Applied Lab 2

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment


UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG
Doornfontein Campus
Title: Bending stress in a beam
By
Mphilwenhle Jele
(220155593)

A Semester …2nd lab.. Report submitted


in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the module

APPLIED STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (ASMM1B2)

B. ENG TECH (BENG(TECH))

Engineering: Mechanical
LECTURER: Dr Tekweme
Date: …13 October 2021……….
DECLARATION

I swear that this is the original work of the authors. All information obtained directly or indirectly
from other sources has been fully acknowledged. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and
not necessarily those of the University of Johannesburg.

Signed: M jele Date: 13 October 2021


Statement of originality
I Mphilwenhle Jele declare that this assignment is my own original work, is not copied from
any other person’s work and has not been previously submitted for assessment at University
of Johannesburg or elsewhere. Where secondary material has been used (either from a printed
source or from the internet), this has been carefully acknowledged and referenced in
accordance with departmental requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of
the department’s policy in this regard.

Signature: ________M Jele________________________________________________

Acknowledgement
I sincerely like to thank our senior lab technician Mr W. Tlali and all other junior lab
technicians, for all the support he gave us and guidance he gave us to successfully finish the
experiment. Highly appreciated.
Contents
OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................2
APPARATUS................................................................................................................................4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSURE....................................................................................................5
RESULTS......................................................................................................................................6
CALCULATIONS...........................................................................................................................6
APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................7

Table of figures
Figure 1 Canti-lever beam..........................................................................................................3
Figure 2 Simply supported beam bending.................................................................................3
Figure 3 Springs with many leaves.............................................................................................3
Figure 4 Bending a beam............................................................................................................4
Figure 5 Apparatus.....................................................................................................................5
Figure 7 Beam.............................................................................................................................7

Table of tables
Table 1 Observed results 1.........................................................................................................6
Table 2 Observed results 2.........................................................................................................6
OBJECTIVES
This experiment aimed to calculate the bending stress and compare it to the experimental
value.

INTRODUCTION
Bending stress is the typical stress that an object experiences when it is subjected to a heavy
load at a specific spot, causing it to bend and fatigue. When operating industrial equipment,
as well as when concrete and steel structures are subjected to a tensile force, bending stress
occurs. Bending stress, also known as flexural stress, occurs in two types of situations:
simply supported structural beam bending and cantilever bending. The upper surface of the
bending beam is in compression and the bottom surface is in tension for the simply
supported structural beam. The neutral axis is a stress-free zone. The bending stress () has
been established. The bending moment is determined by multiplying a force by the distance
between the point of interest and the force. The distance is c, and the moment of inertia is I.
A similar calculation applies to the cantilevered beam configuration. Depending on the
specific con, the formulas for M, c, and I can be complicated, depending on the exact
configuration and beam shape, but many are published.

Figure 1 Canti-lever beam

Figure 2 Simply supported beam bending

Springs with many leaves


A basic cantilever or a semi elliptic leaf can be used as a multi leaf spring. The force F, length
L, deflection, and stress relationships are used to construct multi leaf springs. A multi leaf
spring can be thought of as a triangular plate that has been sliced into n strips of width b or
layered in a graduated fashion.
Figure 3 Springs with many leaves

Bending is a simple process.


In general, calculating bending stresses can be a difficult task. Even the planar bending
problem is a two-dimensional elasticity boundary value problem, and in order to obtain a
straightforward solution, several assumptions are frequently made. Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory, planar beam theory, or simply beam-bending theory are all names for these
improvised assumptions. There is no true theory here, just a set of a priori assumptions
about how a beam bends in bending that allows for an analytic solution to the more difficult
boundary-value problem. These are the normal assumptions in the case of tubes, such as
casing.

Assumptions are as follows:

 Initially, the tube is straight.


 Around the middle longitudinal axis, the tube cross
section is symmetric.
 After bending, all cross sections that were normal
to the longitudinal axis before bending remain
normal to the axis.
 There is no axial strain on the middle longitudinal
Figure 4 Bending a beam axis (neutral axis).
 The radius of the tube is modest in comparison to its length.
 Because the bending deflections are tiny in contrast to the tube's length, the tube's
radius remains constant in all directions.

Axial strain:

Bending stress:
Where:
σ*b = bending stress, (+) for tension, (-) for compression
E = Young's elastic modulus
r = radius of pipe where stress is determined (i.e. inside or outside)
R = radius of curvature of borehole path

APPARATUS
The STR3 Hardware with the frame and data acquisition and laptop computer.
Below is the fully labelled apparatus.

Figure 5 Apparatus

EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSURE.
 The equipment was setup as illustrated in and connected the laptop, which had an
appropriate data capture software installed.
 Zero the force gauge and the strain gauges
 The beam was loaded with a force of 50 N and recorded the bending moment
together with strain values from (1 until 9) on the laptop.
 Repeated the same procedure by loading the beam with 100 N, 150 N, 200 N and the
250 N and each time recording the bending moment and strain values.
 The results were tabulated
RESULTS
Table 1 Observed results 1

Force Bending
(N) Moment
(Nm) Gauge 1 Gauge 2 Gauge 3 Gauge 4 Gauge 5 Gauge 6 Gauge 7 Gauge 8 Gauge 9

99.5 17.4 -4.0 -56.9 -58.4 -10.0 -23.2 1.8 34.4 32.8 52.0
200.4 35.1 -5.5 -117.8 -110.4 -25.9 -30.4 1.6 68.4 55.6 105.4
300.2 52.5 -5.0 -179.3 -164.5 -41.0 -37.6 4.7 100.3 80.9 159.7
400.2 70.0 -88.5 -243.6 -221.1 -56.2 -45.9 9.4 130.8 107.7 215.2
499.5 87.4 -149 -303.9 -274.4 -70.7 -55.0 14.1 158.2 134.8 264.4

Table 2 Observed results 2

Gauge Vertical Measured Bending moment (Nm)


number Position (mm) 0 17.4 35.1 52.5 70.0 87.4
from top
1 0 0 -4.0 -5.5 -5.0 -68.5 -149.4
2,3 8 0 -57.7 -114.1 -171.9 -232.4 -289.1
4,5 23 0 -16.6 -28.1 -39.3 -51.0 -62.8
6,7 31.7 0 18.1 35.0 52.5 70.1 86.2
8,9 38.1 0 42.4 80.5 120.3 161.4 199.6

CALCULATIONS
E = 69 GPa (given)

Experimental stresses calculations


Stress at gage 1 at 17.4Nm bending moment.
σ =E × ε
¿ 69 ×−4.0

= −276 GN /m 2

Stress at gage 1 at 35.1Nm bending moment


σ =E × ε

=69 ×−5.5
= -379.5 N /m 2

Stress at gage 1 at 52.5Nm bending stress


σ =E × ε

=69×-5
= −480 N /m 2
Stress at gage 1 at 70Nm bending stress.
σ =E × ε

=69 ×−68.5
=-6576 N / m2

Gauge Vertical Stresses (Gpa) induced in the beam corresponding to the Measured
number Position bending moment (Nm) (×10−3)
(mm)
from
top 0 17.4 35.1 52.5 70 87.4
1 0 0 -276 -379.5 -345 -4726.5 -10309
2,3 8 0 -3981.3 -7872.9 -11861 -16036 -19948
4,5 23 0 -1145.4 -1938.9 -2711.7 -3519 -4333.2
6,7 31.7 0 1248.9 2415 3622.5 4836.9 5947.8
8,9 38.1 0 2925.6 5554.5 8300.7 11136.6 13772.4

Theoretical stresses calculations

Area 1=l ×b
¿ 31.7 ×6.4

= 202.88 mm2
31.7
Y 1=
2
=15.85 mm
Area2=l ×b
¿ 38.1× 6.4

¿ 243.84 mm2
6.4
Y 2= +31.7
2
¿ 34.9 mm


A 1 × y 1+ A 2 × y 2
Y=
A 1+ A 2
( 202.88 )( 15.85 ) +(243.84)(34.9)
¿
243.34 +202.88
¿ 26.25 mm

Ixx 1=Ia 1+ Ah12

b d3 2
¿ + Ah1
12
¿( 6.4)¿ ¿

¿ 38 932.84 mm 4

b d3 2
Ixx2 ¿ + Ah1
12

38.1× 6.43 2
¿ + 243.84 ×8.65
12
¿ 19 077.03

Ixx=Ixx 1+ Ixx 2

¿ 58009.87 mm4

b d3 b d 3
Iyy= +
12 12

31.7× 6.43 6.4 ×38.13


¿ +
12 12
¿ 30189.21 mm4

I =Ixx+ Iyy
¿ 58009.87+30189.21

=88199.08 mm4

Gauge Vertical Theoretical stresses (Gpa) induced for each bending moment
numbe Positio
r n (mm)
from
top 0 17.4 35.1 52.5 70 87.4
1 0   -0.00119049 -0.00163692 -0.00148811 -0.02038712 -0.04446475
O
2,3 8   -0.0171728 -0.03395869 -0.05116125 -0.06916739 -0.08604256
O
4,5 23   -0.00494053 -0.00836318 -0.01169655 -0.01517873 -0.01869067
O
6,7 31.7   0.00538696 0.01041677 0.01562516 0.02086331 0.02565503
O 1 5 3 3
8,9 38.1   0.01261917 0.02395858 0.03580394 0.04803621 0.05940538
O 9 3 5 5 2
APPENDIX

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