC = 36V IB = = 0.3125mA
10K
VEC < VEB
VC = VB + 0.5 = 3.625V
VE = 3.825V
Transistor in saturation region
 IE = 1.175mA
 VEC = 0.2
 IC = 0.862mA
VE–VC = 0.2  VC = 0.5V
0.5  10
 IC = = 2.1mA 07. Ans: (b)
5K
Sol: Here the lower transistor (PNP) is in cut off
IB = IE – IC = 7.2mA
region.
Ic sat  +5V
forced =
IB
IC
2.1
= 10K
7.2 5V
+
= 0.29 0.7 V0
IB –
forced < active i.e., saturation region
1K
IE
06. Ans: (c)
Sol:
+5V Apply KVL to the base emitter loop:
5 – 10K. IB – 0.7 – 1K. (1+)IB = 0
1K IE 4.3
IB  IB =
0.7 + + VE = (VB+0.7) (101)K  10K
10K – = 38.73A
0.2
– V = (V +0.5) IC = 3.87mA
c B
IE = 3.91mA
10K
IC  VE = V0 = IE(1k) = 3.91 V
–5V VC = 5V
VB = 5 – 10 k (IB) = 4.61 V

s
ACE
08. Ans: (a)

Sol: Derivation of Stability Factor (S):
+12V Consider the collector current equation of a
BJT in CE configuration:
Ic =  IB + (1+) ICO
9K 4K 3.3K Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. IC
Vc1 I B I
1=  1  β  CO
3V Q1 Q2 IC Ic
Vc2 Q3 C Ic
 I 
3K 2.3K
4K
Q4 1  β B 
V0 I co
  I c  B
I c 1  β  IB
IC 1  E
 
2.3V I CO I
I C1  I 1   1m Amp 1  B
2.3k I C
VC1  12V  4  103  1  10 3 I C 1 β
 S 
 8V I CO  I 
1  β B 
V2  8  0.7 V  8.7V  I C 
Fixed bias:
12V  V 2
I 2  +VCC
3.3k
12V  8.7
 IC
3.3k
RB IB RC
 1m Amp
+
VC 2  4k  1mA  4V
+ VCE

V 3  4V  0.7  3.3V VBE

V 4  3.3  0.7  2.6V
V0 = 2.6 V I C 1 
Stability factor S  
I CO  I 
1   B 
Solutions for Conventional Practice Questions  I C 
KVL for the input section
01 VCC  VBE
Sol: (i) The variation of IC with the variations in VBE IB 
RB
at a constant ICO and  is considered as S11.
I B
 0
 I C  I C
S11 =   with ICO and  Constant.
 VBE   S = 1+ 
ACE

Voltage-divider bias or self-bias: KVL for the input section of fig.8

I C 1  VCC – (IC + IB) RC – IBRB – VBE = 0
Stability Factor S = =
I CO  I   VCC – ICRC – IB(RC + RB) – VBE=0
1   B 
 I C  VCC  VBE  I C R C
 IB 
KVL for the input section of fig.10 RC  RB
VB – IB RB –VBE –IERE = 0 I B  RC
 
VB – IB RB –VBE –ICRE – IBRE = 0 I C R C  R B
(∵ IE = IC + IB ) +VCC 1 
S 
 RC 
RC IC
1   
R1
 RC  RB 
+
R2 (ii) VC = (IC + IB) RE + VEB + IBRB
VB 1 
RE IE S

  RE 
1   
RB  RE 
VB  VBE  I C R E
IB = +V
RE  RB
IE
I B  RE
 RE
I C R E  R B
– VEB+
1 
S=
 RE 
1    IB
RB RC
 RE  RB 
Collector-to- Base bias or Collector
feedback bias:
02.
IC 1 
Stability factor S   Sol: DC Analysis:
I CO I 
1   B  Capacitor are replaced with open circuit and ac
+VCC   IC  source Vin with short circuit]
+10V
RC (IC+IB)
RB 4.7k
IC
IB IC
+
VCE VE
+
VBE  4V
IE 3.3k


s
ACE
Given  = 100 03.

VE = 4 – 0.7 = 3.3V Sol: DC Analysis:
VE 3.3 [Capacitor are replaced with open circuit and ac
IE    1mA
3.3k 3.3k source Vin with short circuit]
    100  +10V
I C   I E   1mA  0.99mA
  1  101 
IC 4.7k
I 0.99m
gm  C 
Vt 25m
 100
r    2.5k VE
g m  0.99 
 
 25  4V
IE 3.3k
AC Analysis:
[Capacitors are replaced with short circuit and
10V, 4V DC source with short circuit] Given  = 100
+
VE = 4 – 0.7 = 3.3V
4.7k Vo VE 3.3
+
–
IE    1mA
Vin 3.3k 3.3k
–
    100 
IC   I E   1mA = 0.99 mA
  1  101 
Vo = – 100ib[4.7k]
I C 0.99m
Vin = ib(2.5k) gm  
Vt 25m
Voltage gain
 100
r    2.5k
ib + g m  .99 
0
+  
Vin
r ib 4.7k Vo  25 
– = 2.5k = 100ib AC analysis:
–
Capacitors are replaced with short circuit DC
Vo sources are replaced with short circuit
Av 
Vin
+
 100
 [4.7k ] + 4.7k Vo
2.5k
Vin –
= – 188 3.3k
–
The negative sign in the voltage gain indicates
that the output voltage Vo is 180 out of phase
with Vin.
ACE

93k 
C
Vth   3V
B
+
6k  3k
+ ib 100ib
4.7k Vo R th  6k || 3k  2k
Vin 2.5k
–
– Apply KVL at input loop
E –Vth + IB Rth + 0.7 + IE(2.3k) = 0 ---(1)
101ib 3.3k
IE IE I
IB    E ---(2)
  1 100  1 101
Vo = – 100ib[4.7k] Sub (2) in (1)
Vin = ib (2.5k) + 101ib[3.3k] Vth  0.7 3  0.7
IE    0.991mA
R th 2k
Vo  1004.7k  2.3k  2.3k 
Voltage gain (Av)    1 101
Vin 2.5k  1013.3k 
  
= – 1.4 I C   I E
The negative sign indicates the output voltage   1
 00 
0.991m   0.9816mA
Vo is 180 out of phase with input voltage Vin. 
 101 
04.  100
r    2.546k
Sol: DC Analysis: [capacitors are replaced with open g m  0.9816m 
circuits]  25m 
+9V Small signal model of BJT (VA = )
6k 2k
B C
r ib
= 2.546k = 100ib
E
3k 2.3k
Cap  SC 
AC equivalent  
DCsources  SC
The circuit can be redrawn as shown below
+9V
+
2k 2k 2k Vo
+
Vin –
6k 6k 3k
Ro
–
Rin
9V 3k 2.3k

s
ACE
+9V 05.
Sol: DC Analysis: [Cap  OC]
2k
+12V
Rth +12V
Rth
+ IB +0.7 20k
Vth
– 2.3k + IB +0.7
Vth
IE – 8k
iin 20k 8k IE
iL
+ ib +
Vin 6k 3k 2.546k 2k 2k Vo
100ib
– –
1220k 
Rin Ro Vth   6V
20k  20k
R th  20k || 20k  10k
Input resistance (Rin) = 6 k || 3k || 2.546k
KVL at i/p loop: [Given =100 VBE(ON)= 0.7]
= 1.12k
– Vth + IBRth + 0.7 + IE(8k) = 0 ----(1)
Vo = –100ib[2k||2k]
IE I
Vin = ib[2.546k] IB   E ---(2)
  1 101
Vo
Voltage gain(Av)  Sub (2) in (1)
Vin
Vth  0.7 6  0 .7
 1002k || 2k  IE    0.654mA
  39.2 R th 10k
2.546k 8k  8k 
 1 101
iL
Current gain (AI) =
iin     100 
I C   I E   0.654m  0.6479m
Vo / 2k   A v .R in   1  101 

Vin / R in  2k  100 100
rπ     3.858k
g m  I C   0.6479m 
   
 39.21.12k   Vt   25m 
 AI   22
2k AC analysis: [capacitors are replaced with SC
Output resistance (Ro) = 2k 12V DC source is also SC to ground]
if Vin = 0, ib = 0
+
Vin 20k 20k Vo
–
8k
ACE

iin Vt 1V
Ro  
ib It It
3.86k 100ib Connect 1V source at the output terminals
+
Vin
Vt 1V
–
20k||20k + Find It, R o  
= 10k
It It
8k Vo
Rin Set Vin = 0
– ov
Ro ib
3.86k 100ib
Vo = 101ib(8k) ---- (1) 10k
It +
Vin = ib[3.86k] + 101ib (8k) ----- (2) 8k 1V
–
Vo
Voltage gain (Av) =
Vin
0 1 1
1018k  ib  
  0.995 3.86k 3.86k
3.86k  1018k 
1
[Note: CC Amplifier is a voltage buffer] KCL i b  100i b  I t 
8k
Vin
i in   ib 1  1 
10k It   101 
8k  3.86k 
V Vin
 in  1
10k 3.86k  1018k Output resistance (Ro) 
It
Vin
Input resistance (Rin) =
iin 1
  38
1 101
Vin 1 
 8k 3.86k
iin 1 1

10k 3.86k  1018k  rπ 
 Note R o  8k || 1   
 9878  9.878k  
[Note: Rin = 10K || [r + (1+)RE]
For calculating Ro 06.
Rs Sol: DC Analysis: [Cap  OC]
+ Amp   
Vs I E  1mA  I C   I E
–   1 10k
Ro  100 
Set Vs = 0  1m
 101 
It
Rs + = 0.99mA
Amp Vt = 1V
– 1mA
Ro

s
ACE
 100 Vin  i b 2.5k 

r    2.5k Input resistance R in   
g m  0.99m  i in  101i b
 25m 
 
= 24.7
B C Output resistance (Ro)
ib
2.5k 100ib itest
ib
+
E 2.5k 100ib 10k 1V
–
[small signal model of BJT]
Cap  SC  1V
AC equivalent:  Ro 
 i test
DC sources  SC
ib(2.5k) = 0  ib = 0  100ib = 0
10k
1V 1V
+ output resistance R o    10k
it 1 / 10k 
10k Vo
–
Ro 3. MOSFET Amplifiers
+
Vin
– Rin
01. Ans: (c)

B C Sol: The circuit given is the MOS cascode amplifier,
ib +
Transistor M1 is connected in common source
2.5k 100ib 10k 10k Vo
configuration and provides its output to the
io –
input terminals (i.e., source) of transistor M2.
E 101ib
iin Transistor M2 has a constant dc voltage, Vbias
+
Vin applied at its gate. Thus the signal voltage at the
– gate of M2 is zero and M2 is operating as a CG
amplifier. Which is current Buffer.
VD id
Vo = – 100ib[10k||10k] D
KVL ib(2.5k) + Vin = 0
VBias
Vin = –ib[2.5k] ----(2) M2
Vo id
Voltage gain A v  
Vin M1
 10010k || 10k 
  200 Vm = Vgs +
–
 2 .5 k
ACE

Overall transconductance 02. Ans: (d)

id  i  id Sol:
3.3V
gm    D   1  g m1
Vgs  VGS  Vgs1
The overall (approximate) transconductance of
M2 I2
the cascode amplifier is equal to the 2V +
transconductance of common source amplifier VGS2 –
Vx
g m1
M1 I1
AC model of MOSFET +
VGS1 –
G D r0
+ +
– W W
Vgs gm r0  Vgs + gmVgsr0    2 
Vgs  L 2  L 1
– –
VTH = 1V for both M1 and M2
S Thevenin equivalent For M2 to be in saturation:
VD > VG – VTH
1V
Let us find the output resistance R 0  3.3 > 2 – 1
Ix
3.3 > 1
So M2 will be in saturation if it is ON.
G D
r02 Ix For M1 to be in saturation:
+ – VD >VG – VTH
Vgs2 gm2Vgs2 r02 +
1V VX >2–1
– +
– VX >1V but if VX is more than 1V, VGS2
S Ix
G r01 becomes less than 1V, Which means M2 will be
D
off so M1 can not be in saturation.
+ + –
Vin Vgs1 gm1Vgs1 r01 R0 Now, we can conclude that M1 is in triode and
– – + = 0V M2 is in saturation
S VGS1= 2V
VDS1= VX
By KVL Vgs2 + Ixr01 = 0
VGS2 = 2 – VX
Vgs2 = –Ixr01 ------(1)
By KVL
Now, I1 = I2
–1+Ixr02 – gmr02Vgs2 + Ixr01 = 0
W  1 2
–1 +Ixr02 + gm2r02 Ixr01 + Ix r01 = 0  n Cox   VGS1  VTH VDS1  VDS1 
1 1  L 1  2 
 Ix  
r01  r02  g m 2 r02 r01 g m 2 r01r02 1 W
 n C ox   VGS2  VTH 
2

1 2  L 2
R0   g m 2 r01r02
Ix
s
ACE
1 05. Ans: (c)

Vx  Vx2  1  Vx 
2
2 Sol:
3Vx2  6Vx  2  0
Vx = 0.42V, – 1.58V I
+ + gmVgs
Vx cannot be more than 1V, since M2 will V
– V
– gs
become off
So, Vx = 0.42 V V 1
R in  
I gm
03. Ans: (a)
Sol:
I = gmVgs
D
G
+ V = Vgs
+ gmVgs RD VO
+ Vgs + V
Vin –
– – 1
S gm
VO
+
Vin
Vo  g m Vgs R D  Vo –
  g m R D
Vin  Vgs  Vin
04. Ans: (b) Vo

 g m R D
Sol: Vin
= –gm(1/gm)
RD
=–1
VO
06. Ans: (b)
+ Sol:
Vin RS
–
D
G
+ gmVgs
Vo  Drain resistance + Vgs
 Vin
Vin Source resistance – –
S
 RD
 V0
RS gmVgs RS
ACE

Vo = gm Vgs Rs 08. Ans: (a)

Vin = Vgs + gm Vgs Rs Sol:
Vo gmRS RS
  G D gmVin
Vin 1  g m R S R S  1 V0
gm
– + gmVin
Vin Vgs gm Vgs
07. Ans: (c) + – +
–gm Vin RD
Sol: In volume-I book, the diagram is wrong. The
S –
correct circuit diagram is +
– Vin
+V
Vgs = –Vin
+ V0 V0 = gm Vin RD
Vin
– RD V0
 gmR D
Vin
09. Ans: (d)

G – V + S
sg Sol:
+
Vin gm Vsg
RD
– D VO
V0
+
RD Vin + –
+ 2 Vin
Vin – 2
–
Common source
Vsg   Vin + Vin/2 – + V /2 –
in
V0 = gm Vsg RD
= gm(–Vin)RD
+ –
V0 Vin
 g m R D
Vin Vo = –IDRD
VGS  Vin  Vin  2 Vgs

2

s
ACE
Vo I D R D RD g R
   m D
Vin 2 VGS 2 1  2
 g 
 m Req = ro
1
R eq  || ro
10. Ans: (c) gm
Sol:
r01 Rout 1
R eq  || ro
gm
The given circuit can be redrawn
1/gm2
Vsg +
– m1
ro1
+
Vin
– Vo
id 1
Rout = r01 + (1+gm1 r01) 1 || ro 3
gm2 ro2 g m3
Rout
= r01 + 1 + r01
gm2
1
= 2 r01 R out  ro 2 || || ro 3 || ro1
g m3
Vin = – Vsg
Solutions for Conventional Practice Questions
 1 
Vo  i d ro 2 || || ro 3 
01.  g m3 
Sol: Vo  1 
  g m1 ro 2 || || ro 3 
Vin  g m3 
m1
+
Vin 02.
– Vo
Sol: AC equivalent:
m2
m3
m4 m3
MOSFET ac equivalent is same both for NMOS

and PMOS
G D m1
+ +
Vin
Vgs gmVgs ro –
– m2
S
ACE

The circuit can be redrawn
RD
1 Vo
|| ro 3
ro4 g m3
+
id Vout2 Vx
–
+
Vin Vout1
– 1 Vo  i d R D
|| ro 2   g m R D
id g m2 Vx  Vgs
Rs
 1  +
Vout1  i d1  || ro 2  + 1 1
 gm2  Vs || ro 2 Vx
gm2 g m1
Vin = Vgs1 –
–
Vout1  1 
 g m1  || ro 2  1 1
Vin  g m2  || ro 2 ||
Vx gm 2 g m1
  
1 Vs R  1 1
Vout 2  i d ro 4 || || ro 3  s || ro 2 ||
 g m3  gm2 g m1
Vout 2  1 
 g m1 ro 4 || || ro 3  Sub in (1)
Vin  g m3 
 1 1 
|| ro 2 ||
V  gm2 g m1 
03.  o  g m R D  
Sol:
Vs  R  1 || r || 1 
 s g m 2 o 2 g m1 
RD
Vo
Rout m1
Rs
Vx m2
1
+ 1 || ro 2 || R s
|| ro 2 gm2
Vs gm2 1
– R in  || ro 2
g m2
Vo Vo Vx  1 
  ------ (1) R out  ro1  1  g m1ro1  || ro 2 || R s 
Vs Vx Vs  g m2 

s
ACE
04.  1M 
Sol: Given IDSS = 10mA
 2.4m30k || 6.8k   
1M  10k 
VGS = –VGG = – 2V
= – 13.17
VP = – 5V
2
 V  05.
I D  I DSS 1  GS 
 VP  Sol: Given VP = – 2V
IDSS = 1.65mA
I D  V  1 
gm   2I DSS 1  GS    ID = 0.8mA
VGS  VP   VP  2
 V 
   2    1  (i) I D  I DSS 1  GS 
 210m 1       VP 
   5    5  2
 V 
A  0.8m  1.65m 1  GS   VGS  0.607
 2.4m   2 
V
Cap  SC  I D  V  1
AC equivalent  (ii) g m   2I DSS 1  GS   
 Vgs  VP   VP 
DC sources  SC
 0.607    1 
 21.65m 1 
+
 2    2 
RS = 10k RD
Vo
= 6.8k = 1.149m(A/V)
+ –
Vin RG Ro (iii) DC equivalent
– = 1M
KVL
+24V
RS
+ IG[RG] + Vgs + IDRS = 0 Rd
+ +
Vin RG Vgs gmVgs rds RD Vo 0 – 0.607 + 0.8m(RS) =I 0= 0
– – G
–
RS = 758.75 Vgs
ID
RG RS
Vo = –gmVgs[rds||RD]
Vin R G
Vgs 
RS  RG (iv) AC equivalent
Vo V Vgs +
 o 
Vin Vgs Vin RD Vo
+ +
Vgs –
 RG  Vin
 g m rds || R D   –
RG
 R G  RS 
ACE

Vo  3.7  12
 g m R D I0   1mA
Vin 8.3k
I E  0.5mA
  Vo  V 
Given   20  o  10 25mV
  Vin  dB Vin  re   50
0.5mA
10 = – 1.149m [RD]
 R C  2000
 RD = 8.7k Ad  
re 50
A d  40
4. Cascode Amplifiers, Current Mirrors &
Differential Amplifiers
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: Since,
VB  VBE1  I1R 1  VBE2  I 2 R 2
01. Ans: (d) Since in current mirror,

Sol: For the given differential amplifier, Transistor default must be perfectly matched
IE = 1mA  I B1  I B2
VT & I BE1  VBE2
re   25
IE
 I1R1 = I2R2
V0  R c  3000 Iref R1 = Icopy R2
Ad    (or) –gmRc
Vi re 25 R1
I copy  I ref
Ad = –120 R2
02. Ans: (a) 04. Ans: (c)

Sol: Io
Sol: +12V
3k
VB + 3k 3k
0.7 – + –
V0
9k 8.3k
10k Vin +
0   12 –12V –
I1   1mA
12k
Ic Ic
0  VB
I1 
3K
Ic Ic
VB = –3V +
– 2 2
VB – VE = 0.7
VE = VB – 0.7 I0
–12V
VE = –3.7 Volt
s
ACE
V0 Ad = –gm Rc
 g m RC
Vi 1.5
  3k
= – gm (3k) 25
Ic = – 180
gm 
VT
06. Ans: (a)
12  0.7  12
I0  Sol: iC
10k
iC
23.3 +
  2.33mA RC
10k V0
–
I0 +
I c Dc  
2 Vin
2.33 –
 mA  1.16mA
2
1.16A
Ad    3A  V0 = ic RC
25V iC i
gm   C
1.16 Vbe Vin
  3k 
25 V0  I c R c
= – 139.5 
Vin Vin
 g m R c
05. Ans: (d)
Sol:
+12V 07. Ans: (b)
Sol:
3k 3k
+ –
V0 r01
+
r1
Vin
–
3mA r02
–12
3mA
I c  DC    1.5mA
2
Rout = r01 + (+gm1r01)
I c  DC  1.5
gm   (r02//r2)
VT 25
= r01 + r2 + gm1 r01 r2
ACE

= r01 +  r01 10. Ans: (b)

= (+1) r01 Sol:
+V
 r01
RD RD
08. Ans: (a) +V0 –
Vi M1 M2
Sol: Q1  1(V 01 gain)
 Rc
Q2   g m 2 R c
re 2
I0

A VT  1  g m2 R c  g m2 R c 
–V
 A VT  g m2 R c
R0 R
For M1V01.gain  g m1  g m1 0 Vi
09. Ans: (d) 2 2
Sol: Q1  Act as CC [Ac circuit  Iopen] gmR 0
For M1–M2 V01.gain  1  
Q1  Act as CB 2
+V gmR D

2
Rc gmR D
 VD2  Vi
2
Vi Q1 Q2
 R R 
V0  VD1  VD2   g m1 D  g m2 D  Vi
 2 2 
V0
I   g m R D
Vi
–V V01.gain = – gm RD
Since for CC V01.gain = 1

11. Ans: (d)
R
For CB  V01.gain  c Sol:
re
G D
Rc Rc R g R Vi
Av  1   c  m c ii
re VT 2ye 2 Vgs rd
IE gmVgs
2 Ri s
g R
Av  m c
2 Vi V
Ri  , where i i  g m Vgs  i
ii rd

s
ACE
Vi between the input. As such, this gain is equal to

i i  g m Vi 
rd the single-ended gain of each half circuit.
The symmetry of the circuits establishes a
Vi 1 rd 1
R i     virtual ground at point "P".
ii g m rd  1 g m rd  1 g m
rd Let us check the axis of symmetry
rd 1 V R1 R1 V
R i 
g m rd  1 g m P
12. Ans: (b)

Sol: Vbias
P
Vi ii B C
r gmV R1 R1
Vin1 P Vin2
E
Rin Single ended stage
Vi
R in 
ii ro3
Where, Vout
V R1
i i  g m V  R1
r ro1
+
+ Vin
Vi Vi –
R in   Vin
ii  1 –
Vi g m  
 r 
1 Voltage gain (Av) = –gm1Rout
R in 
1
gm   Av = – gm1[ro1||ro3||R1]
r
1 02.
R in  r //
gm Sol:
R
1 R
01. Req = 1/gm R eq  
gm 1  
Sol: The differential gain is defined as the difference
between the outputs divided by the difference
ACE

1 R
 RC   B2
1 R g m2 1  
Req = 1/gm R R eq  
gm 1  
03.
Sol:
The given circuit can be redrawn

1
R eq  || ro
gm
1 R
 B2
gm2 1  
1 1
|| ro 3 || ro 4
ic RC g m3 gm4
Vout + Vo –
+ P
v+be Vin
– –
RE
1 R
ie  B1
g m1 1  
Differential gain (Ad) for full circuit
= Voltage gain (Av) of single ended circuit
 1 R  [Assuming symmetry]
Vout  i c R C   B2 
 gm2 1     1 
Vo  i d  || ro 3 
 1 R   g m3 
Vin  Vbe  i e R E   B1 
 g m1 1    Vin = Vgs
Vout  1 
AV  id  || ro 3 
Vin Vo g
 A v  A d    m3 
 1 R  Vin Vgs
 i c R C   B2 
 gm2 1     1 
  || ro 3 
 1 R 
Vbe  i e R E   B1  g
A d   m3   g  1 || r 
g m1 1    m1  o3 
 1  g m3 
Divide Nr and Dr by ic g m1
 1 R  If m1 transistor also has early effect
 R C   B2 
 gm2 1     1 
Av  Then A d  g m1  || ro 3 || ro1 
   1  1 R   g m3 
g m1    R E   B1 
   g m1 1   
Rout = collector resistance

s
ACE
1 1
|| ro 3 || ro 3
g m3 g m3
id id
Vo Vo
+ m1 m1
+
+ Vgs + Vgs
Vin – –
Vin
– –
04. Vgs2 + ItR = 0  Vgs2 = – ItR ------ (1)

Sol:
KVL
+ – Vt + It(ro2) – gm2ro2Vgs2 + ItR = 0
Vgs gmVgs ro Vt = It[ro2 + (1 + gm2ro2)R]
– Vt
Req = ro
Req  R eq  ro 2  1  g m 2 ro 2 R
It
ro2 m2
ro4
ro1 m1
ro3
Req = ro2 + (1 + gm2ro2)ro1

Req = ro3 + (1 + gm3ro3)ro4
Proof:
+ m4
m2 Vgs2 gm2Vgs2 ro2 Req
Req Req2
R – m3
R Req2
Req1 R Rout
m2 Req1 Rout
The above circuit can be redrawn
m1
ro2 It
+ – +
Vgs2 gm2ro2Vgs2 –Vt Rout = Req1||Req2
– +
R eq 
Vt Where Req1 = ro2 + (1 + gm2ro2)ro1
R It
It = ro2 + ro1 + gm2ro2ro1
 gm2ro2ro1
Req2 = ro3 + (1+gm3ro3)ro4
= ro3 + ro4 + gm3ro3ro4
ACE

 gm3ro3ro4 The current in the diode is minimum when the

Rout = Req1||Req2 load current is maximum and vs is minimum.
Rout = gm2ro2ro1||gm3ro3ro4 Vs min  Vz
Rs 
I z min  I L max
5. Operational Amplifiers 20  10
Rs 
10  100mA
Rs = 90.9
30  10
01. Ans: (d) I z max   0.22A I L min  0A 
90.9
Sol:
I 300 Pz = Vz Izmax
+ Pz = 10  0.22
+ +
Pz = 2.2W
VS  10V 1K Vo
– –
– 03. Ans: (d)
Sol: +18V
Iz = 1mA to 60mA
Vs  Vz 300 I1
I
300
+
V  10 V0
I min  s min _______(I) Iz 10
300 – RL 1k
V  10
I max  smax _____(II)
300
 Vz  VB = 10volt
Imin = Izmin + IL  I L   10mA 
 1k  VE = 10 – 0.7 = 9.3volt
Imin = 1mA + 10mA = 11mA IE = 9.3mA
Imax = 60mA + 10mA = 70mA IE
IB 
From equation (1) and (2) required range of VS 1 
is 13.3 to 31 volt. 9.3mA
  92.07A
101
02. Ans: (a) 18  10
IL (0-100mA) I1 
Sol: RS 300
 26.67mA
+
Vs:20 to 30volt  RL I z  I1  I B  26.57 mA
10V –
= 26.57

s
ACE
04. Ans: (b) 20  5 15

I  mA
Sol: 10k 10
30Volt IE
Vo
VP = 10k I = 15volt
IL 20  VP 20  15
300 IC    5mA
1k 1k
I1 1k 100
+  large  IB  0A
+ –
10V  IC = I0 = 5Ma
–
VP
I1 5k 06. Ans: (b)
Sol:
1k
Vp = 10volt
–100
10
I1   2mA
5k Req
V0 = (6k) I1=12V = VE
VC = 30volt Using millers effect,
 VCE = VC – VE =18 volt. 1k
IE = I1 + IL R eq   9.9
1  100
12
IE = 2m   122mA
100 1mH
 –1000
 IC  IE
1 
Leq
 IC = 0.120Amp
 PT = IC  VCE 1mH
L eq   1H
 PT = 2.17W 1  1000
05. Ans: (c) 07. Ans: (b)

Sol: Sol:
20Volt
1F
+ IE 1k –106
5V VP
– I Ceq
– IE
VP I=0
+ R2
10k
I 
C eq  1F 1  10 6  1F 
RL Io
ACE

08. Ans: (d) Iin

I0  Iin  0
 R  2
Sol: V0  1  f Vi
 R1  2I0  2Iin  Iin = 0
 2k  2I0 = –3Iin
V0  1  2
 3k  I0  3
 = –1.5
Iin 2
10
V0  volt
3 2k
3k 11. Ans: (a)
 I2 Sol: 0.5k
Vo I1 2k
+ Io I1 
Va Vb
1k 3k V
2V b
+ Vo
1mA I2
1k
V0 10
I1   mA &
1k 3
Apply KCL at Va:
10
2 Va  Vb Va  Vb
V0  2 3 2 1m  
I2    mA
2k 2k 3 2k 3K
 I 0  I1  I 2  4mA 3V  3Vb  2Va  2Vb
1m  a
6k
6 = 5Va – 5Vb
09. Ans: (c)
6
 R2 Va – Vb =
Sol: V0  Vin 5
R1
Va  Vb  1.2Volt
Va  Vb 1.2
10. Ans: (c) I1    0.6mA
2k 2k
Sol:
1k 1.2
I2   0.4mA
 3k
+ Io
Iin V0 Vb = 0.4m  1k = 0.4 Volt
– + 0.5k
Vb  V0
IL 2k I1 
0.5k
0.4  V0
0.6m 
V0 = –Iin 1K 0.5k
Ii  1K Iin 0.3 = 0.4 – V0
IL  
2K 2  V0 = 0.1 Volt
I0 + Iin+ IL = 0

s
ACE
12. Ans: (c) V0

3
V0  A  Vi  Vi   79.5mV
I  10  10 A
Sol: VC  .t =  0.5  10 3
C 10 6
VC = –5Volt 16. Ans: (d)
Sol:
C
13. Ans: (d) R2
R1 L
Sol: Given open loop gain = 10 
 Rf  + Vo
1   Vin 
V0  R 1  – +

Vi  R  1
1  1  f  
 R1  A0L
1 R2
V0 1  3 z2 = R2|| =
 sC sCR 2  1
Vi 1  4
10 z1 = R1 + sL
4 R2
V0  Vi 
4 V0 sCR 2  1
1 
10 Vi R1  sL
2 4
V0   5.715Volt V0 R2
1
4 
10 Vi (sCR 2  1)(R1  sL)
14. Ans: (c) It represent low pass filter with
 Rf R2
D.C gain =
V0 R1 R1
Sol: 
Vi
1
1  R f / R 1  17. Ans: (b)
A OL Sol:
V0 9
 
Vi 10
1 Ii Vi
10 Vi +
I1 20k
V0  9
 Vx
Vi 2 Ii 10k
I2 5k
.V0 = –4.5Volt
Ri
15. Ans: (c)

Sol: SR = 2fmax V0max Apply KCL at Vx :
Vx
SR 106  Ii  I1
V0 max    7.95Volt 5k
2f max 2  20 10
3
ACE

Vx Vi  Vx Vi  Vx R 2  R1  R 2 
  Ix =  
5k 10k 20k R 2  R s  R1R 2 
Vx 3Vi  3Vx
 1  Rs  R2 
5 20 R0   R 1
I x  R1  R 2 
3
Vx = Vi
7
19. Ans: (b)
Vi  Vx
Ii = Sol: At Low frequency capacitor is open
10k
3
Vi  Vi R2
Ii = 7 R1
10k –
+
Vi – +
 17.5 k
Ii
18. Ans: (d)

Sol:
R2
Vp

V0    Vin
R1 R1
Ix
Vp
+ Vp V0 R
 2
I1 Vin R1
R2
+ 1V
RS –
R2
R1
1 frequency
R0 = HF
Ix LF
Low pass filter
Rs
Vp =
R2  Rs
At high frequency capacitor is short
1  Vp 1  Vp
Ix = 
R2 R1 0V
0V 0A
 1 1  Vin –
Ix = (1–Vp)   
 R 2 R1  0V V0=0V
+
 R s  R1  R 2 
Ix = 1   
 R 2  R s  R1R 2 

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ACE
1 20. Ans: (c)

sc Sol: R2
R1 R2
– R1
V0 V2 –
Vin +– + V0
Rid +
V1 R1 R2
1
R2  To find input resistance Rid (differential input
sc  R 2  Z ……(1)
1 1  scR 2 2 resistance) look from input port.
R2 
sc Connect a voltage source VT &indicate current
Z2 IT from positive terminal of VT as shown.
V0    Vin ……(2)
Z1
R2
R2 R1
V0    Vin ……(3)
1  sCR 2 IT –
R1 + V0
VT –
+
V0 R 1 R1
 2 …..(4) R2
Vin R1 1  sCR 2
R2
Op amp in negative feedback virtual short valid.
V0 1 1 R1
   …..(5) Writing KVL VT = IT R1 + ITR1
Vin 1  C R2
2 2 2
2 11
in loop = 2ITR1
CR2 = 1 VT
1  2R 1
 IT
CR 2 Rid = 2R1
V0 1
 21. Ans: (d)
Vin 1  s
3dB Sol: To find common input resistance (Rcm) connect a
know voltage source VT as shown.
1
3dB  R2
R 2C
R1
–
IT V0
+ +
VT – R1 Virtual short
R2
ACE

Due to virtual short Two R1 resistors are looking TON = 120, T = 360
as in parallel TON 120 1
Duty cycle  
R2 T 360 3
R1 IT/2
– 23. Ans: (c)
0
IT R1 IT/2 V0 Sol:
+ V– +10
+ –
VT 0
– +
IT IT/2
R2 + 7k
VI –10
–
V+
I I
Writing KVL; VT  T  R 1  T  R 2 3k
2 2
IT
 R1  R 2 
2 Case (i) V0 = +10
VT R 1  R 2 V– = VI

IT 2 3 +10
V  10 
10
22. Ans: (c) =3
V+ > V–
– 3
Sol: +Vsat 3
Vin + VI < 3
=8 sin t – V0 –10
Upper trip point
–Vsat
4V Case (ii) V0= –10
V– = VI
Vin > 4  V0 = +Vsat 3
V  10 
Vin < 4 V0 = –Vsat 10
Vin = 4  4 = 8 sint = –3
sin t =1/2 V– > V+
Vin
t = 30 VI > –3
8 Lower Trip point
4
Hysterias is width = UTP – LTP
= 3 – (–3)
= 6V
V0
+Vsat
30 150 180
360
–Vsat
TON

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ACE
24. Ans: (d) 25. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol: V1 = 10 sin(260t) – 0.1 sin(21000t)
2k V2 = 10 sin(260t) + 0.1 sin(21000t)
Vin – +4
10k
1k + –4 2k R2
R1=1k
V1 –
R1 V0
1k V2 +
1k
1V R2=10k
Vin  1 Vin
V  
1 2 3
Case(i) V0 = +4 Given circuit is a difference amplifier
Vin R2
V  V0  V2  V1 
3 R1
4  1 1 2 6 = 10(V2 – V1)
V    2
1 2 1 2 3 = 10 [20.1sin(2 1000t]
(super position) V0 = 2 sin(21000t)
V+ > V–
Vin Solutions for Conventional Practice Questions
2
3
Vin < 6 01.
Sol:
Case (ii) V0= –4
+5V +15V
V
V  in
Vin
+ 100
3
– Vop VB
 4 1 1 2  2 IB
V   
1 2 1 2 3 VE
+4
V–> V+ 10
Vin  2 Io
 = IE
–15V
3 3 –2 6
Vin > –2 –4
Virtual short is valid only when the base to
Hysteresis width = UTP – LTP emitter function is forward biased. It is true only
= 6 – (–2) = 8V when Vop is positive. Let us check.
ACE

Vin V0 1M
+ Gain   1  100
(0 to 5V) Vd Vin R1
– Vop is positive and B-E
function is FB  R1 = 10.1k
IB
–15V 1M
10.1k
–
 By virtual short VE = Vin 0V 100nA V0
I=0 IB +
VCE = VC – VE
= 15 – Vin
Vin range = 0 to 5 V
VCE large = 10V to 15V
IM + IK = 100nA
As VCE is positive. It means the collector to base
IM + 0 = 100nA = IB
function is RB and the transistor is in
V0 = IB (1M) = 100n(1M) = 0.1V
Active region.
Vin   15 2  15
Io  I E   (b)  op-amp CKT the curve doesn’t go
10 Vin  2 V 10
through ‘0’ in transfer characteristics
= 1.7 A
IE 1.7 1M
IB  
  1 100
10.1k
 VB = Vin + 0.7 = 2 + 0.7 = 2.7 V –
100nA
Vop  VB 1.7 +
IB  
100 100
+
Vop  2.7 1.7
   Vop  4.4V Vos=1mV
100 100 –
02.
Sol: (a) R2=1M
V0
R1
–
+ V
0 Vid
+ 0 (Vos=1mV)
Vi
n –
transfer characteristics

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ACE
03.
V0  V0 Bias current  V0 Offset Voltage
Sol: 1M
 R 
 1MI B   1  2 Vos 10k
 R1  +
– Vo
= 1M (100nA) +100(1mV)
10k
= 0.2V 1M
(c)
R2
R1
– Calculation of Vo due to Vos and Ios
error
+ 1M
10k
+
Rcomp = R1//R2
– Vo
+ +
error
Vin Vos
– –
10K 1M
 Rcomp = R1//R2, then V0= (IB1 – IB2) R2 = Ios R2
V0 = (IB1 –IB2) R2 = Ios
1
R2 = 1/10 (IBR2)  100nA1M 
10
 1M 
= 0.01V Vo  1   Vos  Ios 1M
error  10k 
(d)
R2  106 
 1  4  4m  50nA1M  = 0.454V
R1  10 
–
V0
+ 04.
Sol: (i) If the circuit has to oscillate and generate a
sine wave, it should simulate a 2nd order
R2//R1
differential equation(two pole system). This is
+
possible by a minimum of two RC networks or
Vos
– one LC Network if op-amp open loop gain is
real. In the problem given, op-amp is a single
pole system. So with a single capacitor
V0  V0 Offset Voltage  V0 Bias current = 0.1 + 0.01 externally connected, it should sustain a sine
= 0.11
ACE

wave when the loop gain is equal to one R1  sR1  R2  s2C0R0 R1  R2 
1  sC R
0 0    1
[Barkhausen’s criterion] R1  R 2  R1 1 R1 1 
If a circuit has to oscillate, loop gain = 1 Put s = j and equate real and imaginary parts
Vf Vx V0 on both sides Equate imaginary parts
  1
V0 Vf Vx
 R  R2 
V0 R 1
s C 0 R 0  1 0
Vf   R 11 
R1  R 2
 R1  R 2 
Vf R1    C0R 0
  R 11 
V0 R 1  R 2
 R2 
 1  1  
V0    R 1 
 sC 0  V0 1 
C0 R 0
Vx  
1 1  sC 0 R 0
R0 
sC 0
Equate real parts
V0  R1   2C0 R 0 (R1  R 2 ) 
 1  sC 0 R 0   1 
Vx  1
 R1  R 2   R11 
V0  R2 
Vf  Vx  Vd  , 1  
A  R 1 
Vf Vx V0 1 R C0 R 0 R
  2   2   2
Vf Vf Vf  A  R  R1  R  R1
C 0 R 0 1  2  C0 R 0 1  2 
 R1   R1 
 R2 
1  
Vx  R1  2 C 02 R 02  1 
R2
1
1  R1
Vf A
 R2  R2
1   R1
Vx R1
 1   0 
C0 R 0
Vf A
 R2   R2   9K 
1  s 1   1  
Vx  R1  (ii) 1   R1 
  1K 
 10K rad / sec
 1 C0 R 0 0.1F(10K )
Vf 1
Vf Vx V0 R2 9K
  1 R1
V0 Vf Vx 0   1K = 3K rad/sec
C 0 R 0 0.1F.10K
 R1   sR 1  R 2 
  1  1  sC 0 R 0  = 1
 R1  R 2  R 1 1 

s
ACE
05.  R 
Sol: 1  1  3 
Iin   R 4   1/ R
R1 1
R2
+ I For output current to be independent of output
Vin R2 + voltage, the circuit should be a current
– + V ZL
– source(with grounded load) with R0 =  (ideal)
–
 Ix = 0
 R3 1
R3 0  
R 4R 2 R1
R4  R 2 R 4  R1R 3
06.
While calculating the output resistance short Sol: Given Rid = 1k
circuit the input voltage and apply 1V source at ro = 1k
output. AoL = 10
R1 1V 1V Ix
V1
+ ro
+ Vd Rid
+
R2 1V – AoLVd
+ – V2
–
Vx
–
1V 1k Vo
R3 Vo
1V
R0  + + +
RL = 1k
R4 Ix 2V Vd 1k 10Vd
– –
– =10(2 – V2)
Vx R y V2 3k
1
R3  R4
1k
R
Vx  1  3 ------(1)
R4
1  Vx
Ix   1 / R 1 -----(2) KCL
R2
V2  2 V2 V2  Vo
  0
Substitute eq(1) in eq(2) 1k 1k 3k
ACE

1 1 1    1 2  1 
 V2      Vo     R 2 . SC 
1k 1k 3k   3k  1k  2

R  1   R2 
 3  3  1   1 6
 V2   Vo    Vo S  SC 2  1  SC 2 R 2 
2

 3k   3k  3k    
Vin S R1 
1  1  SC1R 1 
 V2 [7] + Vo[–1] = 6 ----(1)  
SC1  SC1 
KCL
Vo S  SC1R 2

Vo  20  10V2  Vo  V2 Vo Vin S 1  SC 2 R 2 1  SC1R 1 
  0
1k 3k 1k  R2 SC1R 1

R 1 1  SC 2 R 2 1  SC l R 1 
1 1 1 10 1  20  R2 jC1R1
Vo      V2     
1k 3k 1k  1k 3k  1k R 1 1  jC 2 R 2 1  jC1R1 
3 1 3  30  1 60  
Vo    V2     j 
 3k   3k  3k Vo  R 2
  L 
7Vo + 29V2 = 60 ----(2) Vin R1     
1  j 1  j 
– Vo + 7V2 = 6 ----(1)
 L  H 
[multiply by 7]
Given H >> L
– 7Vo + 49V2 = 42
At
78V2 = 102 
102 R 2  L  R2
V2   1.307  j 
78 V R1  L  R
  L  o   1
60  29V2 Vin      2
 Vo   3.15V 1  j L 1  j L 
7  L  H 
At
07. R 2  H  R2
 j 
Sol: The given filler is a bandpass filter with lower V R 1  L  R
cutoff frequency (fL) = 20 Hz and upper cutoff   H  o   1
Vin      2
frequency (fH) = 20 kHz with a gain = 20 dB = 1  j H 1  j H 
 L  H 
10
R2
R1
1 R2
R1  1
SC 1 R 2 || R1
– SC 2
2
+ + Vo
Vin
Gain 1 1 
L  H 
– R 1C1 R 2C2

s
ACE
08. IC = IR
Sol: Op-amp gain is 60 dB = 1000 at CdVc 0  Vo

f = 10 kHz dt R
 unity gain freq (ft) = Gain .BW CdVin  Vo dV
  Vo  RC in
= 1000. 10k dt R dt
= 107 Hz R  100k  8
RC  10 .10  1m sec
5
C  10nF 
(a) DC gain = 120 dB = 106
d
 ft = DC gain f3db Vo  1m 1  sin 200t 
dt
 107 = 106, f3db  f3db = 10 Hz
= –1m 200 cos200t
(b) unity gain freq (ft) = 107 Hz Vo = – 0.628 cos 200t (V)
(c) ft = Gain .(1KHz)
 107 = gain .103  Gain = 104 T=10ms
 Gain = 80 dB 0.628
09. Vo
Sol:
2V
0 t
Vm
Vx 1V 0.628
Vin
10.
0
T=10mt Sol: Check Question no: 10
Circuit wrong
Vin = Vmsint + VDC RG
= VmSin2ft + VDC R1 R1
–
2 R1 V2
–
 Vm sin t  VDC + Vx
R2
V1
T +
V2
+ Vo
– +
2 V1
 1sin t 1 –
10m
= 1 + sin200t KCL
R
0  V2 V2  Vx V2  V1
C IR
 
R1 R2 RG
+
ov
+ – Vo Vx V2  V1 1 1 
–
Vin IC
   V2   
R2 RG  R1 R 2 
ACE

Operation of miller integrator

Vx 1 1 1   1  Vo
 V2      V1   ---(1) I 0
R2  R1 R 2 R G  RG  R3 + –
VC
+
KCL ov  Vsat
I – Vo m
Vx  V1 V1  V2 V1  Vo Vsat CR 3
 
R2 RG R1
Vx  1 1 1   1    1
 V1      V2    Vo   ---
R2  R G R1 R 2  RG   R1  Vsat  0 Vsat
I 
(2) R3 R3
(1) = (2) 1 I V 
 1 1 1   1 
VC 
C  Idt   t   sat  t
 C   CR 3 
V2      V1  
R1 R 2 R G  R G  Vo = – VC
V 
1 Vo   sat  t  y  mx
1 1   1    1
 V1      V2    Vo   ---(2)  CR 3 
 R1 R 2 R G  RG   R1 
Operation of Schmitt trigger
Vo 1 1 2  Case 1.
 V1  V2    
R1  R1 R 2 R G  V 
Let Vo1   Vsat  Vo   sat
 t
 R 2R   CR 
Vo  1  1  1 V1  V2 
3
 R2 RG  Vo1  Vx Vx  Vo
KCL   If Vx  0
Differential gain R1 R2
A d  
Vo Vo R 2R 1  R 2 Vo1
 1 1   Vo 
Vd V1  V2 R2 RG R1
If Vx < 0 then Vd < 0
11.  R 2 Vo1
Sol:
C
 If Vo  or  If Vo   R 2 Vsat then
– Vo1 R3 R1 R1
Vd –
+
R1 + Vo Vd < 0 so Vo1 switches from +Vsat to – Vsat
Vx
Case 2:
R2
V 
Vo
Let Vo1  Vsat  Vo   sat
 t
 CR 3 
Schmitt trigger Miller integrator
Vo1  Vx Vx  Vo
KCL 
R1 R2
A triangular wave generator is designed using a
Schmitt trigger and miller integrator
s
ACE
 R 2 Vo1 Vin is a step input

 If Vx  0  Vo 
R2 V
Vin
If Vx > 0 then Vo1 switch from – Vsat to +Vsat
 R 2 Vo1 0 t
 Vo  or Vo  R 2 Vsat for Vo1 VC V
R2 R1
0 t
To switch from – Vsat to + Vsat Vo V
0
+Vsat Vo1
Vin is a pulse input
R 2 Vsat (RC<<T)
R1 V
Vin T = Pulse
T width
0
t 0 t
 R 2 Vsat Vo
R1 VC V
–Vsat 0
Vo V
0
Calculation of Time period and frequency of –V
triangular wave
Vin is a pulse input
(RC>>T)
V
Vin T = Pulse
T width
T
Vo 4 0 t
VC VA
0 0 t
Vo V V–VA
 R 2 Vsat
R1
T
  Vsat  0 t
m    t
 CR 3  –VA
Y = mx
Vin is a square wave input (RC >> T)
 R 2 Vsat   Vsat   T 
   V
R1  CR 3   4 
4R 2 R 3 C R1 2V
T f  t
R1 4R 2 R 3 C 0
T/2
–V
12. T
Sol: C
+ – + V V V
+
VC V V V
Vin R Vo = Vin – VC
– Vo 2v
– 0 t
 V  V 
 V  V
ACE

2V 2V
V || y 
T
T
1 e 2 RC 11
V 2RC
V 2V

 T 
2 1  
V  V  4 RC
% tilt   100 %
2V  T 
 V 1  
t  4 RC 
V  Ve RC
tT
2 V   V 
T % tilt   100%
 V  Ve 2 RC
---(1) 2V
RC >> T  T   T 
V 1    V 1  
V   V  2V 
 4RC   4RC 
 100%
2V
 V  V  2V ---(2)
T
Sub (1) in (2)   100%
4RC
T
V  Ve 2 RC
 2V
2V 13.
V  T
----(4)
Sol: Given Vcm = 3V
1 e 2 RC
Vd = 10sint (mV)
V T
From (1) V   T
 Ve 2 RC
----(3) V1 = Vcm + Vd / 2 = 3 + 5 sint (mV)
e 2 RC
V2 = Vcm – Vd / 2 = 3 – 5 sint (mV)
Sub (3) in (2)
T V2
Ve 2 RC
 V  2V +
2V
V  ---(5) –
1 e
T
2 RC 10K 10K
I VB –
T T Vy V0
1 e 2 RC
 11 50K
2RC I 1K I +
T  T 
10K
 2  2 1   Vx
2RC  2RC  50K
– 10K
2V 2V
 T

1 e 2 RC  T  VA
21   +
 2 RC  V1
 T 
2V 1 
  4RC   V 1  T 
 4RC  Vx = V1 = 3 + 5 sint
2  
Vy = V2 = 3 – 5 sint

s
ACE
Vx  Vy
VA  Vx
I  3K 1K 0V I
1k 50k
10 sin t VA  3  5 sin t 
2K
Vin
 0.7V
I –
1k 50k
+ V0
 VA = 3 + 505 sint –
0V
Vy  VB Vx  Vy
I  +
Vop 4K
50k 1k
+
Vy – VB = [10 sint]50 Vin
 VB = 3 – 505 sint –
10K
V0  VA  VB 
10K KCL at the inverting terminal of second op-amp:
= 1010 sint (mV) Vin  0 0  V0

= 1.01 sint (V) 1K 2K
 V0 = –2 Vin
14.
Vin Pos  V0 = 2 Vin
Sol: Case 1:
Vin Neg  V0 = –2 Vin
If Vin positive then output of first op-amp is
positive. Therefore D1 is RB and D2 is FB
2V
Vin
3K Vin 1K 2K
I – 0 t
I –2V
– 0.7V + V0
+ – 4V
+ 4K V0
+ 0
Vin t
–
0  Vin Vin  V0
I  15.
3K 1K  2K
Sol: Case 1: Vin > –5V  Output of op-amp is
 V0 = 2 Vin
negative
Case 2: If Vin is negative then output of first op-
Therefore D1 FB, D2 RB
amp is negative. Therefore D1 is FB, D2 is RB
ACE

I
2R V0 Vi
n
0.7V Vin 5V
R –
0 t
–5V V0 5V
+ +
Vin
–
06. Feedback Amplifiers & Oscillators

–5V
By virtual short
V+ = V– = –5V 01. Ans: (b)
 V0 = –5 – I(2R) 1
 V0 = –5 [As I = 0 in open Sol: Given  =
6
circuit] R2
Case 2: Vin < –5V  Output of op-amp is A = 1
R1
positive
A = 1 for sustained oscillations
Therefore D1 RB, D2 FB
 R2  1
I 1  .  1
 R1  6
2R
R2
R =5
– R1
I –5V
+ + 0.7V V0 R2 = 5 R1
Vin
–
02. Ans: (c)
–5V Sol: +9V
KCL R1=3k
VCC
Vin   5  5  V0 R2 =2k
Threshold
 Output
R 2R trigger
2Vin + 10 = –5 – V0
Discharge
V0 = –(2 Vin + 15)
+ 3k
VC
–

s
ACE
2 2 1
Vth = VCC =  9  6 V 
3 z 1
3  sC  …..(2)
y R sCR
 96
Vth – VC = 2103I  I  
 3 k  x

1
……(3)
z 1  sCR
Vth – VC = 2 V
For sustained oscillations
VC = Vth – 2 = 4 V
y z x
1 Loop Gain =1    1
Vtrigger = VCC = 3 V x y z
3
VC = 3 V to 4 V sCR  1   1  1
  1
sCR  sCR  1  sCR
03. Ans: (b) S2C2R2 = –1
1 j2 2C2R2 = –1
Sol: 0 =
LC 2C2R2 = 1
VF 0.5 k 1
 
V0 R x  0.5 RC
9k
A = 1  10 Solutions for Conventional Practice Questions
1k
A = 1 for sustained oscillations
01.
0.5 k
 10  1 Sol:
R x  0.5 k
Rx
 Rx = 4.5 k
R
04. Ans: (a) –
Sol: C
C +
R V0
– R Vf
–
+ y C
+ R
x z
R
C R
+ +
x C
– z
–
1 V0 R
y 1 sCR  1 Gain of Amplifier (A) =  1 x
 1  sC  1   …….(1) Vf R
x R sCR sCR
ACE

Vf Equate real terms:

Feedback factor () =
V0 Rx
1 3  Rx = 2R
R
1/SC Vx R Equate imaginary terms:
+ 1 1
0  RC  
RC RC
+
V0 This is the frequency of oscillations
R 1/SC Vf
1
– f
2RC
–
02.
Sol: Given
KCL
C
Vx  V0 Vx VX  Vf C
   0 ………(1) C
 1  R R
  R1 RF
 SC  R1
RF
– RF
KCL – R1
+ Vy –
Vx  Vf Vf + Vz
 ………(2) Vx +
R  1 
  Vx
 SC 
From (1) and (2), eliminate Vx
3- Oscillators
V SCR
 f  2 2 2
V0 S C R  3SCR  1
Vy  R F // 1 / SC   R F / R 1
1   
 Vx R1 1  SCR F
1
3  SCR  Loop gain = 1
SCR
Put S = j
Vy Vz Vx
1
1 Vx Vy Vz
 
 1   Vy 
3
3  j RC  
 RC  V  1
 x
To sustain sinusoidal oscillations the loop gain 3
 RF 
A = 1  A = 1/  1  SCR F 
3
 
Rx  R1 
 1  3  jRC  1 / RC 
R Equate real and imaginary
RF = 2R1
  3 / CR F

s
ACE
3  Barkhausen-criterion is to be implemented
f i.e the loop gain of the system should be
2CR F
equal to 1 (or) A  1 , so that the
03. oscillations are sustained.
Sol: (a) An electronic circuit which generates an Classification of oscillators:
AC output signal or an electronic circuit 1. Based on active device used
which provides AC output signal without (a) BJT based oscillators
any AC input signal is called an oscillator. (b) FET/MOSFET based oscillators
(c) Operational Amplifier based oscillators
DC
2. Based on the mechanism implemented
(a) Positive feedback based
(b) Negative feedback based
A AC output
3. Based on frequency range
(a) Audio Frequency oscillators
Oscillator (b) Radio frequency oscillators
(c) Ultra high frequency oscillators
 An electronic circuit which converts DC (d) Micro wave oscillators
signals into AC is called as an oscillator. 4. Based on feedback network used
 An amplifier with sufficient gain or suitable (a) RC oscillators
gain is required (b) LC oscillators
 For an oscillator, as there is no external AC
input signal, positive feedback is required (b) To overcome loading. Effect, we will push the
i.e feed back signal must be in phase with resistor in the below manner.
the input terminals of the amplifier (or) The x
phase difference between feedback signal +
Vin +
and the input terminals of amplifier should – 40Vin
y –
be either zero or 360o so that oscillations are Vin V0
initiated.
x R3
+ 200
+ A
V0 1k C L 1k
– –
y
–
Vf  
+ V0
A  40
Vin
ACE

Vin 04.

V0 Sol: Given
R3+200 Rs
+ r0
+ +
+ Vd Rd V0
Vs
V0 1k L C 1k Vin – –
– + RL
A0L Vd
– –
KCL
RF
Vin  V0 V
 in  Vin SC  1 / SL  0
R 3  200 0.5k R1
Put S = j
 1 1  1  V0 Here, we have to consider loading effect
Vin    j c   
 R 3  200 0.5k  L   R 3  200
Rs
Barkhavsens criterion for oscillation r0
A = 1 0 (or) 1360 +
Vd Rd + RL
 1 / R 3  200   A0L Vd
40  1
– –
1 / R 3  200   1 / 0.5k  j C  1 / L 
+
Vs
Equating imaginary parts
– h11=R1//RF
1 Loading
C  0 effect
L +
1/h22
h12 V2 RF+R1
1 1
 ,f – h21 I1
LC 2 LC
Equating real parts  Neglected in problem
40 1 1 1
  h 11 & will load the basic Amp [op-amp]
R 3  200 R 3  200 0.5k h 22 
39 1 V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2

R 3  200 0.5k I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
39  0.5k = R3 + 200 I1 I2
R3 = 19.3k + +
RF
V1 R1 V2
– –

s
ACE
V1  V  R1
h11   R1 || R F 1  0 
I1 V
2 0  Vs  R F  R 1
V1 R1  R1 
h12      h 21    R  R 
V2 I1  0
R F  R1  f 1
1 A
 R F  R1 Gain (Af) =
h 22 1  A
Calculation of A:  R in Basic AMP = Rs + Rid + R1 // RF
 R in f = (Rs + Rid + R1 // RF) [1 + A]

Rs + + r0
overall
+ Vd Rid
R1//RF– A0L Vd R1+RF RL
Vs – + Rs
– Vs Amp R in f
+ –
h12V2
–
Rinf
R1 Excluding source resistance
h12 
R F  R1
Where, R in f = [Rs + Rid + R1//RF][1+A]–Rs
Rs r0
R in f = [Rs + Rid + R1//RF][1+A]–Rs
+
+ + +
Vs Vd Rid A0L Vd R1+RF RL V0  R 0 Basic AMP = r0//(R1+RF)//RL
– – –
– r0 // R 1  R F  // R L
 R of overall 
R1//RF 1  A
V0 05.
A Sol:
Vs
A 0 L Vd R1  R F  // R L 
V0 
r0  R 1  R F  // R L  Amp RL
A R  R F  // R L  Vs R id
 0L 1
r0  R 1  R F  // R L  R s  R id  R 1 // R F Rof
Rof (Excluding RL) (overall)
V0
A
Vs
1 1 1
A 0 L R 1  R F  // R L R id   
 R of ( excluding R L ) R L R of ( overall)
r0  R1  R F  // R L R s  R id  R1 // R F 
Desensitivity factor = 1 + A
ACE

12V Vth  VBE

IE 
R
R E  th
 1
2k 9k 2k 123k 
9k  0.7
 9k  3k
9k // 3k
V0 1k 
101
= 2.29mA
+
 V    100
–
s 3k 1k 3k 1k I C    I E  2.29mA 
  1 101
= 2.26mA
100
9k r   / g m   1.1k
2.26m
25m
DC circuit Analysis: [capacitor replaced by
VA 
O.C] r0   
I C DC ICC
+12V
Small Signal model Equivalent :
9k 2k
r=1.1k Ib=100Ib r0=
IE
3k 1k Ib
1.1k 100Ib
AC circuit analysis: [capacitor replaced by S.C]
B C B C
+
Vs  9k 3k 1.1k 100Ib 2k 9k 3k 1.1k 100Ib 2k
–
E E
9k
1k

s
ACE
Calculation of A
 100I b1  100I b2
+ I b1 I b2
Vs 9k 3k 1.1k 2k 9k 3k 1.1k 100Ib2 1k+9k 2k
– 100 I b1 =10
h11=1k//9k=0.9k
1.05k
V0 = –100 I b 2 [10k//2k] 1 1 1
   
R 0 2k 4.124
 100I b11.05k 
Ib 2 
1.05k  1.11k R0 = 4.133
Vs
I b1  06.
1.11k  0.9k
Sol:
V V Ib Ib +12V
 A  0  0 2 1 = 4030.77
Vs I b 2 I b1 Vs
3k
R1 1 10k
  V0
R F  R 1 10
 Desensitivity factor = 1 + A
= 1+ 4030.77 (1/10)
1k
= 404.077 +
A Vs
 Gain with feedback A F  –
1  A
4030.77
 = 9.97
404.077
 Here, given circuit is shunt-shunt. So, it is
 R in f  R in 1  A
Transresistance amplifier.
= 9k//3k//[1.1k + 0.9k] [404.077] DC Analysis: [capacitor replaced by O.C]
= 427.8k
10k // 2k 10k // 2k +12V
 R of    4.124
1  A 404.077
3k IC+IB
10k
V0
IC
2k
+
IB 0.7 –
4.124
R0
ACE

KVL I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2

12 = (IC + IB) 3k + IB (10k) + 0.7 ______(1) V1  V2  1   1 
 I1   V1    V2  
IC I 10k  10k   10k 
IB   C _______(2)
 100 I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
Sub (2) in (1) V2  V1  1   1 
 I2   V1    V2  
12  0.7 10k  10k   10k 
IC   3.61mA
13k
3k 
100 ib
I C DC 3.61mA Is 1k 693 100Ib 3k
gm   ; V
Vt 25mV  s
1k
 100
r    693
g m  3.61  1/y11=10k 1/y22=10k
  y12V2 y21V1
 25 
Small signal equivalent
Calculation of A:
Ib
100Ib + Ib +
693 Is 1k 10k 693 100Ib 10k 3k V0
– –
V
 s
1k
Rin 909
AC circuit analysis:
V0 = – 100 Ib [10k//3k]
I s 909
3k Ib 
Is 693  909
1k
V0
A
Is
10k
V0 I b
  130.6 103
I b Is
1
  y12 
10k
10k Desensitivity factor = 1 + A
I1 I2
+ + = 1 + (–130.6k) (–1/10k)
V1 V2 = 14.06
– – A
[y] Gain (V0/Is) = Af 
1  A
 130.6  10 3

14.06
s
ACE
 9.288 103 07.

Sol: RF
V0 V0 Is

Vs Is Vs
R1
= –9.288103 (1/1k) –
= –9.288
+
909 // 693k
 R in f  = 27.95
1  A Vf V0
R C
1k Amp
R C
27.95 Rinf
 V0  R
1 1 1 Gain of Amplifier    A  1  F
   Vf  R1
27.95 R in f ( without 1k ) 1k
Vf
R in f ( without 1k )  28.75 Feedback factor () =
V0
10k // 3k
 R of  (including load)
1  A
+
= 163 + Z1
V0 Vf
– Z2 –
Amp RL=3k
Vf Z2 1
 where Z1  R 
V0 Z1  Z 2 SC
R0 163
1
Z 2  R ||
SC
1 1 1 R
  =
R of (Excluding load) 3k 163 1  SCR
Rof(Excluding load) = 172.36 By substitution
Vf SCR
  2 2 2
V0 S C R  3SCR  1
1
=
1
3  SCR 
SCR
ACE

1 Conduction angle
=
 1   The conduction angle of a transistor used in
3  j RC  
 RC  class A Power Amplifier is 360o i.e., the
1 transistor is biased to conduct current for
To sustain oscillations A  1  A  full cycle into the load over the entire full

cycle of input signal.
RF  1 
 1  3  j RC   Operating point [Q-point] analysis:
R1  RC 
IC
Equate real parts: ICmax
RF
1  3  RF = 2R1 ICmax
R1 ICQ Q(VCEQ,ICQ)
Equate Imaginary terms: VCE
ICmin VCE(max)
1
0  RC   2 R 2 C 2  1
RC
1
 Vcemin VCEQ Vce(max)
RC
1
f  In a class A Power Amplifier, the operating
2RC
point is established at the middle of DC load
This is the frequency of oscillations.
line or at the centre of active region, so that
amplifier can provide full cycle of output
7. Power Amplifiers
signal with negligible amount of distortion.

Over all conversion efficiency:
Pac max
01.  ------- (1)
Pdc
Sol: 2
(i) Series - fed Class - A power amplifier: Step1: Pdc = Vdc . Idc ------ (2)
Where, Vdc = VCC & Idc = ICQ-----(3)
+VCC
 Pdc = VCC ICQ ------- (4)
Step2: Pac = Vrms. Irms
Where,
R1 RL
Vm Im
V0
Vrms  I rms 
CB CC 2 2
Vm I m
Rs R2  Pac =
RE CE 2

Vs

s
ACE
ICQ  
 VCC  Pac max VCC I CQ
 Step 3: %    100
 Pac(max) =  2  V  Pdc 2VCC .I CQ
Vm  CC & Im  ICQ 
2  2 
%  = 50 % [max]
VCC .I CQ
 (iii) Class - B push pull power amplifier
4
[double - ended]:
Step3:
IL=Ic1-Ic2
Pac(max) VCC I CQ
%   100  100  25%
Pdc 4  VCC I CQ Ic1
Q1
 %  = 25 % [maximum] RL
+
vi  R2 VCC
(ii) Transformer coupled class-A Power Q2
Amplifier. Ic2
+Vcc
Note: Conduction angle and operating point
analysis for Class – B push pull power amplifier
R1 is same as that of Class - B power amplifier.
RL
CB Overall conversion efficiency:
Rs Pac (max)
R2
RE %   100
CE Pac
Vs 
Step1: Pdc = Vdc . Idc
2I m
Where, Vdc = Vcc & I dc 
Conduction angle and operating point analysis is 
same as series - fed class A Power Amplifier. Step2: Pac = Vrms. Irms
Vm Im
Where, Vrms  & I rms 
Efficiency (): 2 2
Step 1: Pdc = Vdc . Idc
Vm I m
Where, Vdc = Vcc & Idc = IcQ  Pac 
2
 Pdc = VccIcQ
Vcc .I m
Step 2: Pac = Vrms Irms Pac (max) 
2
Vm Im
Where, Vrms  & I rms  Vcc .I m
2 2  %   100    100
Vcc .2I m 4
Vm I m 2.
 Pac  
2
VCC I CQ %  = 78.5 % (max)
 Pac max  [ Vm  VCC & I m  I CQ ]
2
ACE

Operation: Sub in (1)

2
V  V  V
2
Amplitude PD  VCC  CC    CC  R C  CC
Vi  2R C   2R C  4R C
 t  PD 
24
2
= 18 W
0 2
48
V0
Q1-ON
Q2-OFF
Q1-OFF t 03.
Q2-ON
Sol:
+VCC
Case (i): 0 to  [+ve half cycle of input] +

Q1-ON & Q2- OFF
VCE
–
Case (ii):  to 2 [-ve half cycle of input] +

+ IC RL V0
Q1 – OFF, & Q2 – ON
Vin –
–
02. –VCC
Sol:
+ 24V=VCC
8 IC
 
Average power input Pin avg   2VCC I C totalavg 
RB
+
VCE Icmax
+ –
 Vin
–
Ic
0
Power dissipation (PD) = VCE IC
= (VCC – ICRC) IC
I C max
= VCC IC – IC2RC ……..(1) I C totalavg  

To find IC at PDmax :
I C max
dPD  Pin  2VCC
Condition 0 
dI C
V 
Pin avg   2VCC  0 

d
dI C
2
VCC I C  I C R C  0  RL 
For max power efficiency
 VCC – 2ICRC = 0
VCC
 IC 
2R C
s
ACE
 VCC  04.
R  Sol: +VCC
Pin avg   2VCC  L 
  
 
2
2 VCC
= +
RL
+ RL V0
Power output is the average of ac power Vin –
dissipated in load RL –
1 2 –VCC
I L R L dt 
T
Pout avg  
T
1 I 
=  I LM sin t 2 R L dt  Pin  2VCC  C 
T0 
I 2LM 1 2
R.T / 2 = P0  ICR L
T 2
1 PD = Pin – P0
= I 2LM R L
2 I  1
 2VCC  C   I C2 R L ..............(1)
V  2
For max efficiency I LM  CC
RL dPD
To Find IC at PD max Let 0
2 dI C
1 V 
 Po avg    CC  R L dPD 2VCC
2  RL    ICR L  0
2
dI C 
1 VCC
= VCC
2 RL 2I C R L 

P0
Efficiency    100% 2VCC
Pin IC 
R L
2
V sub in (1)
1 / 2 CC
RL 2
=  100% 2V  2 V  1  2 V 
2 VCC
2
PDmax  CC  CC    CC  R L
  R L  2  R L 
R L 2
4V 2V 2 2V 2
  2 CC  2 CC  2 CC
=  100%  RL  RL  RL
4
Max power dissipation per BJT
= 78.5%
 2VCC2

 2 
 RL  V2
  2 CC
2  RL
ACE

05. 06.
Sol: Sol: (a)
Vin
+V
– 1V
0
100 –1V
+ Vop +
+ RL V0
Vin – V0
–
–V 0
Vop  100V  V  (b) Given Vin = 2 sint
Vop = 100 [ Vin – V0]

2V
Vin POS:
1V
Vop – 0.7 = V0
100 Vin – 100 V0 – 0.7 = V0  t

100Vin
V0   0.0069
101 2
V0 = 0.99Vin – 0.0069

Vin Neg: 2 sin t  1  t  
6
V0 – 0.7 = Vop
4
V0 – 0.7 = 100 [Vin – V0] % of output voltage   100
2
101 V0 = 100 Vin + 0.7
V0 = 0.99Vin + 0.0069 
4 
6
V0    100% =33.33%
2
slope = 0.99
(m)
–0.0069
Vin
0.0069
m=–0.99

s

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Chapter

2V D2  D2 & D3 are reverse biased and ‘D1’ is

So, D1 is reverse biased & D2 is forward biased. Output wave form:

05. Ans: (b)

 Vx = Vin–2 ----- (1)

06. Ans: (c) 08. Ans: (a)

VC1 = Vin = 6volt

D1 reverse biased & D2 forward biased. 02.

Solutions for Conventional Practice Questions T

Negative cycle of Vx [All diodes are OFF] T

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From (3) and (4)  1m 

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 Vy = Vxe–0.5 ------(1) RC = 1K(1) = 1m Given,

Solutions for Objective Practice Questions

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VC –VE = 0.2 04. Ans: (c)

VE= –0.7V 05. Ans: (d)

Let transistor in active region IE = IC + IB

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08. Ans: (a)

Voltage-divider bias or self-bias: KVL for the input section of fig.8

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Given  = 100 03.

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 100 Vin  i b 2.5k 

01. Ans: (c)

Overall transconductance 02. Ans: (d)

1 05. Ans: (c)

04. Ans: (b) Vo

Vo = gm Vgs Rs 08. Ans: (a)

09. Ans: (d)

VGS  Vin  Vin  2 Vgs

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MOSFET ac equivalent is same both for NMOS

The circuit can be redrawn

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01. Ans: (d) Since in current mirror,

02. Ans: (a) 04. Ans: (c)

= r01 +  r01 10. Ans: (b)

Since for CC V01.gain = 1

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Vi between the input. As such, this gain is equal to

12. Ans: (b)

Solutions for Conventional Practice Questions

The given circuit can be redrawn

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04. Vgs2 + ItR = 0  Vgs2 = – ItR ------ (1)

Req = ro2 + (1 + gm2ro2)ro1

 gm3ro3ro4 The current in the diode is minimum when the

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04. Ans: (b) 20  5 15

05. Ans: (c) 07. Ans: (b)

08. Ans: (d) Iin

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12. Ans: (c) V0

15. Ans: (c)

18. Ans: (d)