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Slide UT Part 3

Ultrasonic testing uses piezoelectric crystals that convert electrical energy to mechanical vibrations to generate ultrasonic sound waves. Common piezoelectric materials used in ultrasonic probes include quartz, lithium sulfate, and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The frequency of the probe depends on the thickness of the piezoelectric crystal, with thinner crystals producing higher frequencies. Probes are designed with different configurations like compression, shear, and twin crystal probes for various testing applications. Sound intensity is measured in decibels, where a 6dB difference represents a 2:1 amplitude ratio between two signals. Automated ultrasonic inspections include pulse echo, through transmission, contact scanning, gap

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Trung Tinh Ho
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117 views

Slide UT Part 3

Ultrasonic testing uses piezoelectric crystals that convert electrical energy to mechanical vibrations to generate ultrasonic sound waves. Common piezoelectric materials used in ultrasonic probes include quartz, lithium sulfate, and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The frequency of the probe depends on the thickness of the piezoelectric crystal, with thinner crystals producing higher frequencies. Probes are designed with different configurations like compression, shear, and twin crystal probes for various testing applications. Sound intensity is measured in decibels, where a 6dB difference represents a 2:1 amplitude ratio between two signals. Automated ultrasonic inspections include pulse echo, through transmission, contact scanning, gap

Uploaded by

Trung Tinh Ho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ultrasonic Testing

Level II

Part 3
Sound Generation
Hammers (Wheel tapers)
Magnetostrictive
Lasers
Piezo-electric

magnetostrictive
Piezo-Electric Effect
When exposed to an alternating current a crystal
expands and contracts

• Converting electrical energy into mechanical

- + + - - +
Piezo-Electric Materials
QUARTZ LITHIUM SULPHATE
Resistant to wear Efficient receiver
Insoluble in water Low electrical impedance
Resists ageing Operates on low voltage
Inefficient converter of Water soluble
energy
Low mechanical strength
Needs a relatively high
Useable only up to 30ºC
voltage
Used mainly in medical
Very rarely used nowadays
Polarized Crystals

Powders heated to high Examples


temperatures
Barium titanate (Ba Ti O3)
Pressed into shape
Lead metaniobate (Pb Nb
Cooled in very strong O6)
electrical fields Lead zirconate titanate (Pb Ti O3
or Pb Zr O3)

Most of the probes for conventional usage use

PZT : Lead Zirconate Titanate


Probes
Z

Probes
The most important part of the probe
is the crystal
The crystal are cut to a particular way
and thickness to give the intended X

properties
Most of the conventional crystal are X
– cut to produce Compression wave
Y

X X
Probes
The frequency of the probe depends on the THICKNESS of the crystal
Formula for frequency:
Ff = V / 2t
Where Ff = the Fundamental frequency
V = the velocity in the crystal
t = the thickness of the crystal
Fundamental frequency is the frequency of the material ( crystal ) where at
that frequency the material will vibrate.
Probes
The Thinner the crystal the Higher the frequency
Which of the followings has the Thinnest crystal ?
1 MHz Compression probe
5 MHz Compression probe
10 MHz Shear probe
25 MHz Shear probe

25 MHz Shear
Probe
Probe Design
Compression Probe Electrical
Normal probe connectors
0°

Housing
Damping
Transducer
Probe Design
Shear Probe
Angle probe

Backing medium

Damping
Transducer

Probe Shoe

Perspex wedge
Probe Design
Twin Crystal
Advantages
Transmitter Receiver Can be focused
Measure thin plate
Near surface resolution
Disadvantages
• Difficult to use on
curved surfaces
• Sizing small defects
Focusing • Signal amplitude /
Separator /
lens focal spot length
Insulator
Sound Intensity
Comparing the intensity of 2 signals

I 0 P0

I1 P1
Electrical power proportional to the
square of the voltage produced
2 2
P0 (V0) Hence
I0 (V0)
 2  2
P1 (V1) I1 (V1)
Sound Intensity
2
I0 (V0) Will lead to large ratios
 2
I1 (V1)
2
I0 (V0)
Therefore Log..10  Log..10 2
I1 (V1)
I0 V0
Log..10  2Log..10 BELS
I1 V1
I0 V0
Log..10  20Log..10 dB
I1 V1
2 signals at 20% and 40% FSH.
What is the difference between them in dB’s?

H0
dB 20Log..10
H1
40
dB  20Log..10  20Log..102
20

dB  20 0.3010
dB  6dB
2 signals at 10% and 100% FSH.
What is the difference between them in dB’s?

H0
dB 20Log..10
H1
100
dB  20Log..10  20Log..1010
10

dB  20  1
dB  20dB
Amplitude ratios in
decibels
2:1 = 6bB
4:1 = 12dB
5:1 = 14dB
10 : 1 = 20dB
100 : 1 = 40dB
Automated Inspections
• Pulse Echo
• Through Transmission
• Transmission with Reflection

• Contact scanning
• Gap scanning
• Immersion testing
Gap Scanning
Probe held a fixed distance
above the surface (1 or
2mm)
Couplant is fed into the
gap
Immersion Testing
Component is placed in a water filled tank
Item is scanned with a probe at a fixed distance above the surface
Immersion Testing

Water path
distance

Front surface Back surface

Defect

Water path distance

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