Chapter 2.

Fluids in Relative Equilibrium:

Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy

Fluid Mechanics

Hydrostatic Hydrodynamics

Learning Outcomes:

1. Introduce concept of hydrostatic pressure

2. Compute hydrostatic pressure intensity / distribution

3. Application of Archimedes principle

1
 2.1 Fluid Statics

1. A static fluid has no shearing force acting on it, and

2. Any force between the fluid and the boundary must be acting at right angles to the
boundary. (Fluid exert a normal force on any boundary).
3. For fluid at rest, it will be in equilibrium:
(The sum of the components of forces in any direction will be zero).
4. The sum of the moments of forces on the element about any point must
also be zero.
5. Besides the forces on the boundary surfaces, there is also the weight force
acting downwards (gravity effect).
F1

F2
R1
F Fn
R2

Rn 2
Plane surface Curve surfaces
 2.2 Pressure
If the force exerted on each unit area of a boundary is the same, the
pressure is said to be uniform.
Pressure P is the force per unit area applied perpendicular to the surface,
F
p
A
Unit of pressure is N/m2 or Pa or bar. 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa = 1  105 bar.
Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the shape or cross section of
the container.
It changes with the vertical distance, but remains constant in other
directions. Therefore, the pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal
plane in a given fluid.

3
 2.3 Pascal Law
Pascal law states that "pressure exerted anywhere in a confined
incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the
fluid".
Applies to fluids at rest.
Let’s consider an infinitesimal small element where the weight is
negligible:
ps
B

px
F
C

E D Pressure at any point is the
same in all directions
px = py = ps 4
py
Example 2.1 (Pascal’s Law)

The diameter of the small and large pistons are 50 mm and 300 mm,
respectively.

A 500 N force is exerted on the small piston.

Compute the force F required to maintain both of the pistons at the

same elevation.

500 N F

Small piston Large piston

Liquid

5
In a static homogenous liquid, pressure intensity is the same at the same
elevation since the pressure due to weight difference is zero and pressure due
to density difference is zero.
Given:
F
p Diameter of small piston, D1 = 0.05 m
A
Diameter of large piston, D2 = 0.3 m
F F
p 1  2 Force on small piston, F1 = 500 N
A1 A2
Force on large piston, F2 = ?

F1
F2   A2
A1

500 D22
F2  
D12
4
4 500 N F

0 .3 2
F2  500  Small piston Large piston
0 . 05 2 50 mm dia. 300 mm dia.

F2  1 8 0 0 0 N
F2  1 8 k N Liquid 6
 2.4 Variation of Pressure with Elevation

Fluid pressure increases with depth measured from the atmospheric fluid
surface.
This is due to the increase of its weight pressure.

Cylinder h h = height of water column

A = area at the bottom of cylinder
  = specific gravity of liquid
 p = pressure intensity

Liquid h 
Pressure distribution

Container
 p
h

Pressure intensity at the bottom of cylinder = weight of water in cylinder

p A   Ah
p h 7
Example 2.2

Compute the pressure at a depth of 25 m below the free surface of a

water-filled tank.

Given: h = 25 m,  = 9810 N/m3

Pressure p  h
p  9810  25
p  2 4 5 .2 5 k P a

8
Example 2.3

Find the horizontal pressure exerted on the face of the wall of a dam at a
depth of 15 m from the water surface.

15 m

35 m

Pressure p  h
p  9810  15
p  1 4 7 . 1 5 k N /m 2
9
 2.4 Variation of Pressure with Elevation
For an incompressible fluid at rest, at any point in the fluid, the sum of the
elevation z and the pressure head p/ is equal to the sum of these two
quantities at any other point.

p1 p2
 z1   z2
 

p2
p1
 
 2
 1  = constant
z2
Container z1 Liquid
Datum

10
Example 2.4
Express a pressure of 500 kN/m2 in terms of the height of a column of water
(density  = 1000 kg/m3) and in terms of mercury (density  = 13600 kg/m3)

Pressure in terms of water column, h 

p From p = gh
 water p=h
Thus, h = p / 
500  10 3
h
1000  9 . 81
h  5 0 .9 7 m

p
Pressure in terms of mercury column, h 
 m ercury
500  10 3
h
13600  9 . 81
h  3 .7 5 m

11
 Example 2.5
An open tank contains water 1.40 m deep covered by a 2-m thick
layer of oil (S.G. = 0.855). Compute the pressure head at the bottom
of the tank, in terms of a water column.

Pressure p  h f  SG.
w
2m Oil (S.G. = 0.855) p   o il h o il   w a te r h w a te r

p  9 .8 18 5 5  2  1 0 0 0  1 .4 
1.4 m Water (S.G. = 1.0)
p  3 0 . 5 0 9 k N /m 2

p
Pressure in terms of water column, h 
 water
30 . 509  10 3
h
9810
Means … Divide by w
h  3 .1 1 m o f w a te r
12
 2.5 Absolute Pressure and Gage Pressure

Pressure

Positive gage pressure

pabs  patm  pgage

p = 0 Pa gage or Atmospheric pressure

●
p = 101 kPa absolute

Absolute pressure

Vacuum or negative
gage pressure

p = 0 Pa absolute Absolute zero pressure

●

13
 2.5 Absolute Pressure and Gage Pressure
Absolute pressure - Pressure that is measured relative to absolute zero.

Gage pressure - Pressure that is measured relative to atmospheric pressure.

- Generally, all pressure gage register zero at atmospheric
pressure. So, they measure the pressure difference relative
to the surrounding air.

Vacuum - Pressure below atmospheric pressure.

- Gage pressures are positive if they are above atmospheric
pressure and negative if they are vacuum.
pabs  patm  pgage
where pgage may be positive or negative.
Unit of pressure in N/m2 or Pascal (Pa).

Lower pressure is usually indicated in unit of mm water (mmH2O) or mm

mercury (mmHg).
Atmospheric pressure at sea-level is 101.325 kN/m2 = 760 mmHg = 10.34 mH2O
 2.6 Measurement of Pressure

Some methods to measure pressure:

a. Barometer
b. Bourdon gage
c. Pressure transducer
d. Piezometer column
e. Simple manometer
f. Differential manometers

15
 2.6.1 Barometer
Barometer - Instrument that is used to measure the absolute pressure of air.
- Uses water, air or mercury.

760 mmHg

Aneroid barometer
Air pressure presses down
on mercury, forcing it up
the glass tube.

16
 pabs  patm  pgage Pgage
Example 2.6

Find the absolute pressure in kPa if a barometer reads 60 kPa. Absolute

atmospheric pressure at sea level is 740 mmHg, where SGmercury = 13.6.

From
P = h
P = (g)h
Absolute atmospheric pressure p a tm   h P = (SG. w)gh
740
p atm  13 . 6  1000  9 . 81 
1000
p a tm  9 8 . 7 2 8 k P a

Absolute barometer pressure p a b s  p g a g e  p a tm

p abs  6 0  9 8 .7 2 8

p abs  1 5 8 .7 3 k P a

17
 2.6.2 Bourdon gage
Bourdon gage - Pressure measuring device.
- A curve tube of elliptical cross section changes its curvature
with changes in pressure inside the tube. Higher pressure
tends to "straighten it".

- Usually fitted to cylinders of compressed gas

used in industry and hospitals
How does it works? 18
 2.6.3 Pressure Transducer (Pressure Sensor)

Pressure transducer - A transducer that converts pressure

into an analog electrical signal.

19
 2.6.4 Piezometer Column

Piezometer column - A simple device for measuring moderate pressures

of liquids.
- Consists of a sufficiently long tube in which the liquid
can freely rise without overflowing.
- The height of the liquid in the tube will give the value
p
patm of the pressure head h  directly.
g
- To reduce capillary error, the tube diameter should
be at least 12 mm (0.5 in).
p


A

20
 2.6.5 Simple Manometer

Simple manometer - A simple device to measure the pressure of liquids

and gases.

patm
O

hm

B' B C

hf

Mercury
A 
A'
Fluid

21
Open-end manometer
 Piezometer column - To determine the gage pressure at A, in terms of the
liquid at A, we may write a gage equation based on
the fundamental relations of hydrostatic pressure.
V
Gage pressure at C pC  0   mhm
patm
O
Gage pressure at B pB  pC   mhm
+ Rhm

Gage pressure at B' pB  pB   mhm B' B C

0
Gage pressure at A pA  pB   f hf + hf

Mercury
pA   mhm   f hf A  0
A'
Fluid
Tips! (Alternative)
1) Start at the far end of the manometer
and travel towards the pressurized
device.
2) “Add h” when moving downwards.
3) “Substract h” when moving upwards.
PA = Patm + mhm + fhf
4) No pressure change when moving
horizontally. 22
Example 2.7 (Inclined manometer)
The manometer shown below contains three liquids. The densities of the
three are 1 = 2.0 g/cm3, 2 = 1.0 g/cm3, 3 = 1.6 g/cm3. The one end of the
manometer is connected to a vessel filled with a gas and the other is open to
the atmosphere. The inclined leg of the manometer is inclined at an angle of
30 from the horizontal. Compute the pressure pA inside the vessel.

3
1
2

23
Pressure pA inside the vessel = ??

= Patm = 0
2 = 1.0 g/cm3
0

3 +
3 = 1.6 g/cm3
2
- +
1 Unit conversion:
0
1 = 2.0 g/cm3 = 2000 kg/m3
2 = 1.0 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
1 = 2.0 g/cm3
3 = 1.6 g/cm3 = 1600 kg/m3

PA = PB + 2gh + 1gh - 3gh

0
PA = PB + (1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(0.09m) + (2000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(0.16m - 0.1m)
- (1600kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(0.18m)
PA = -765.18 kPa
24
 2.6.6 Differential Manometers

Differential manometer - gives the difference between two pressures.

Mercury
B'

Rm
A'

hB Rm
Mercury

hA
zB
 B zB
 B
zB  zA Fluid zB  zA Fluid
A  A 
zA zA

Fluid Fluid
26

For measuring p in liquids or gas

 Example 2.8
In figure below, liquid A weighs 8.4 kN/m3 and liquid B weighs 12.4 kN/m3.
Manometer liquid M is mercury (Hg). If pressure at B is 207 kPa, find the
pressure at A.

0
0
400 mm -
0
+
2.0 m
PA = PB - B (2.0+3.0) - mercury (0.4) + A (0.4+2.0)
-
PA = 207k – (12.4k)(2.0+3.0) – (133.4k)(0.4) + (8.4k)(0.4+2.0)

PA = 207k – 62k – 53.36k + 20.16k 3.0 m

PA = 111.8kN/m2 = 111.8kPa

26
Example 2.9
A mercury manometer (specific gravity = 13.6) is used to measure the
pressure difference in vessels A and B, as shown. Determine the pressure
difference in Pascals. Given that water at 20C is 9790 N/m3.

water at 20C

water at 20C

SGmercury =13.6
27
 water at 20C
0
Example 2.9
Pressure difference in Pascals = ??
water at 20C is 9790 N/m3.
+

PA = PB + w (1.23+0.12) + m (0.15) - w (0.27) 0

-
PA - PB = w (1.35) + m (0.15) - w (0.27)
water at 20C
+

= w (1.35-0.27) + m (0.15) 0

= w (1.08) + m (0.15) SGmercury = 13.6

= w (1.08) + SG. w (0.15)

= w (1.08 + SG. (0.15))
= w (1.08 + 13.6(0.15))
= w (1.08 + 2.04)
= (9790)(3.12) Since, SG = m / w = (m /g)/ (w /g) = m / w
= 30544.8 N/m2 Thus, m = SG. w
= 30.55 kN/m2
= 30.55 kPa
28
 Chapter 2. Fluids in Relative Equilibrium:
Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy

Fluid Mechanics

Hydrostatic Hydrodynamics

Learning Outcomes:

1. Introduce concept of hydrostatic pressure

2. Compute hydrostatic pressure intensity / distribution

3. Application of Archimedes principle

29
 2.7 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
For a horizontal surface, e.g. the bottom of a liquid-filled tank, the resultant
force is FR = pA, where p = h is uniform pressure on the bottom and A = area
of the bottom.

The resultant force acts through the centroid of the area.

30
 2.7 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

When analyzing hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces, the atmospheric

pressure can be subtracted for simplicity when it acts on both sides of the
structure.

31
 2.7 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

The hydrostatic forces acting on a plane surface form a volume whose base
(left face) is the surface and whose height is the pressure.

32
 2.7 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

A plane submerged horizontally A Plane submerged vertically

(Centroid)
(Center of pressure)

(Centroid)

33
 2.7 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
y cos 
For an inclined surface
(submerged):

y sin 
At any given depth h, the
force acting on dA is hc h y
yC
yR
dF = pdA = (h)dA dF
FR
and is perpendicular to the
surface.
Thus, the magnitude of
x
the resultant force is

FR    h dA
A

FR    y sin dA
A
xc
y xR
where, h = y sin

34
 y cos 
For constant  and ,

y sin 
FR   sin  y dA
A
hc h y
yC
FR   sin y c A yR
dF
FR
Therefore,
FR  Ay c sin 
x
FR   hc A

where, hc = vertical
distance from the fluid
surface to the centroid xc
of the area y xR

Note that magnitude of the force is independent of the angle  and depends
only on specific weight of the fluid, total area and the depth of the centroid of 35
the area below the surface.
Note: The resultant force
does not necessarily pass
through the centroid of
the area.
hc h y
yC
The y coordinate, yR of yR
the resultant force can dF
be determined by FR
summation of moments
around the x axis.

That is, the moment of x

the resultant force must
equal to the moment of
the distributed pressure
force,

xc
y xR
FR y R   y dF    sin y 2 dA
A A
yR = yP
Since FR   Ay c sin

yR

 A
y 2 dA
yR 
Ix
36
yc A yc A
 From
Ix
yR 
yc A
Using parallel axis theorem, hc h y
yC
I x  I xc  Ay c2 yR
dF
FR
where Ixc is the second
moment of the area with
respect to an axis passing
through its centroid and x
parallel to the x axis.

I xc
yR   yc
yc A
yR = yP xc
y xR
This clearly shows that the
resultant force does not
pass through the centroid
but is always below it.
37
The centroid and the centroidal moments of inertia for some common geometries.
Shape and

Rectangle

Triangle

Semicircle

Circle

Quarter circle
38
 FR
Example 2.10
Compute the resultant force acting on panels A and B. The dimension of
panel A is 2 m  1 m, and the dimension of panel B is 2 m  1.5 m. Locate
the centre of pressure.
yR

1.5 m 1.4 m 45

A 2m
B
2m

39
 the centre of pressure.

Panel A: 1.5 m
yR hc = yc1.4 m
45

A
Vertical distance from water surface to centroid 2m
FR B
2m
hc = 1.5 + 1 = 2.5 m water

Submerged area FR   hc A
A = 2  1 = 2 m2
I xc
yR   yc
Resultant force yc A

FR   hc A
Location of the centre of pressure
FR  9810  2.5  2
I
FR  49050 N (Ans) y R  xc  y c
yc A
Moment of inertia 0.667
yR   2.5
bh3 1 23 2.5  2
I xc    0.667 m4
12 12 y R  2.633 m from the water surface (Ans)

Distance from water surface to centroid parallel to panel

hc 2.5
yc    2.5 m 40
sin sin(90 )
Panel B: 1.5 m 1.4 m 45
hc FR 45
A
Vertical distance from water surface to centroid 2m
B
2m yc
hc = 1.4 + h sin  water
yR

= 1.4 + 1 sin 45 = 2.107 m

Submerged area FR   hc A
A = 2  1.5 = 3 m2 I xc
yR   yc
Resultant force yc A

FR   hc A
Location of the centre of pressure
FR  9810  2.107  3
I
FR  62009.01N (Ans) y R  xc  y c
yc A
Moment of inertia 1
yR   2.98
bh3 1.5  23 2.98  3
I xc    1.0 m4
12 12 y R  3.092 m from the water surface (Ans)

Distance from water surface to centroid parallel to panel

hc 2.107
yc    2.980 m
sin sin(45 ) 41
 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
The hydrostatic force on a curved surface can be analyzed best by resolving the
total pressure force on the surface into its horizontal and vertical components.

Figure below shows the curved wall of a container gate that has a unit width
normal to the plane of the page.
Free body

WAA’ WAA'
A’
A' A
A

WABA’ WABA'
FA'B FA'B
FH

B B Fv
For equilibrium,
F x = 0 and F y =0

42
 Free body

WAA’ WAA'
A’
A' A
A

WABA’ WABA'
FA'B FA'B
FH

For equilibrium,
B B Fv
Horizontal component

 Fx  0 Resultant force of the horizontal component, FRH

FAB  FH  0  located through the center of pressure, CP of
this projection.
FH  FAB

Vertical component

 Fy  0 Resultant force of the vertical component, FVH

FV  WAA  WABA   0  located through the centroid, C of this
FV  WAA  WABA column.
43
Determination of the hydrostatic force acting on a submerged curved surface.

44
When a curved surface is
above the liquid, the weight
of the liquid and the vertical
component of the hydrostatic
force act in the opposite
directions.

45
The hydrostatic force acting on a
circular surface always passes
through the center of the circle
since the pressure forces are
normal to the surface and they all
pass through the center.

46
The hydrostatic force on a surface submerged in a multilayered fluid can be
determined by considering parts of the surface in different fluids as different surfaces.

47
 Example 2.11
Determine the total hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure on the
5 m long, 2 m high quadrant gate as shown in figure.

FRH   hc A

I xc
y RH   yc
yc A

1 
FRH   hc A  9810    2   2  5 
2 
FRH  98100 N

I xc
y RH   yc
yc A

 5  23 
 

12 
y RH  1  1.33 m
1 10 48
The vertical component of resultant force is
equal to the weight of water in the volume
AOB acting downward.

FRV   Volume
38.15
1 
FRV  9810     22  5  FR
4 

FRV  154095.1N 4R
x=
3π From Table of

The vertical component, Fv of pressure center is located at 42  0.85 m

centroid and
moment of
3 inertia

Therefore, resultant force is FR  FRH

2
 FRV
2

FR  981002  154095.12

FR  249478.9 N
FRH
1 FRV  38.15
 154095.1
θ =
 tan
tan-1  RV   tan 1   38.15


 FRH   98100  FR 49
FRV
Example 2.12

A sector gate, as shown below under the equilibrium conditions, is of radius

4 m and length 5 m. It controls the flow of water in a horizontal channel.
Determine the total force on the gate.
FRH   hc A I
y RH  xc  y c
yc A
CD = OC sin 30 = 4 sin 30 = 2 m
ED = 4  OD = 4  4 cos 30 = 0.5359 m

Therefore, the horizontal component of

the force is the force on vertical
rectangular plate CD of width 5 m.
FRH   hc A

FRH  9810  2  10  196.2 kN 0.5359 m

I
y RH  xc  y c

2m
yc A

 5  23 
 
 
12 
y RH  2  2.167 m
2  5  2 50
 The vertical component of the total thrust 0.5359 m

= weight of imaginary water ABC. Circular sector: 17.5.

 FR
FRV   Volume   r 2

360
ABDE CDE OCD
  30   1  
FRV  9810    0.5359  1     42      2  4cos30    5
  360   2  
FRV  61.8 kN

Therefore, resultant force is FR  FRH

2
 FRV
2
 205.7 kN
F 
acting at an angle of   tan 1 RV   17.5 FRH 17.5.
 FRH  FR
51
FRV
 Chapter 2. Fluids in Relative Equilibrium:
Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy

Fluid Mechanics

Hydrostatic Hydrodynamics

Learning Outcomes:

1. Introduce concept of hydrostatic pressure

2. Compute hydrostatic pressure intensity / distribution

3. Application of Archimedes principle

52
 2.9 Buoyancy and Stability

Archimedes discovered that the weight of a submerged body is reduced by

an amount equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.

Because pressure in a fluid in equilibrium increases with depth, the fluid

exerts a resultant upward force on any body wholly or partly immersed in it.
This force is known as the buoyancy.

Buoyancy has no horizontal component, because the thrusts on the two

faces of vertical projection exactly balance.

53
• Consider body PQRS in figure shown. The upward thrust on the lower
surface PSR corresponds to the weight of the fluid, vertically above that
surface, corresponding to volume PSRNM. The downward thrust on the
upper surface PQR equals the weight of the fluid PQRNM. The resultant
upward force exerted by the fluid on the body is therefore,

FB
• Weight of fluid corresponding to PSRNM - Weight of fluid corresponding
to PQRNM = Weight of fluid corresponding to PQRS.
• Since the fluid is in equilibrium we may imagine the body removed and its
place occupied by an equal volume of the fluid.

• The resultant of these thrusts (the buoyancy, FB) must therefore be equal
and opposite to the weight of the fluid taking the place of the body, and
must also pass through the centre of gravity of that fluid. 54
• For a body only partly immersed in the fluid as shown, similar
considerations show that the buoyancy corresponds to the weight of fluid
equal in volume to PRQ.

FB

• n general, the buoyancy is the resultant upward force exerted by the fluid
on the body, and is equal in magnitude to weight = gV.

55
A solid body dropped into a fluid will sink, float, or remain at rest at any point
in the fluid, depending on its density relative to the density of the fluid.

56
Example 2.13
Figure below shows a crane is used to lower weights into the sea (seawater =
1025 kg/m3). Determine the tension in the rope, T of the crane due to a
rectangular 0.4 m  0.4 m  3.0 m concrete block (block = 2300 kg/m3) when
it is:
(a) suspended in the air
(b) completely immersed in water

57
(a) suspended in the air
T For equilibrium,
T W
T  mg
T  block gV
T  2300  9.81  0.4  0.4  3 
T  10830.24 N

block = 2300 kg/m3

58
(b) completely immersed in water

seawater = 1025 kg/m3

block = 2300 kg/m3

W
For equilibrium,
T  FB  W
FB
T  W  FB
T  block gV  seawater gV
T  10830.24  1025  9.81  0.4  0.4  3  
T  6003.72 N 59
Example 2.14

The figure shows a metal part (object 2) hanging by a thin cord from a floating
wood object (object 1). The wood block has a specific gravity SG1 = 0.3 and
dimensions of 50 mm  50 mm  10 mm. The metal part has a volume of 6600
mm3. Find the mass m2 of the metal part and the tension T in the cord.

60
Free body diagram of the wood block:

FB

For equilibrium,
FB – W – T = 0
T  FB  W
T  water gVsubmerged  block gV
T  1000  9.81  0.05  0.05  0.0075   0.3  1000  9.81  0.05  0.05  0.01
T  0.1104 N

61
Free body diagram of the metal part:

W
FB

For equilibrium,
T + FB – W = 0
W  FB  T Conversion from mm3 to m3
W  water gV  0.1104
 6600 
W  1000  9.81  9 
 0.1104
 1 10 
W  0.1751N
W 0.1751
Therefore, mass of the metal part m    0.01785 kg  17.85 g
g 9.81 62
The rotational stability of an immersed body depends on the locations of
the center of gravity G of the body and the center of buoyancy B, which is
the centroid of the displaced volume.

The immersed or floating body is always stable if body is bottom-heavy,

where center of gravity G is directly below the center of buoyancy B.

63
Unlike immersed bodies, a floating body may still be stable when G is directly above
B. This is because the centroid of the displaced volume shifts to the side to a point B'
during a rotational disturbance while the center of gravity G of the body remains
unchanged.

If point B' is sufficiently far, these two forces creates a restoring moment and return
the body to the original position. A measure of stability for floating bodies is the
metacentric height GM, which is the distance between the center of gravity and the
metacenter M.

Metacenter M is the intersection point of the lines of action of the buoyant force
through the body before and after rotation.
64
A floating body is stable if point M is above point G, and thus GM is positive.

A floating body is unstable if point M is below point G, and thus GM is negative.

65
GM  BM  BG
I
GM   BG
Vsubmerged

66
Example 2.15

A block of wood 30 cm square in cross section and 60 cm long weighs

318 N. Will the block float with sides vertical in water as shown?

67
 I
GM   BG
d Vsubmerged
W

FB
For equilibrium,
Please do a
FB  W revision on second
moment of inertia
water gV  W
1000  0.6  0.3  d   9.81  318
d  0.18 m bh3
I xc 
12
1
Rotation about  30  603
transverse axis, GM  12  15  9  10.67 cm  positive, stable
18  30  60
b3 h
I yc 
1 12
Rotation about  303  60
longitudinal axis, GM  12  15  9   1.833 cm  negative, unstable
18  30  60 68
Let’s recap…The second moments of inertia… Example: Rectangle

Property of shape that is used

to predict the shapes
resistance to rotate/twist
due to applied torque.

h
x

Centroid, C

y
b

A  bh bh 3 b3h Ixyc  0
I xc  I yc 
12 12 69
End of Chapter 2

70