Ring of Fire

Why there’s a ring of natural disasters around the Pacific https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DrwYtGf40hA

Volcanoes
On average, there are 10 -20 volcanoes erupting around the world at any given time. When you look at these on a map and add
volcanoes that are not currently erupting, you’ll start to see a pattern. Most are concentrated here, along the edges of the Pacific Ocean.
This region is known as the Ring of Fire, stretch of hundreds of volcanoes spanning 40,000 km. It’s also where most of the earthquakes and
tsunamis in the world take place.
The Ring of Fire is where some of the history’s most devastating natural disasters have happened and will continue to happen.

Volcanoes have terrorized people for centuries. In the 1800s, explorers and scientists started grouping them together.

In fact, the whole Ring of Fire is marked here. Scientists recognized the belt activity, but it would take another 100 years until they agreed
on what caused it. By the 1960s, most scientists concluded the Earth’s surface is made up of a series of tectonic plates that slowly move into and
apart from each other. Take a look at the plates that make up the Pacific. Now look at where the eruptions and earthquakes occur. The Ring of Fire
is the result of these plates cashinginto each other.

The plates in the Pacific are moving faster than other plates around the world, adding stress where the plates interact.

This plate is moving is moving northwest, crashing into the North American plate, which explains all the volcanoes here.

Over in California, the Pacific plate is grinding past the North American plate - where they meet is called the San Andreas Fault.

The movement causes thousands of Earthquakes a year. A few of them are even large enough to cause serious damage. All these plate
interactions are independent from each other. But wen grouped together, they make up the most seismically active region in the world.
 The problem with Ring of Fire is that geologists can’t accurately predict when a volcano is going to erupt or an earthquake will shake the
ground. They can monitor tremors, gas emissions and temperature changes around a volcano to estimate when it might erupt, but they can’t be
sure of the exact timing or the severity. And those predictions get even weaker with earthquakes which aren’t preceded by a warning signs, so we
can’t even see them coming.
One way scientists forecast the future of these phenomena is by looking at the past. In fact, many countries along the Ring of Fire will
continue to be at risk for the foreseeable future. They can’t get out of harm’s way, but there is something they can do about it.
We know for certain that there will be more natural disasters along this belt. What we don’t know is if we’ll be prepared for them.

Plate Tectonics and the Ring of Fire

The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean .  Deep ocean trenches
and high mountain ranges are also part of the Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire isn’t quite a circular ring. It is shaped more like a 40,000-kilometer
(25,000-mile) horseshoe. A string of 452 volcanoes stretches from the southern tip of South America, up along the coast of North America, across
the Bering Strait, down through Japan, and into New Zealand. Several active and dormant volcanoes in Antarctica, however, “close” the ring.

Plate Boundaries
 
The Ring of Fire is the result of plate tectonics. Tectonic plates are huge slabs of the Earth’s crust, which fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The
plates are not fixed but are constantly moving atop a layer of solid and molten rock called the mantle. Sometimes these plates collide, move apart,
or slide next to each other. Most tectonic activity in the Ring of Fire occurs in these geologically active zones.

Convergent Boundaries 
 
A convergent plate boundary is formed by tectonic plates crashing into each other. Convergent boundaries are often subduction zones, where the
heavier plate slips under the lighter plate, creating a deep trench. This subduction changes the dense mantle material into buoyant magma, which
rises through the crust to the Earth’s surface. Over millions of years, the rising magma creates a series of active volcanoes known as a volcanic arc.
 
If you were to drain the water out of the Pacific Ocean, you would see a series of deep ocean trenches that run parallel to corresponding volcanic
arcs along the Ring of Fire. These arcs create both islands and continental mountain ranges.
 
The Aleutian Islands in the U.S. state of Alaska, for example, run parallel to the Aleutian Trench. Both geographic features continue to form as the
Pacific Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate. The Aleutian Trench reaches a maximum depth of 7,679 meters (25,194 feet). The
Aleutian Islands have 27 of the United States’ 65 historically active volcanoes.  
 
The Andes Mountains of South America run parallel to the Peru-Chile Trench, created as the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South American
Plate. The Andes Mountains include the world’s highest active volcano, Nevados Ojos del Salado, which rises to 6,879 meters (over 22,500 feet)
along the Chile-Argentina border. Many volcanoes in Antarctica are so geologically linked to the South American part of the Ring of Fire that some
geologists refer to the region as the “Antarctandes.”

Divergent Boundaries
 
A divergent boundary is formed by tectonic plates pulling apart from each other. Divergent boundaries are the site of seafloor spreading and rift
valleys. Seafloor spreading is the process of magma welling up in the rift as the old crust pulls itself in opposite directions. Cold seawater cools the
magma, creating new crust. The upward movement and eventual cooling of this magma has created high ridges on the ocean floor over millions of
years.
 
The East Pacific Rise is a site of major seafloor spreading in the Ring of Fire. The East Pacific Rise is located on the divergent boundary of the Pacific
Plate and the Cocos Plate (west of Central America), the Nazca Plate (west of South America), and the Antarctic Plate. In addition to volcanic
activity, the rise also has a number of hydrothermal vents. 

Transform Boundaries 
 
A transform boundary is formed as tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other. Parts of these plates get stuck at the places where they
touch. Stress builds in those areas as the rest of the plates continue to move. This stress causes the rock to break or slip, suddenly lurching the
plates forward and causing earthquakes. These areas of breakage or slippage are called faults. The majority of Earth’s faults can be found along
transform boundaries in the Ring of Fire. 
 
The San Andreas Fault, stretching along the central west coast of North America, is one of the most active faults on the Ring of Fire. It lies on the
transform boundary between the North American Plate, which is moving south, and the Pacific Plate, which is moving north. Measuring about
1,287 kilometers (800 miles) long and 16 kilometers (10 miles) deep, the fault cuts through the western part of the U.S. state of California.
Movement along the fault caused the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which destroyed nearly 500 city blocks. The earthquake and accompanying
fires killed roughly 3,000 people and left half of the city’s residents homeless.  

Hot Spots
 
The Ring of Fire is also home to hot spots, areas deep within the Earth’s mantle from which heat rises. This heat facilitates the melting of rock in
the brittle, upper portion of the mantle. The melted rock, known as magma, often pushes through cracks in the crust to form volcanoes. 
 
Hot spots are not generally associated with the interaction or movement of Earth’s tectonic plates. For this reason, many geologists do not consider
hot spot volcanoes part of the Ring of Fire.
 
Mount Erebus, the most southern active volcano on Earth, sits over the eruptive zone of the Erebus hot spot in Antarctica. This glacier-covered
volcano has a lava lake at its summit and has been consistently erupting since it was first discovered in 1841.  

Active Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire

 
Most of the active volcanoes on The Ring of Fire are found on its western edge, from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, through the islands of
Japan and Southeast Asia, to New Zealand.  
 
Mount Ruapehu in New Zealand is one of the more active volcanoes in the Ring of Fire, with yearly minor eruptions, and major eruptions occurring
about every 50 years. It stands 2,797 meters (9,177 feet) high. Mount Ruapehu is part of the Taupo Volcanic Arc, where the dense Pacific Plate is
subducting beneath the Australian Plate.
 
Krakatau, perhaps better known as Krakatoa, is an island volcano in Indonesia. Krakatoa erupts less often than Mount Ruapehu, but much
more spectacularly. Beneath Krakatoa, the denser Australian Plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate. An infamous eruption in 1883
destroyed the entire island, sending volcanic gas, volcanic ash, and rocks as high as 80 kilometers (50 miles) in the air. A new island volcano, Anak
Krakatau, has been forming with minor eruptions ever since.
 
Mount Fuji, Japan’s tallest and most famous mountain, is an active volcano in the Ring of Fire. Mount Fuji last erupted in 1707, but recent
earthquake activity in eastern Japan may have put the volcano in a “critical state.” Mount Fuji sits at a “triple junction,” where three tectonic plates
(the Amur Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Plate) interact.
 
The Ring of Fire’s eastern half also has a number of active volcanic areas, including the Aleutian Islands, the Cascade Mountains in the western U.S.,
the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and the Andes Mountains. 
 
Mount St. Helens, in the U.S. state of Washington, is an active volcano in the Cascade Mountains. Below Mount St. Helens, the Juan de Fuca plate is
being subducted beneath the North American Plate. Mount St. Helens lies on a particularly weak section of crust, which makes it more prone to
eruptions. Its historic 1980 eruption lasted 9 hours and covered nearby areas in tons of volcanic ash.
 
Popocatépetl is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the Ring of Fire. The mountain is one of Mexico’s most active volcanoes, with 15 recorded
eruptions since 1519. The volcano lies on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which is the result of the small Cocos Plate subducting beneath the
North American Plate. Located close to the urban areas of Mexico City and Puebla, Popocatépetl poses a risk to the more than 20 million people
that live close enough to be threatened by a destructive eruption. 
 
Cooling Ring
The Pacific Plate, which drives much of the tectonic activity in the Ring of Fire, is cooling off. Scientists have discovered that the youngest parts of
the Pacific Plate (about 2 million years old) are cooling off and contracting at a faster rate than older parts of the plate (about 100 million years old).
The younger parts of the plate are found in its northern and western parts—the most active parts of the Ring of Fire.
Jolting Japan
The island nation of Japan lies along the western edge of the Ring of Fire, and is one of the most tectonically active places on Earth. As much as 10%
of the world’s volcanic activity takes place in Japan.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/plate-tectonics-ring-fire/?utm_source=BibblioRCM_Row