Applied Lab 2
Applied Lab 2
Applied Lab 2
Engineering: Mechanical
LECTURER: Dr Tekweme
Date: …13 October 2021……….
DECLARATION
I swear that this is the original work of the authors. All information obtained directly or indirectly
from other sources has been fully acknowledged. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and
not necessarily those of the University of Johannesburg.
Acknowledgement
I sincerely like to thank our senior lab technician Mr W. Tlali and all other junior lab
technicians, for all the support he gave us and guidance he gave us to successfully finish the
experiment. Highly appreciated.
Contents
OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................2
APPARATUS................................................................................................................................4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSURE....................................................................................................5
RESULTS......................................................................................................................................6
CALCULATIONS...........................................................................................................................6
APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................7
Table of figures
Figure 1 Canti-lever beam..........................................................................................................3
Figure 2 Simply supported beam bending.................................................................................3
Figure 3 Springs with many leaves.............................................................................................3
Figure 4 Bending a beam............................................................................................................4
Figure 5 Apparatus.....................................................................................................................5
Figure 7 Beam.............................................................................................................................7
Table of tables
Table 1 Observed results 1.........................................................................................................6
Table 2 Observed results 2.........................................................................................................6
OBJECTIVES
This experiment aimed to calculate the bending stress and compare it to the experimental
value.
INTRODUCTION
Bending stress is the typical stress that an object experiences when it is subjected to a heavy
load at a specific spot, causing it to bend and fatigue. When operating industrial equipment,
as well as when concrete and steel structures are subjected to a tensile force, bending stress
occurs. Bending stress, also known as flexural stress, occurs in two types of situations:
simply supported structural beam bending and cantilever bending. The upper surface of the
bending beam is in compression and the bottom surface is in tension for the simply
supported structural beam. The neutral axis is a stress-free zone. The bending stress () has
been established. The bending moment is determined by multiplying a force by the distance
between the point of interest and the force. The distance is c, and the moment of inertia is I.
A similar calculation applies to the cantilevered beam configuration. Depending on the
specific con, the formulas for M, c, and I can be complicated, depending on the exact
configuration and beam shape, but many are published.
Axial strain:
Bending stress:
Where:
σ*b = bending stress, (+) for tension, (-) for compression
E = Young's elastic modulus
r = radius of pipe where stress is determined (i.e. inside or outside)
R = radius of curvature of borehole path
APPARATUS
The STR3 Hardware with the frame and data acquisition and laptop computer.
Below is the fully labelled apparatus.
Figure 5 Apparatus
EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSURE.
The equipment was setup as illustrated in and connected the laptop, which had an
appropriate data capture software installed.
Zero the force gauge and the strain gauges
The beam was loaded with a force of 50 N and recorded the bending moment
together with strain values from (1 until 9) on the laptop.
Repeated the same procedure by loading the beam with 100 N, 150 N, 200 N and the
250 N and each time recording the bending moment and strain values.
The results were tabulated
RESULTS
Table 1 Observed results 1
Force Bending
(N) Moment
(Nm) Gauge 1 Gauge 2 Gauge 3 Gauge 4 Gauge 5 Gauge 6 Gauge 7 Gauge 8 Gauge 9
99.5 17.4 -4.0 -56.9 -58.4 -10.0 -23.2 1.8 34.4 32.8 52.0
200.4 35.1 -5.5 -117.8 -110.4 -25.9 -30.4 1.6 68.4 55.6 105.4
300.2 52.5 -5.0 -179.3 -164.5 -41.0 -37.6 4.7 100.3 80.9 159.7
400.2 70.0 -88.5 -243.6 -221.1 -56.2 -45.9 9.4 130.8 107.7 215.2
499.5 87.4 -149 -303.9 -274.4 -70.7 -55.0 14.1 158.2 134.8 264.4
CALCULATIONS
E = 69 GPa (given)
= −276 GN /m 2
=69 ×−5.5
= -379.5 N /m 2
=69×-5
= −480 N /m 2
Stress at gage 1 at 70Nm bending stress.
σ =E × ε
=69 ×−68.5
=-6576 N / m2
Gauge Vertical Stresses (Gpa) induced in the beam corresponding to the Measured
number Position bending moment (Nm) (×10−3)
(mm)
from
top 0 17.4 35.1 52.5 70 87.4
1 0 0 -276 -379.5 -345 -4726.5 -10309
2,3 8 0 -3981.3 -7872.9 -11861 -16036 -19948
4,5 23 0 -1145.4 -1938.9 -2711.7 -3519 -4333.2
6,7 31.7 0 1248.9 2415 3622.5 4836.9 5947.8
8,9 38.1 0 2925.6 5554.5 8300.7 11136.6 13772.4
Area 1=l ×b
¿ 31.7 ×6.4
= 202.88 mm2
31.7
Y 1=
2
=15.85 mm
Area2=l ×b
¿ 38.1× 6.4
¿ 243.84 mm2
6.4
Y 2= +31.7
2
¿ 34.9 mm
→
A 1 × y 1+ A 2 × y 2
Y=
A 1+ A 2
( 202.88 )( 15.85 ) +(243.84)(34.9)
¿
243.34 +202.88
¿ 26.25 mm
b d3 2
¿ + Ah1
12
¿( 6.4)¿ ¿
¿ 38 932.84 mm 4
b d3 2
Ixx2 ¿ + Ah1
12
38.1× 6.43 2
¿ + 243.84 ×8.65
12
¿ 19 077.03
Ixx=Ixx 1+ Ixx 2
¿ 58009.87 mm4
b d3 b d 3
Iyy= +
12 12
I =Ixx+ Iyy
¿ 58009.87+30189.21
=88199.08 mm4
Gauge Vertical Theoretical stresses (Gpa) induced for each bending moment
numbe Positio
r n (mm)
from
top 0 17.4 35.1 52.5 70 87.4
1 0 -0.00119049 -0.00163692 -0.00148811 -0.02038712 -0.04446475
O
2,3 8 -0.0171728 -0.03395869 -0.05116125 -0.06916739 -0.08604256
O
4,5 23 -0.00494053 -0.00836318 -0.01169655 -0.01517873 -0.01869067
O
6,7 31.7 0.00538696 0.01041677 0.01562516 0.02086331 0.02565503
O 1 5 3 3
8,9 38.1 0.01261917 0.02395858 0.03580394 0.04803621 0.05940538
O 9 3 5 5 2
APPENDIX
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: