Angle Modulation and Demodulation: EELE 3370

EELE 3370
Communications I
Angle Modulation
and Demodulation
Islamic University of Gaza
Electrical Engineering Department
Dr. Talal Skaik 2016
1
Introduction
2
Introduction
In AM signals, the amplitude of a carrier is modulated by
a signal m(t), and, hence, the information content of m(t)
is in the amplitude variations of the carrier.
Angle Modulation: The generalized angle θ(t) of a
sinusoidal signal is varied in proportion the message
signal m(t).
Two types of Angle Modulation
• Frequency Modulation: The frequency of the carrier
signal is varied in proportion to the message signal.
• Phase Modulation: The phase of the carrier signal is
varied in proportion to the message signal 3
The Concept of Instantaneous Frequency
A general sine wave signal can be expressed as
θ(t) is the generalized angle. For a sine wave with fixed

frequency and phase, it can be represented as a linear
function of time with a slope ω=2πf:
In general ω is the derivative of the angle. That is
4
Phase Modulation (PM)
The message signal is modulating the phase of the carrier signal:
without loosing generalization, we can omit the initial phase θ0 and

we get the following PM signal:
ωi is called the instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal and

Kp is a constant.
5
Frequency Modulation (FM)
The message signal is modulating the frequency of the carrier signal:
Kf is constant
6
Relationship between FM and PM
In FM:
In PM:
7
Example
Sketch FM and PM waves for the modulating signal m(t) shown. The
constants kf and kp are 2π x105 and 10π, respectively, and the carrier
frequency fc is 100 MHz.
Solution
→ FM Signal
8
Example
Solution
→ PM Signal
9
Example
10
Example
Sketch FM and PM waves for digital modulating signal m(t) shown. The
constants kf and kp are 2π x105 and π/2, respectively, and fc is 100 MHz.
Solution
11
Example
12
Bandwidth of Angle Modulated Waves
To determine the bandwidth of an FM wave :
Define
and define
Then
Expanding the factor in power series

  k f2 2 n kf
n
 j c t
 FM ( t )  A 1  jk f a( t )  a ( t )   j an ( t )  e
 2! n! 
13
The FM signal is expressed as an un-modulated carrier plus spectra of

a(t), a2(t), … an(t), … centered at ωc.
Let M(ω) be the spectrum of m(t) with bandwidth B.
The bandwidth of a(t) is also B.
a2(t) has a bandwidth of 2B [M(ω)*M(ω)]
a3(t) has a bandwidth of 3B
an(t) has a bandwidth of nB
Conclusion: FM signal has infinite bandwidth!!. (theoretically)
14
Special cases:
Narrow-Band Angle Modulation
The angle modulation is not linear in general. However, if |kf a(t)| << 1
→ only the 1st two terms are important in the above equation.
This is a linear modulation. It is like an AM wave with bandwidth =

2B. This is called Narrow Band FM (NBFM).
* However the waveform is entirely different from AM.
15
Narrow-Band Angle Modulation
Similarly the Narrow Band PM (NBPM) is given by:
•NBPM also has approximate bandwidth of 2B.

•The narrow band angle modulation is similar to AM (same bandwidth,
carrier plus spectrum centered on ω c).
The difference: in angle modulation the sideband spectrum is π/2 phase
shifted with respect to the carrier.
•However, the waveforms of AM and FM are completely different. In
AM signal, the frequency is constant and the amplitude varies with time,
whereas in FM amplitude is constant and the frequency varies with time.
16
Wide-Band FM (WBFM)
This is the situation where we cannot ignore the higher order terms
because (|kf a(t)| << 1) is not satisfied. (can be due to high kf ).
Consider a low-pass m(t) with bandwidth B Hz.

The signal m(t) is now approximated by a staircase signal m( t ) as
shown in Fig. (next slide).
The signal m(t) is now approximated by pulses of constant amplitude.
Each pulse will be called a cell.

The FM spectrum for m( t ) consists of the sum of the Fourier
transforms of these sinusoidal pulses corresponding to all the cells.
17
18
Wide-Band FM (WBFM)
Define peak frequency deviation in hertz as ∆f:
Then, #
which is overestimation due to staircase approximation.
19
Wide-Band FM (WBFM)
Considering NBFM Δf ≈ 0. Then above reduces to, BFM ≈ 4B Hz.
However we previously found for NBFM, BNBFM ≈ 2B Hz.
Therefore a better approximation is:
This result is known as Carson’s rule.

Carson’s rule can be also be expressed in terms of the deviation ratio
β (also called modulation index for FM)
20
Wide-Band PM (WBPM)
All the analysis developed for the FM can be applied to the PM by

replacing mp by m p and kf by kp. That is:
21
Example 5.3
(a) Estimate the BFM and BPM for the modulating signal m(t) shown for
kf =2π x105 and kp =5π. Assume the essential bandwidth of the
periodic m(t) as the frequency of the third harmonic.
(b) Repeat the problem if the amplitude of m(t) is doubled [ if m(t) is
multiplied by 2].
22
Example 5.3 - solution
For FM
23
For PM
24
Example 5.4
Repeat example 5.3 if m(t) is time expanded by a factor of 2, that is, if
the period of m(t) is 4 x 10-4
25
26
Example 5.5
An angle-modulated signal with carrier frequency ωc =2π x105 is
described by the equation:
EM ( t )  10cos ct  5 sin 3000t  10 sin 2000 t 
(a) Find the power of the modulated signal.
(b) Find the frequency deviation ∆f.
(c) Find the deviation ratio β.
(d) Find the phase deviation ∆φ.
(e) Estimate the bandwidth of φEM(t).
27
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EELE 3370

θ(t) is the generalized angle. For a sine wave with fixed

In general ω is the derivative of the angle. That is

without loosing generalization, we can omit the initial phase θ0 and

ωi is called the instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal and

Expanding the factor in power series

The FM signal is expressed as an un-modulated carrier plus spectra of

Conclusion: FM signal has infinite bandwidth!!. (theoretically)

This is a linear modulation. It is like an AM wave with bandwidth =

•NBPM also has approximate bandwidth of 2B.

Define peak frequency deviation in hertz as ∆f:

This result is known as Carson’s rule.

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