Bandura, Albert (Social Learning / Social Cognitive Theory)

Bandura, Albert ( Social Learning / Social Cognitive Theory)
People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. “Most
human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea
of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide
for action.” (Bandura). Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal
interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
Bandura believed in “reciprocal determinism”, that is, the world and a person’s behavior cause each
other, while behaviorism essentially states that one’s environment causes one’s behavior, Bandura,
who was studying adolescent aggression, found this too simplistic, and so in addition he suggested
that behavior causes environment as well. Later, Bandura soon considered personality as an
interaction between three components: the environment, behavior, and one’s psychological
processes (one’s ability to entertain images in minds and language).
Social learning theory has sometimes been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive
learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. The theory is related
to Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory and Lave’s Situated Learning, which also emphasize the
importance of social learning
There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory. First is the idea that people can
learn through observation. Next is the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this
process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not
mean that it will result in a change in behavior
ALBERT BANDURA'S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Social Learning theorists explain behavior in terms of interaction between cognitive, behavioral and
environmental determinants. Bandura is a Social Learning theorist.
Bandura consider learning principles to be sufficient to explain and predict behavior and behavior change.
The focus is on interaction, between the external stimuli and internal cognitions in a social context.
1-Bandura suggests most human behavior is learned by observation. In Modeling we observe the behavior
of others and use the information as a guide for our own behavior.
2-Bandura and his colleagues have demonstrated that subjects allowed to observe a set of responses
performed by another individual (the model) tend to exhibit these same responses (model) when placed in
a
similar setting
Expectancy Theory by Vroom Victor

Expectancy theory proposes that an individual will decide to behave or act in a
certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other
behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be.[1] In
essence, the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the desirability of
the outcome. However, at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an
individual processes the different motivational elements. This is done before making
the ultimate choice. The outcome is not the sole determining factor in making the
decision of how to behave.[1]
Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It

explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In the study
of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed
by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management.
"This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to
performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and
wanted by the recipients."[2]
Victor H. Vroom (1964) defines motivation as a process governing choices among

alternative forms of voluntary activities, a process controlled by the individual. The
individual makes choices based on estimates of how well the expected results of a
given behavior are going to match up with or eventually lead to the desired results.
Motivation is a product of the individual’s expectancy that a certain effort will lead to
the intended performance, the instrumentality of this performance to achieving a
certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual, known as valence.[3]
The theory states that the intensity of a tendency to perform in a particular manner is dependent on the intensity of an
expectation that the performance will be followed by a definite outcome and on the appeal of the outcome to the
individual.
The Expectancy theory states that employee’s motivation is an outcome of how much an individual wants a reward
(Valence), the assessment that the likelihood that the effort will lead to expected performance (Expectancy) and the
belief that the performance will lead to reward (Instrumentality). In short,Valence is the significance associated by an
individual about the expected outcome. It is an expected and not the actual satisfaction that an employee expects to
receive after achieving the goals. Expectancy is the faith that better efforts will result in better performance.
Expectancy is influenced by factors such as possession of appropriate skills for performing the job, availability of right
resources, availability of crucial information and getting the required support for completing the job.
Instrumentality is the faith that if you perform well, then a valid outcome will be there. Instrumentality is affected by
factors such as believe in the people who decide who receives what outcome, the simplicity of the process deciding
who gets what outcome, and clarity of relationship between performance and outcomes. Thus, the expectancy theory
concentrates on the following three relationships:
 Effort-performance relationship: What is the likelihood that the individual’s effort be recognized in his
performance appraisal?
 Performance-reward relationship: It talks about the extent to which the employee believes that getting a
good performance appraisal leads to organizational rewards.
 Rewards-personal goals relationship: It is all about the attractiveness or appeal of the potential reward to the
individual.
Vroom was of view that employees consciously decide whether to perform or not at the job. This decision solely
depended on the employee’s motivation level which in turn depends on three factors of expectancy, valence and
instrumentality.
NOLA Penders Health Belief Model
Pender’s Health Promotion Model was initially designed in 1982 and revised in 1996. The model
examines the factors that influence one’s health promoting behaviors, which are defined as the
activities that support positive health outcomes. The model was designed to serve “ as (a)
complementary counterpart to (established) models of health protection” (Pender, Murdaugh, &
Parsons, 2005, p 1). Srof and Velsor-Friedrich (2006) summarize Pender’s Model as a theoretical
viewpoint examining the components and associations that compose health-promoting behavior and
thus, lead to enhancement of physical wellbeing and quality of life. Young and Capezuti (2010)
succinctly state that the health promotion model allows for examining factors associated with
improved health promotion and allows focusing on personal and environmental factors that influence
health promotion. Stark, Chase and DeYoung examined ways to improve health promotion and
examined the personal and environmental factors that influence health promotion (2010). The health
promotion model contains three essential components: cognitive factors which directly affect
participation in activities which promote health; factors which indirectly affect behaviors of health
promotion through specific effects on the cognitive factors; and the improved incidence of actions to
promote health (Daffy, 1997). Srof & Velsar-Friedrich (2006) classify the three characteristics of the
health promotion model as “individual characteristics and experiences, behavior specific cognitions
and affect and situational/interpersonal influences” (p 367). The original author of the Health
Promotion Model, Nola Pender, specified model characteristics as self-esteem, sex, years of age and
past behaviors as the influences that make a difference if a patient accepts and engages in health
promoting behaviors (Pender et al, 2005). Wynd & Ryan-Wenger (2004) found through research that
male and female military personnel
that social support, personal motivation and an environment that is organized had a strong influence
on health behaviors. As one can see the essentials of the model are the same, yet the phrasing of the
components are different.
The health promotion model notes that each person has unique
p e r s o n a l characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The
set
of v a r i a b l e s f o r b e h a v i o r a l s p e c i f i c k n o w l e d g e a n d a f f e c t h a v e
i m p o r t a n t motivational significance. These variables can be modified
through nursing actions. Health promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome
and is
the end point in the HPM. Health promoting behaviors shoud r
e s u l t i n improved health, enhanced functional ability and better quality of
life at allstages of development. The final behavioral demand is also influenced by
thei m m e d i a t e c o m p e t i n g d e m a n d a n d p r e f e r e n c e s , w h i c h c
a n d e r a i l a n intended health promoting actions

Bandura, Albert (Social Learning / Social Cognitive Theory)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bandura, Albert (Social Learning / Social Cognitive Theory)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bandura, Albert (Social Learning / Social Cognitive Theory)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bandura, Albert ( Social Learning / Social Cognitive Theory)

Expectancy Theory by Vroom Victor

Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It

Victor H. Vroom (1964) defines motivation as a process governing choices among

NOLA Penders Health Belief Model

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.