B.Sc.

Biotechnology IV Semester (As per the recommendations of BOS 2018)

BT 207 Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology

Max. Marks : 100 L T P C
(CA: 40 + ESA: 60) 6 0 0 6
Learning Outcomes:
On completion of the course, students will be able to:

 Learn fundamental molecular principles of genetics and relationship between phenotype and genotype in
human genetic traits.

 Understand the characteristic features and ultrastructure of bacteria, fungi, yeast and viruses.

 Gain theoretical knowledge of techniques in microbiology.

 Understand about the immune system and various related mechanisms of cells and molecules involved in
fighting pathogens.
Unit 1

 An overview of Mendel’s law of inheritance.

 Gene-gene interaction, multiple alleles.

 Linkage and crossing over.

 Sex determination, sex linked inheritance.

 Cytoplasmic inheritance.

 Human genetics: Pedigree analysis.

Unit 2

 Chromosomal aberrations: Structural and numerical.

 Mutation: Spontaneous and induced, chemical and physical mutagens, induced mutations in plants, animals and
microbes for economic benefit of human.

 Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Lac and Trp operons.

 Population genetics: Hardy Weinberg law.

Unit 3

 Characteristic features and ultrastructure of bacteria.

 General account of different groups: Cyanobacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, Mycoplasma and actinomycetes.

 General characteristics of bacteriophage (T4, λ and phi x 174).

 Industrial applications of microorganisms in food and medicines.

Unit 4

 Bacterial genetics: Brief idea of plasmids, transposable elements, transformation, transduction, conjugation.
  Techniques in microbiology: Media preparation, sterilization methods, isolation and pure culture techniques,
staining techniques (Gram’s, negative and endospore staining), preservation and maintenance of culture.

 An introduction to science of immunology.

 Innate and acquired immunity, active and passive immunity.

Unit 5

 Phylogeny and ontogeny of immune system: Cells of immune system and preliminary idea about their
differentiation, organization and structure of lymphoid organs.

 Nature of antigens: Antigenicity and immunogenicity, factors affecting them, epitopes and haptens.

 Structure and function of antibodies: Classes and subclasses.

 Nature of immune response: Humoral and cell mediated immune response.

 General idea of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and their significance. Monoclonal antibodies and
their applications.
Suggested Books:
 Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., & Snustad, D.P. (2005). Principles of Genetics (8th ed.). New Jersey, USA: John
Wiley & Sons Ltd.
 Hartl, D.L. & Jones, E.W. (1998). Genetics: Principles & Analysis (4th ed.). Canada: Jones and Barlett
Publishers.
 Hartwell (2010). Genetics-From Genes to Genomes (4th ed.) USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
 Khan, F. H. (2009). Elements of Immunology (1st ed.). Pearson Education India.
 Kindt, T.J., Osborne, B.A., & Goldsby, R.A. (2006). Kuby Immunology (6th ed.). New York, USA: W. H.
Freeman & Company.
 Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. & Palladino, M.A. (2015). Essential of Genetics (9th ed.). Noida:
Pearson Education India.
 Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Dunlap, P. V., & Clark, D. P. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th
ed.). San Fransisco: Benjamin Cummings.
 Maloy, S.R., Cronan, J.E., & Friefelder, D. (1994). Microbial Genetics (2nd ed.). USA: Jones and Bartlett.
 Owen, J., Punt, J., Stranford, S., & Jones, P. (2018). Kuby Immunology (7th ed.). USA: W. H. Freeman and
Company.
 Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S., & Krieg, N.R. (2007). Microbiology (5th ed.). New York, U.S.: Tata McGraw-Hill
Inc.
 Rastogi, V.B. (2018). Genetics (4th ed.). Medtech.
 Shetty, N. (2005). Immunology: Introductory Textbook. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
 Singh, B.D. (2014). Fundamentals of Genetics (332nd ed.). New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers.
 Tamarin, R.H. (2004). Principles of Genetics (7th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
 Tizard, I.R. (1995). Immunology: Introduction (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing.
  Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., & Case, C.L. (2016) Microbiology: An Introduction (12th ed.). London, UK:
Pearson.
 Verma, P.S. & Agarwal, V.K. (2010). Genetics (9th ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand and company.
 Weaver, R.F. (2011). Molecular Biology (5th ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
 Willey, J.M., Sherwood, L., & Woolverton, C.J. (2007). Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology, (7th ed.).
USA: Mc Graw Hill Higher Education.
Suggested e-Resources:
 Immunology
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103038/3
 Immunity
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-
system/a/hs-the-immune-system-review
 Microbiology
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103015/
 Structure of bacteria & viruses
https://instruct.uwo.ca/biology/090b/1290b%201-7.pdf
http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/EpiInfectiousDisease/PDFs/EID_lec2_Dick.pdf
 Mendelian Genetics & Deviation
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/ variations-on-mendelian-
genetics/a/multiple-alleles-incomplete-dominance-and-codominance
http://download.nos.org/srsec314newE/PDFBIO.EL21.pdf

BT 210L Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology Lab

Max. Marks : 100 L T P C
(CA: 40 + ESA: 60) 0 0 4 2
Learning Outcomes:
On completion of the course, students will be able to:

 Understand the clinical relevance of genetic concepts, inheritance and expression of human blood groups.

 Acquire and demonstrate competency in routine microbiological laboratory skills applicable to

microbiological research and clinical methods.

 Explain basic immunological laboratory techniques and use immunoassays to analyze unknown samples
successfully.
1. To prepare basic liquid media, solid media, agar slants and agar deep tube for the routine cultivation of bacteria
and fungi.
2. Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method.
3. Isolation of microorganisms from soil by serial dilution and determination of CFU.
4. Isolation of microorganisms from air by direct plate exposure method.
5. Preservation of microbial cultures by making glycerol stock and revival of culture.
6. To perform Gram’s staining, endospore staining and negative staining of bacteria.
7. Assessment of bacterial motility by hanging drop method.
8. Antibiotic sensitivity test using Bacillus subtilis.
9. Lactic acid estimation.
10. Study of chiasma formation and calculation of chiasma frequency in meiosis.
11. Problems of genetics:

 Mendel’s law and its deviation.

 Human genetics: Widow’s peak, earlobe, index finger, straight and curly hair, rolling of tongue.

12. Testing of blood groups including Rh factors to observe the phenomenon of agglutination.
13. To study the various lymphoid glands (spleen and thymus).
14. To study different type of cells participating in non-specific immunity.
15. Immuno precipitation by double diffusion technique.
Suggested Books:
 Aneja, K.R. (1996). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Mushroom Cultivation
(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Wishwa Prakashan.
 Ghose, K., & Manna, B. (2016). Practical Zoology (4th ed.). Kolkata: New Central Book Agency.
 Kumar, V. (2011). Laboratory Manual of Microbiology. New Delhi: Scientific Publishers.
 Mahajan, R., Sharma, J., & Mahajan, R.K. (2010). Practical Manual of Biotechnology (1st ed.). New Delhi:
Vayu Education of India.