Review Lessons:

Essential Questions:
1.What are the three types of
Plate Tectonics Boundaries?
2.When do they occur?
 Mountain ranges are found in places where
volcanoes and/or earthquake epicenters are
also located.
Geologic activities such as seismicity
(occurrence of earthquake), volcanism, and
mountain formation are the basis of scientist
in dividing Earth’s lithosphere.
 A mountain range is a group or chain of mountains
that are close together. Mountain ranges are usually
separated from other mountain ranges by passes and
rivers. They are found in places where volcanoes
and/or earthquake epicenters are also located.
Geologic activities such as seismicity( occurrence of
earthquake), volcanism, and mountain formation are
the basis of scientist in dividing Earth’s l
 There are three kinds of plate tectonic
boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform
plate boundaries.
• A divergent boundary occurs when two
tectonic plates move away from each other.
Along these boundaries, lava spews from long
fissures and geysers spurt superheated water.
• When two plates come together, it is known as
a convergent boundary.
• Two plates sliding past each other forms
a transform plate boundary
 Activity 3
Head-On Collision
Part A: Converging Continental and Oceanic Plate
Objectives:
Explain the processes that occur along
convergent boundaries.
Determine the consequences of colliding
plates.
To-9
Essential Questions:
Q15. What type of plate is Plate A? What
about Plate B? Why did you say so?
Q16. Describe what happens to Plate A as it
collides with Plate B. Why?
Q17. What do you think will happen to the
leading edge of Plate A as it continues to
move downward? Why?
Q18. What do you call the molten
material?
Q19. What is formed on top of Plate B?
Q20. As the plates continue to grind
against eac other, what other geologic
event could take place?
 To-6

To-10
 When an oceanic-continental convergence
occurs the denser oceanic plate will most
commonly subduct beneath the less dense
continental plate creating a trench.
(Trench is a very deep, elongated cavity
bordering a continent or an island arc; it
forms when one tectonic plate slides beneath
another). 
To-9
Once the subducting oceanic crust reaches a
depth of about 100 kilometers, the leading
edge of plate A start to melt because the
temperature beneath the crust is higher
and the overlying mantle begins forming a
molten material called magma.
Subduction is the sinking of plate beneath
the other plate.
Some of this magma is pushed to the
surface resulting in volcanic eruptions.
Lava is the molten rock expelled by a
volcano during an eruption and the resulting
rock after solidification and cooling.
This molten rock is formed in the interior of
some planets, including Earth, and some of
their satellites.
Earthquakes can also be caused by the collision
of oceanic and continental plates.
In the Philippines, the Java trench is associated
with volcanic islands as well as earthquakes.
This type of earthquake can be shallow,
intermediate, or deep, according to its location
on the down going lithospheric slab.
Further, the movement of magma in subduction
zones can also trigger deep earthquakes.
An oceanic-oceanic convergence often results in
the formation of an island arc system. One of
the plates undergoes subduction process or the
sinking of plates towards the mantle.
Earthquakes could happen since the two plates
are grinding each other. Trenches will form.
As the subducting oceanic crust melts within the
asthenosphere the newly-created magma rises
to the surface and forms volcanoes.
If the activity continues, the volcano may
grow tall enough to create an island.
If the edge of one of the plates suddenly
flicks upward, a large amount of water
may be displaced and Tsunami is formed at
the surface of the sea.
Essential Questions:
1. What is the highest peak in the Philippines?
Mt. Apo, it is about 3144 meters.
2. How about the highest mountain in the world?
Mt. Everest
3. Do you have any idea how tall Mount Everest is?
It is approximately 8848 meters.
4. How do you think most of the tall mountains of
the world are formed?
A continental-continental convergence generally
does not involve subduction. 
Instead, the two plates squeeze and deform each
other, resulting in a new mountain range, such as
the band crossing the Himalayas.
In this zone, shallow earthquakes are associated
with high mountain ranges where intense
compression is taking place.
Intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes also
occur.
called rifting, when a divergence occurs in an ocean
plate it is called seafloor spreading.
Molten rock from the asthenosphere rises to the
surface, forcing the plate to break and separate into
two plates.
Mid ocean ridges occur at divergent boundaries.
Seismic activity is low, and it occurs at very shallow
depths. The lithosphere is very thin and weak at these
boundaries, so the strain cannot build up enough to
cause large earthquakes.
Asthenosphere = Upper Mantle (flowing) - the
lower part of the upper mantle that exhibits
plastic (flowing) properties. It is located below
the lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle).
Continental Crust - thick parts of the Earth's
crust, not located under the oceans.
Lithosphere - the crust plus the rigid, upper
mantle.
Lower Mantle (semi-rigid) - the deepest parts of
the mantle, just above the core.
Magma - molten rock within the Earth's mantle.
In seafloor spreading, magma moves from the
asthenosphere to the crust.
Ocean - large bodies of water sitting atop
oceanic crust.
Oceanic Crust - thin parts of the Earth's crust
located under the oceans.
Subduction Zone - the area in which one part of
the Earth's crust (a plate) is pushed underneath
another plate as the two plates collide.
Upper Mantle (rigid) - the uppermost part of the
mantle, part of the lithosphere.
Volcanos - a place on the Earth's surface where
molten rock, gases and pyroclastic debris erupt
through the earth's crust
 6.
1.
7.
2.
3. 8.
4.
9.
5.
10.
 Activity 5
Slide and Shake
Objectives:
Determine the effect of transform-fault
boundary on the Earth’s crust

Block 1 Block 2

Block 3 Block 4
Places where plates slide past each other are
called transform boundaries.
Since the plates on either side of a transform
boundary are merely sliding past each other and
not tearing or crunching each other, transform
boundaries lack the spectacular features found at
convergent and divergent boundaries.
Instead, transform boundaries are marked in
some places by linear valleys along the boundary
where rock has been ground up by the sliding.
In other places, transform boundaries are
marked by features like stream beds that
have been split in half and the two halves
have moved in opposite directions.
Perhaps the most famous transform
boundary in the world is the San Andreas
fault, shown in the illustration in previous
slide.
The slice of California to the west of the
fault is slowly moving north relative to the
rest of California.
Since motion along the fault is sideways and
not vertical, Los Angeles will not crack off
and fall into the ocean as popularly thought,
but it will simply creep towards San
Francisco at about 6 centimeters per year.
In geology, the places known as hotspots or hot
spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by
underlying mantle that is anomalously hot
compared with the surrounding mantle.
They may be on, near to, or far from 
tectonic plate boundaries. Currently, there are
two hypotheses that attempt to explain their
origins.
The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work
of J. Tuzo Wilson, who postulated in 1963 that the 
Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a 
tectonic plate across a hot region beneath the surface.
It was later postulated that hotspots are fed by
narrow streams of hot mantle rising from the Earth's 
core-mantle boundary in a structure called a 
mantle plume. 
Whether or not such mantle plumes exist is currently
the subject of a major controversy in Earth science. 
https://
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Emergency Kit Checklist:
 Water – one gallon per person, per day
(3-day supply for evacuation, 2-weeks
supply for home)
 Food – non perishable, easy to prepare
items (3-supply for evacuation, 2-weeks
supply for home)
 Flashlight
 Battery-powered radio
 Extra batteries
 First Aid Kit
 Medications (7-day supply) and
medical items
 Multi-purpose tool
 Sanitation and personal hygiene
items
 Copies of personal documents
(medication list and pertinent medical
information, proof of address,
deed/lease to home, passports, birth
certificates, insurance policies)
 Cell phone with chargers
 Family and emergency contact
information
 Extra cash
 Emergency blanket
 Map(s) of the area