Experiment No: - 02 Name of Experiment: - The Bending System. Objectives

Experiment No: - 02
Name of Experiment: - The Bending System.
Objectives: -
1. To show how to measure strains in an object that bends and compare the results with
theory.
Apparatus:
1. Strain Gauge Trainer
2. Weight Hanger and Weights.
3. Strain Display
Figure: The Strain Gauge Trainer
Theory:
Strain Gauges
Strain Gauges are electrical sensors (transducers) that measure strains. Their electrical
resistance changes by a small amount when an external force stretches or compresses them. This
change in resistance is directly proportional to displacement (strain).
Mass, Weight and Force
The masses included with the equipment are labelled in grams or kilogram’s - units of mass.
For experiments with this apparatus, it is important to know the gravitational force pulling down
on a mass (true weight) and not just its labelled weight. The standard unit of this force is in
Newton (N) and shown in Equation 1.
Force (N) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration due to gravity (m.s-2) …………………………… (1)
The acceleration is due to gravity (g) is 9.81 m.s-2. So, for a mass of 100 g (0.1 kg), the force (true
weight) is:
F = 0.1 x 9.81 = 0.981 N
Direct Stress, Strain and Young’s Modulus

Stress ()
This is the force applied to a material over a known area. It is found by the equation:
Strain ()
This is the change in length (distortion caused by stress) of a material over its original
length. It is found by the equation:
Young’s Modulus ()

This is a ratio of the tensile stress divided by the tensile strain on a material. An English
physicist - Thomas Young discovered it. It is a measure of the stiffness of a material (a
stiffer material has a higher value of Young’s Modulus). It is found by the equation:
If you create a chart of stress against strain for your test material, the gradient is the
Young’s Modulus.
Figure: Young’s Modulus

Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus (G)
The Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity is a measure of the rigidity of the material when in
‘shear’ - when it is twisting. It is a ratio of the shear stress and the shear strain of the material:
Bending of Beams
Second Moment of Area and Stress
…………................................ (2)
Fig: Bending Moment of a Beam

Bending Moment
For a cantilever beam (supported at one end), the bending moment:
…………….……………………………… (3)
Stress
From the Engineer’s theory of bending, the theoretical stress at any point along the beam is:
………………..……………………………… (4)
Strain
The theoretical strain is simply a re-arranged equation of Young’s Modulus:
………………………………………………… (5)
Procedure: -
1 Create a blank results table, similar to Table 1.
2 Use the Vernier instrument (supplied) to accurately measure the dimensions of the
specimen beam. Record your measurements into your results table.
3 Connect the bending system strain gauges to the strain display as a full bridge.
4 Carefully slide the knife-edge hanger onto the beam to the 420-mm position.
5 Leave the equipment to stabilize for approximately one minute, then press and hold the
‘zero’ button until the display readings become 0 (zero).
6 Note the strain reading into your table.
7 Hook the small weight hanger to the knife-edge hanger.
8 The small weight hanger is 10 g. Add 4 x 10 g weights to the weight hanger to give a
total weight (load) of 50 g. Note the strain reading into your table.
9 In 50 g steps, add more weights to the weight hanger until you reach 500 g. At each step,
note the strain reading into your table.
Beam dimensions:
Young’s Modulus for the beam: Second Bridge Connection: Full Load
Moment of Area: Position: 420 mm
Force (N) = Strain Bending Calculated
Load (Mass) Reading Output Moment Stress Calculated
Load (g) x 9.81 m.s-2 () Voltage (V) (Nm) (MN.m-2) Strain
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Table 1: Blank Results Table
Results Analysis
Convert the applied loads into values of force*.
Use equation 2 to find the second moment of area for your beam*.
Use equations 4 and 3 to find the bending moment and stress at the datum point for each load.
Enter the calculated (theoretical) stress for each load into your results table*.
Re-arrange the Young’s Modulus equation to find the calculated (theoretical) strain for each load.
Enter the results into your results table*.
Do the strain readings and the calculated strains compare well?
Create a chart of calculated (theoretical) stress (vertical axis) against displayed strain. Find the
gradient of your chart and compare it with the Young’s Modulus for the beam.
Typical Result:
Beam dimensions: 19.32 mm x 4.83 mm

Bridge Connection: Full Load
Young’s Modulus for the beam: 207 GPa
Position: 420 mm
Second Moment of Area: 1.8 x 10 -10
Force (N) = Strain Bending Calculated Calculated
Load (Mass) Output Stress
Reading Moment Strain
Load (g) Voltage (V)
x 9.81 m.s-2 () (Nm) (MN.m-2) ()
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 0.49 13 139 0.1987 2.64 13
100 0.98 26 277 0.3973 5.29 26
150 1.47 39 416 0.5960 7.93 38
200 1.96 52 555 0.7946 10.58 51
250 2.45 66 695 0.9933 13.22 64
300 2.94 78 834 1.1919 15.87 77
350 3.43 92 973 1.3906 18.51 89
400 3.92 106 1112 1.5892 21.16 102
450 4.41 119 1253 1.7879 23.80 115
500 4.91 132 1393 1.9865 26.45 128
Table 1: Results for Experiment 2
Figure: Results for Experiment 2

Experiment No: - 02 Name of Experiment: - The Bending System. Objectives

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Experiment No: - 02

Name of Experiment: - The Bending System.

Figure: The Strain Gauge Trainer

F = 0.1 x 9.81 = 0.981 N

Direct Stress, Strain and Young’s Modulus

Young’s Modulus ()

Figure: Young’s Modulus

Fig: Bending Moment of a Beam

6 Note the strain reading into your table.

7 Hook the small weight hanger to the knife-edge hanger.

Do the strain readings and the calculated strains compare well?

Beam dimensions: 19.32 mm x 4.83 mm

Table 1: Results for Experiment 2

Figure: Results for Experiment 2

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