Analog Communication Systems

Lecture 4
Angle Modulation

Dr. Adnan Ismail Al-Sulaifanie

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

College of Engineering
University of Duhok

2020 - 2021
Outline

I Principle of angle modulation.

I Type of angle modulation: phase modulation and frequency modulation.
I Spectral analysis of modulated signal.
I FM signal generation
I Comparison between AM and FM

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References

1. Haykin, Communication systems, chapter 4.

2. Proakis, Communication systems engineering, chapter 3.
3. Lathi, Modern digital and communication systems, chapter 4.

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Angle Modulation I

I Angle modulation is the second family of

continuous wave modulation
I The angle of carrier signal is varied
according to the variation in amplitude of
m(t). The amplitude of c(t) is constant.
I Two common forms of angle modulation:
frequency modulation and phase
modulation.

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s(t) = Ac cos θt
1 dθ(t)
Instantaneous frequency f (t) =
2π dt
Unmodulated carrier θ(t) = 2πfc t + ϕ
ϕ is the phase shift of carrier frequency at t = 0, and for simplicity it set to 0.
I In Phase modulation (PM), instantaneous angle θ(t) is varied linearly with the
message signal.
θ(t) = 2πfc t + kp m(t)
kp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator (radian / volt)
[ ]
s(t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + kp m(t)

I In Frequency modulation (FM), instantaneous frequency f (t) is varied linearly with

the message signal.
f (t) = fc + kf m(t) kf is frequency sensitivity of the modulator (Hz / volt)
∫t
θ(t) = 2πfc t + 2πkf −∞ m(τ ) dτ
[ ∫t ]
s(t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + 2πkf −∞ m(τ ) dτ
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Properties of Angle Modulation
A2c
I Constant transmitted power Pavg =
2
I Non-linearity of modulation process (superposition cannot be applied). Also, spectral
analysis is complex and implementation is demanding.
I Irregularity of zero crossing.
I Angle modulation provides better performance against noise and interference better
than AM.
I Improved noise performance is achieved at the expense of increased transmission
bandwidth (exchange channel BW for improved noise performance). This trade-off is
not possible in AM.

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Relationship between FM and PM

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Frequency Modulation
I Angle modulation is non linear process. Therefore, the analysis is more difficult than
that of an AM modulation.
I We consider the simplest case possible , namely , single-tone modulation
m(t) = Am cos(2πfm t)
I Instantaneous frequency f (t) = fc + kf Am cos(2πfm t) = fc + ∆f cos(2πfm t)
∆f = kf Am is the maximum frequency deviation from the carrier frequency. It is
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal Am .
∫t ∆f
θ(t) = 2π 0 f (τ ) dτ = 2π fc t + sin(2πfm t)
fm
∆f
β= represents the modulation index
fm
θ(t) = 2π fc t + β sin(2πfm t)
[
s(t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + β sin(2πfm t)]
kf max|m(t)|
In general, β =
B
I Depending on the value of modulation index, two cases of FM can be recognized:
1. Narrow-band FM (β < 1)
2. Wide-band FM (β > 1)
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Spectral Analysis of Narrow-band FM
[ ]
sFM (t) = Ac cos ωc t + β sin(ωm t)

sFM (t) = Ac cos(ωc t) cos(β sin(ωm t)) − Ac sin(ωc t) sin(β sin(ωm t))
If x ≪ 1, then
sin(x) ≈ x =⇒ sin(β sin(ωm t)) ≈ β sin(ωm t)
cos(x) ≈ 1 =⇒ cos(β sin(ωm t)) ≈ 1
sFM (t) = Ac cos(ωc t) − β Ac sin(ωm t) sin(ωc t)
Ac β [ ]
s(t) = Ac cos(ωc t) − cos 2π(fc − fm )t − cos 2π(fc + fm )t
2 ∫
I The expression is similar to that of AM modulation with message signal m(t)

I The bandwidth of modulated signal is 2B.

I AM and narrowband angle modulation have same bandwidth, but they have different
waveform.
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Spectral Analysis of Wide-band FM I
For an arbitrary
[ value of β, s(t) ] can be
[ rewritten ] as:
s(t) = Re Ac e cj ω t+j βsin(ω m t) j
= Re s̃(t) e cω t

s̃(t) is the complex envelope of the FM signal s(t), and defined by s̃(t) = Ac ej βsin(ωm t)

We may therefore expand s̃(t) in the form of a complex Fourier series as follows:
∞
∑
s̃(t) = cn ej2πnfm t
n=−∞

cn = Ac Jn (β)
Jn (β) is called the Bessel Function of the first kind and of order n, which is defined by
∫ π
1
Jn (β) = eβsin x−nx dx
2π −π
∞
∑
s̃(t) = Ac Jn (β) ej2πnfm t
n=−∞

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Spectral Analysis of Wide-band FM II
[ ∑
∞ ]
s(t) = Ac Re Jn (β) ej2π(fc +nfm )t
n=−∞
∞
∑ [ ]
s(t) = Ac Jn (β) cos 2π(fc + nfm )t
n=−∞
∞
Ac ∑ [ ]
S(f ) = Jn (β) δ(f − fc − nfm ) + δ(f + fc + nfm )
2 n=−∞

The Bessel function Jn (β) has the following properties:

1. Jn (β) = (−1)n J−n (β)
2. For small values of β, we have
J0 (β) ≃ 1
β
J1 (β) ≃
2
Jn (β) ≃ 0 forn > 2
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Spectral Analysis of Wide-band FM III
∞
∑
3. Jn2 (β) = 1
n=−∞

I The spectrum of an FM signal contains a carrier component and an infinite set of side
frequencies located symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency
separations of fm , 2 fm , 3 fm , ...
I For the special case of β small compared with unity , only the Bessel coefficients J0 (β)
and J1 (β) have significant values , so that the FM signal is effectively composed of a
carrier and a single pair of side frequencies at fc ∓ fm

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Spectral Analysis of Wide-band FM IV

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Magnitude Spectrum of wide-band FM

The bandwidth of an FM sinusoidal signal is ∞

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Power Spectrum of wide-band FM

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Effective Bandwidth of FM Sinusoidal Signals

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Example
Let the carrier be given by c(t) = 10 cos(ωc t), and let the message signal be cos(20πt).
Further assume that the message is used to frequency modulate the carrier with kf = 50.
Find the expression for the modulated signal and determine how many harmonics should
be selected to contain 99% of the modulated signal power.
k max|m(t)| 50 ∗ 1
β= f = =5
fm 10
A2c 102
Pt = = = 50 W
2 2
A2c [ ∑ 2 ]
−1 ∞
∑
A2c 2
P= J0 (β) + Jn (β) + Jn2 (β)
2 2 n=−∞
n=1

P [ ∑
−1 ∞
∑ ]
Pn = = J02 (β) + Jn2 (β) + Jn2 (β)
Pt n=−∞ n=1
∞
∑
Pn = J02 (β) + 2 Jn2 (β)
n=1
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Pn(0) = J02 (β) = (0.1776)2 = 0.0315
Pn(1) = Pn(0) + 2 ∗ J12 (β) = 0.0315 + 2 ∗ (0.3276)2 = 0.2462
Pn(2) = Pn(1) + 2 ∗ J22 (β) = 0.2462 + 2 ∗ (0.04657)2 = 0.2505
Pn(3) = Pn(2) + 2 ∗ J32 (β) = 0.2505 + 2 ∗ (0.3648)2 = 0.5167
Pn(4) = Pn(3) + 2 ∗ J42 (β) = 0.5167 + 2 ∗ (0.3912)2 = 0.82276
Pn(5) = Pn(4) + 2 ∗ J52 (β) = 0.82276 + 2 ∗ (0.2611)2 = 0.9591
Pn(6) = Pn(5) + 2 ∗ J62 (β) = 0.9591 + 2 ∗ (0.131)2 = 0.9934
BT = 2nB = 2 ∗ 6 ∗ 10 = 120 Hz

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Homework
Assume the maximum value of frequency deviation ∆f is fixed at 75 kHz for commercial
FM broadcasting radio. The bandwidth of the message signal is B = 15 KHz . Determine
the transmission bandwidth of the modulated signal.

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Carson rule

I Carson’s bandwidth rule estimates the effective bandwidth of an FM sinusoidal

signal by
BW = 2(B + ∆f ) = 2B(1 + β)

I Carson’s rule does not apply well when the modulating signal contains discontinuities,
such as a square wave.
I Bandwidth efficiency of AM 50% ≤ η ≤ 100%
B
I Bandwidth efficiency of FM η = < 50%
2B(1 + β)
I FM systems can provide much better fidelity performance than AM systems by
sacrificing the bandwidth efficiency.

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FM Spectra as Function of Modulation Index

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Effect of m(t) on the Spectrum of Modulated Signals
Which variations in the amplitude and frequency of a sinusoidal modulating wave
affect the spectrum of the FM wave?

I Increasing amplitude of m(t) expands BW of the modulated signal (∆f = kf Am )

I Increasing fm decreases number of harmonics in the spectrum of modulated signal
and increases the space between harmonics. This results in slight increase in the
bandwidth.
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Narrowband FM Modulator (NBFM)
m(t) = Am cos(ωm t)
s(t) = Ac cos(ωc t) − β Ac sin(ωm t) sin(ωc t)

I The output signal has some distortion because of the approximation. The output also
has some amplitude variation

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Direct FM modulator Using VCO I
I Use voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to control the frequency of oscillator by external
voltage.
I Varactor is used to control value of C in resonant circuit.

2kf Co Am ∆C 2k Am 2∆f
∆C = =⇒ = f =
ωc Co ωc fc
I This method produces sufficient frequency deviation and requires little frequency
multiplication.
I It has poor frequency stability. Usually feedback circuit is used to stabilize frequency.
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Indirect FM modulator (Armstrong FM Modulator)

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FM demodulation

I Derivative of input signal yields an output proportional to the instantaneous frequency

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Summary of FM and AM

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Example
The message signal input to a modulator is m(t) = 10 cos(2π104 t). If frequency
modulation is performed with kf = 104 π, find the bandwidth of the resulting FM
signal.

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Example
If phase modulation is performed using the message signal m(t) = 10 cos(2π104 t),
find the phase deviation constant kp

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Example
For commercial FM radio, the audio message signal has a spectral range of 30 Hz to
15 kHz, and the FCC allows a frequency deviation of 75 kHz. Estimate the
transmission bandwidth for commercial FM using Carson’s Rule.

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Example

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