Cardinal direction

The four cardinal directions, or cardinal

points, are the directions north, east,
south, and west, commonly denoted by
their initials N, E, S, and W. East and west
are perpendicular (at right angles) to north
and south, with east being in the clockwise
direction of rotation from north and west
being directly opposite east. Points
between the cardinal directions form the
points of the compass.
A compass rose showing the four cardinal directions,
the four intercardinal directions, and eight more
divisions.

The intercardinal (also called the

intermediate directions and, historically,
ordinal) directions are northeast (NE),
southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and
northwest (NW). The intermediate
direction of every set of intercardinal and
cardinal direction is called a secondary
intercardinal direction, the eight shortest
points in the compass rose that is shown
to the right (e.g. NNE, ENE, and ESE).

Locating the directions

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Direction versus bearing …

Latitude circles near the North Pole are shown in red.

F A dBt f h th A h t l k E t b t
For A and B to face each other, A has to look East but
B not to the West. If B were to look West, she would
see a bear eyeing her as his next meal. For A and C to
face each other, both would have to face North.

To keep to a bearing is not, in general, the

same as going in a straight direction along
a great circle. Conversely, one can keep to
a great circle and the bearing may change.
Thus the bearing of a straight path
crossing the North Pole changes abruptly
at the Pole from North to South. When
travelling East or West, it is only on the
Equator that one can keep East or West
and be going straight (without the need to
steer). Anywhere else, maintaining latitude
requires a change in direction, requires
steering. However, this change in direction
becomes increasingly negligible as one
moves to lower latitudes.

Magnetic compass …

A compass and map

The Earth has a magnetic field which is

approximately aligned with its axis of
rotation. A magnetic compass is a device
that uses this field to determine the
cardinal directions. Magnetic compasses
are widely used, but only moderately
accurate. The north pole of the magnetic
needle points towards the geographic
north pole of the earth and vice versa. This
is because the geographic north pole of
the earth lies very close to the magnetic
south pole of the earth. This south
magnetic pole of the earth located at an
angle of 17 degrees to the geographic
north pole attracts the north pole of the
magnetic needle and vice versa.

The Sun …
The position of the Sun in the sky can be
used for orientation if the general time of
day is known. In the morning the Sun rises
roughly in the east (due east only on the
equinoxes) and tracks upwards. In the
evening it sets in the west, again roughly
and only due west exactly on the
equinoxes. In the middle of the day, it is to
the south for viewers in the Northern
Hemisphere, who live north of the Tropic
of Cancer, and the north for those in the
Southern Hemisphere, who live south of
the Tropic of Capricorn. This method does
not work very well when closer to the
equator (i.e. between the Tropic of Cancer
and the Tropic of Capricorn) since, in the
northern hemisphere, the sun may be
directly overhead or even to the north in
summer. Conversely, at low latitudes in the
southern hemisphere the sun may be to
the south of the observer in summer. In
these locations, one needs first to
determine whether the sun is moving from
east to west through north or south by
watching its movements—left to right
means it is going through south while the
right to left means it is going through
north; or one can watch the sun's
shadows. If they move clockwise, the sun
will be in the south at midday, and if they
move anticlockwise, then the sun will be in
the north at midday. The sun rises from
east and sets in West

Because of the Earth's axial tilt, no matter

what the location of the viewer, there are
only two days each year when the sun
rises precisely due east. These days are
the equinoxes. On all other days,
depending on the time of year, the sun
rises either north or south of true east
(and sets north or south of true west). For
all locations, the sun is seen to rise north
of east (and set north of west) from the
Northward equinox to the Southward
equinox, and rise south of east (and set
south of west) from the Southward
equinox to the Northward equinox.

Watch dial …

A method to identify north and south directions using

the sun and a 12-hour analogue clock or watch set to
the local time, 10:10 a.m. in this example.
There is a traditional method by which an
analogue watch can be used to locate
north and south. The Sun appears to move
in the sky over a 24-hour period while the
hour hand of a 12-hour clock dial takes
twelve hours to complete one rotation. In
the northern hemisphere, if the watch is
rotated so that the hour hand points
toward the Sun, the point halfway between
the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate
south. For this method to work in the
southern hemisphere, the 12 is pointed
toward the Sun and the point halfway
between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will
indicate north. During daylight saving time,
the same method can be employed using
1 o'clock instead of 12. The difference
between local time and zone time, the
equation of time, and (near the tropics) the
non-uniform change of the Sun's azimuth
at different times of day limit the accuracy
of this method.

Sundial …

A portable sundial can be used as a more

accurate instrument than a watch for
determining the cardinal directions. Since
the design of a sundial takes account of
the latitude of the observer, it can be used
at any latitude. See: Sundial#Using a
sundial as a compass.
Astronomy …

Astronomy provides a method for finding

direction at night. All the stars appear to
lie on the imaginary Celestial sphere.
Because of the rotation of the Earth, the
Celestial Sphere appears to rotate around
an axis passing through the North and
South poles of the Earth. This axis
intersects the Celestial Sphere at the
North and South Celestial poles, which
appear to the observer to lie directly above
due North and South respectively on the
horizon.
In either hemisphere, observations of the
night sky show that the visible stars
appear to be moving in circular paths,
caused by the rotation of the Earth. This is
best seen in a long exposure photograph,
which is obtained by locking the shutter
open for most of the intensely dark part of
a moonless night. The resulting
photograph reveals a multitude of
concentric arcs (portions of perfect
circles) from which the exact center can
be readily derived, and which corresponds
to the Celestial pole, which lies directly
above the position of the true pole (North
or South) on the horizon. A published
photograph exposed for nearly 8 hours
demonstrates this effect.

The Northern Celestial pole is currently

(but not permanently) within a fraction of 1
degree of the bright star Polaris. The exact
position of the pole changes over
thousands of years because of the
precession of the equinoxes. Polaris is
also known as the North Star, and is
generically called a pole star or lodestar.
Polaris is only visible during fair weather at
night to inhabitants of the Northern
Hemisphere. The asterism "Big Dipper"
may be used to find Polaris. The 2 corner
stars of the "pan" (those opposite from the
handle) point above the top of the "pan" to
Polaris.

While observers in the Northern

hemisphere can use the star Polaris to
determine the Northern celestial pole, the
Octans constellation's South Star is hardly
visible enough to use for navigation. For
this reason, the preferred alternative is to
use the constellation Crux (The Southern
Cross). The southern celestial pole lies at
the intersection of (a) the line along the
long axis of crux (i.e. through Alpha Crucis
and Gamma Crucis) and (b) a line
perpendicularly bisecting the line joining
the "Pointers" (Alpha Centauri and Beta
Centauri).

Gyrocompass …

At the very end of the 19th century, in

response to the development of
battleships with large traversable guns
that affected magnetic compasses, and
possibly to avoid the need to wait for fair
weather at night to precisely verify one's
alignment with true north, the
gyrocompass was developed for
shipboard use. Since it finds true, rather
than magnetic, north, it is immune to
interference by local or shipboard
magnetic fields. Its major disadvantage is
that it depends on technology that many
individuals might find too expensive to
justify outside the context of a large
commercial or military operation. It also
requires a continuous power supply for its
motors, and that it can be allowed to sit in
one location for a period of time while it
properly aligns itself.

Satellite navigation …

Near the end of the 20th century, the

advent of satellite-based Global
Positioning Systems (GPS) provided yet
another means for any individual to
determine true north accurately. While GPS
Receivers (GPSRs) function best with a
clear view of the entire sky, they function
day or night, and in all but the most severe
weather. The government agencies
responsible for the satellites continuously
monitor and adjust them to maintain their
accurate alignment with the Earth. There
are consumer versions of the receivers
that are attractively priced. Since there are
no periodic access fees, or other licensing
charges, they have become widely used.
GPSR functionality is becoming more
commonly added to other consumer
devices such as mobile phones. Handheld
GPSRs have modest power requirements,
can be shut down as needed, and
recalibrate within a couple of minutes of
being restarted. In contrast with the
gyrocompass which is most accurate
when stationary, the GPS receiver, if it has
only one antenna, must be moving,
typically at more than 0.1 mph (0.2 km/h),
to correctly display compass directions.
On ships and aircraft, GPS receivers are
often equipped with two or more antennas,
separately attached to the vehicle. The
exact latitudes and longitudes of the
antennas are determined, which allows the
cardinal directions to be calculated relative
to the structure of the vehicle. Within these
limitations GPSRs are considered both
accurate and reliable. The GPSR has thus
become the fastest and most convenient
way to obtain a verifiable alignment with
the cardinal directions.

Additional points

Cardinal points (in degrees) …

The directional names are routinely

associated with the degrees of rotation in
the unit circle, a necessary step for
navigational calculations (derived from
trigonometry) and/or for use with Global
Positioning Satellite (GPS) receivers. The
four cardinal directions correspond to the
following degrees of a compass:

North (N): 0° = 360°

East (E): 90°
South (S): 180°
West (W): 270°

Intercardinal directions …

The intercardinal (intermediate, or,

historically, ordinal[1]) directions are the
four intermediate compass directions
located halfway between each pair of
cardinal directions.
 Northeast (NE), 45°, halfway between
north and east, is the opposite of
southwest.
Southeast (SE), 135°, halfway between
south and east, is the opposite of
northwest.
Southwest (SW), 225°, halfway between
south and west, is the opposite of
northeast.
Northwest (NW), 315°, halfway between
north and west, is the opposite of
southeast.

Other …
These eight directional names have been
further compounded, resulting in a total of
32 named points evenly spaced around
the compass: north (N), north by east
(NbE), north-northeast (NNE), northeast by
north (NEbN), northeast (NE), northeast by
east (NEbE), east-northeast (ENE), east by
north (EbN), east (E), etc.

Usefulness of cardinal points

With the cardinal points thus accurately
defined, by convention cartographers draw
standard maps with north (N) at the top,
and east (E) at the right. In turn, maps
provide a systematic means to record
where places are, and cardinal directions
are the foundation of a structure for telling
someone how to find those places.

North does not have to be at the top. Most

maps in medieval Europe, for example,
placed east (E) at the top.[2] A few
cartographers prefer south-up maps. Many
portable GPS-based navigation computers
today can be set to display maps either
conventionally (N always up, E always
right) or with the current instantaneous
direction of travel, called the heading,
always up (and whatever direction is +90°
from that to the right).
Beyond geography
Cardinal directions or cardinal points may
sometimes be extended to include
elevation (altitude, depth): north, south,
east, west, up and down, or
mathematically the six directions of the x-,
y-, and z-axes in three-dimensional space.
Topographic maps include elevation,
typically via contour lines.

In astronomy, the cardinal points of an

astronomical body as seen in the sky are
four points defined by the directions
towards which the celestial poles lie
relative to the center of the disk of the
object in the sky.[3][4] A line (a great circle
on the celestial sphere) from the center of
the disk to the North celestial pole will
intersect the edge of the body (the "limb")
at the North point. The North point will
then be the point on the limb that is
closest to the North celestial pole.
Similarly, a line from the center to the
South celestial pole will define the South
point by its intersection with the limb. The
points at right angles to the North and
South points are the East and West points.
Going around the disk clockwise from the
North point, one encounters in order the
West point, the South point, and then the
East point. This is opposite to the order on
a terrestrial map because one is looking
up instead of down.

Similarly, when describing the location of

one astronomical object relative to
another, "north" means closer to the North
celestial pole, "east" means at a higher
right ascension, "south" means closer to
the South celestial pole, and "west" means
at a lower right ascension. If one is looking
at two stars that are below the North Star,
for example, the one that is "east" will
actually be further to the left.

Germanic origin of names

During the Migration Period, the Germanic
names for the cardinal directions entered
the Romance languages, where they
replaced the Latin names borealis (or
septentrionalis) with north, australis (or
meridionalis) with south, occidentalis with
west and orientalis with east. It is possible
that some northern people used the
Germanic names for the intermediate
directions. Medieval Scandinavian
orientation would thus have involved a 45
degree rotation of cardinal directions.[5]

north (Proto-Germanic *norþ-) from the

proto-Indo-European *nórto-s
'submerged' from the root *ner- 'left,
below, to the left of the rising sun'
whence comes the Ancient Greek name
Nereus.[6]
east (*aus-t-) from the word for dawn.
The proto-Indo-European form is *austo-
s from the root *aues- 'shine (red)'.[7] See
Ēostre.
south (*sunþ-), derived from proto-Indo-
European *sú-n-to-s from the root *seu-
'seethe, boil'.[8] Cognate with this root is
the word Sun, thus "the region of the
Sun".
west (*wes-t-) from a word for "evening".
The proto-Indo-European form is *uestos
from the root *ues- 'shine (red)',[9] itself a
 form of *aues-.[10] Cognate with the root
are the Latin words vesper and vesta and
the Ancient Greek Hestia, Hesperus and
Hesperides.

Cultural variations
In many regions of the world, prevalent
winds change direction seasonally, and
consequently many cultures associate
specific named winds with cardinal and
intercardinal directions. For example,
classical Greek culture characterized
these winds as Anemoi.

In pre-modern Europe more generally,

between eight and 32 points of the
compass – cardinal and intercardinal
directions – were given names. These
often corresponded to the directional
winds of the Mediterranean Sea (for
example, southeast was linked to the
Sirocco, a wind from the Sahara).

Particular colors are associated in some

traditions with the cardinal points. These
are typically "natural colors" of human
perception rather than optical primary
colors.

Many cultures, especially in Asia, include

the center as a fifth cardinal point.
Northern Eurasia …

Northern Eurasia N E S W C Source

Slavic — [11]

China [12][13]

Ainu [14][15]

Turkic [14]

[16]
Kalmyks —
[14]
Tibet

Central Asian, Eastern European and North

East Asian cultures frequently have
traditions associating colors with four or
five cardinal points.

Systems with five cardinal points (four

directions and the center) include those
from pre-modern China, as well as
traditional Turkic, Tibetan and Ainu
cultures. In Chinese tradition, the five
cardinal point system is related to I Ching,
the Wu Xing and the five naked-eye
planets. In traditional Chinese astrology,
the zodiacal belt is divided into the four
constellation groups corresponding to the
directions.

Each direction is often identified with a

color, and (at least in China) with a
mythological creature of that color.
Geographical or ethnic terms may contain
the name of the color instead of the name
of the corresponding direction.[12][13]

Examples …
 This section does not cite any sources.
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East: Green (青 "qīng" corresponds to both

green and blue); Spring; Wood

Qingdao (Tsingtao) "Green Island": a city

on the east coast of China
Green Ukraine

South: Red; Summer; Fire

Red River (Asia): south of China

Red Ruthenia
Red Jews: a semi-mythological group of
Jews
Red Croatia
Red Sea
West: White; Autumn; Metal

White Sheep Turkmen

Akdeniz, meaning White Sea:
Mediterranean Sea in Turkish
Balts, Baltic words containing the stem
balt-, "white"
White Ruthenia
White Croatia

North: Black; Winter; Water

Heilongjiang "Black Dragon River"

province in Northeast China, also the
Amur River
Kara-Khitan Khanate "Black Khitans"
who originated in Northern China
 Black Hungarians
Black Ruthenia

Center: Yellow; Earth

Huangshan: "Yellow Mountain" in central

China
Huang He: "Yellow River" in central
China
Golden Horde: "Central Army" of the
Mongols

Arabic world …

Countries where Arabic is used refer to the

cardinal directions as Ash Shamal (N), Al
Gharb (W), Ash Sharq (E) and Al Janoob
(S). Additionally, Al Wusta is used for the
center. All five are used for geographic
subdivision names (wilayahs, states,
regions, governorates, provinces, districts
or even towns), and some are the origin of
some Southern Iberian place names (such
as Algarve, Portugal and Axarquía, Spain).

Native Americans …

In Mesoamerica and North America, a

number of traditional indigenous
cosmologies include four cardinal
directions and a center. Some may also
include "above" and "below" as directions,
and therefore focus on a cosmology of
seven directions. Each direction may be
associated with a color, which can vary
widely between nations, but which is
usually one of the basic colors found in
nature and natural pigments, such as
black, red, white, and yellow, with
occasional appearances of blue, green, or
other hues.[17] In some cases, e.g., many
of the Puebloan peoples of the
Southwestern United States, the four
named directions are not North, South,
East and West but are the four
intermediate directions associated with
the places of sunrise and sunset at the
winter and summer solstices.[18][19] There
can be great variety in color symbolism,
even among cultures that are close
neighbors geographically.

India …

Ten Hindu deities, known as the "Dikpālas",

have been recognized in classical Indian
scriptures, symbolizing the four cardinal
and four intercardinal directions with the
additional directions of up and down. Each
of the ten directions has its own name in
Sanskrit.[20]

Indigenous Australia …
Some indigenous Australians have
cardinal directions deeply embedded in
their culture. For example, the Warlpiri
people have a cultural philosophy deeply
connected to the four cardinal
directions[21] and the Guugu Yimithirr
people use cardinal directions rather than
relative direction even when indicating the
position of an object close to their body.
(For more information, see: Cultural use of
cardinal rather than relative direction.)

The precise direction of the cardinal points

appears to be important in Aboriginal
stone arrangements.
Many aboriginal languages contain words
for the usual four cardinal directions, but
some contain words for 5 or even 6
cardinal directions.[22]

Unique (non-compound)
names of intercardinal
directions

Cardinal and non-compound intercardinal directions in

Estonian and Finnish. Notice the intermixed "south"
and "southwest". Further intermixing between
directions south and northwest occur in other Finnic
languages.

In some languages, such as Estonian,

Finnish and Breton, the intercardinal
directions have names that are not
compounds of the names of the cardinal
directions (as, for instance, northeast is
compounded from north and east). In
Estonian, those are kirre (northeast), kagu
(southeast), edel (southwest), and loe
(northwest), in Finnish koillinen
(northeast), kaakko (southeast), lounas
(southwest), and luode (northwest). In
Japanese, there is the interesting situation
that native Japanese words (yamato
kotoba, kun readings of kanji) are used for
the cardinal directions (such as minami for
南, south), but borrowed Chinese words
(on readings of kanji) are used for
intercardinal directions (such as tō-nan for
東南, southeast, lit. "east-south"). In the
Malay language, adding laut (sea) to either
east (timur) or west (barat) results in
northeast or northwest, respectively,
whereas adding daya to west (giving barat
daya) results in southwest. However,
southeast has a special word: tenggara.

Sanskrit and other Indian languages that

borrow from it use the names of the gods
associated with each direction: east
(Indra), southeast (Agni), south
(Yama/Dharma), southwest (Nirrti), west
(Varuna), northwest (Vayu), north
(Kubera/Heaven) and northeast
(Ishana/Shiva). North is associated with
the Himalayas and heaven while the south
is associated with the underworld or land
of the fathers (Pitr loka). The directions
are named by adding "disha" to the names
of each god or entity: e.g. Indradisha
(direction of Indra) or Pitrdisha (direction
of the forefathers i.e. south).

The Hopi language and the Tewa dialect

spoken by the Arizona Tewa have proper
names for the solstitial directions, which
are approximately intercardinal, rather than
for the cardinal directions.[23][24]

Non-compass directional
systems
Use of the compass directions is common
and deeply embedded in European and
Chinese culture (see south-pointing
chariot). Some other cultures make
greater use of other referents, such as
towards the sea or towards the mountains
(Hawaii, Bali), or upstream and
downstream (most notably in ancient
Egypt, also in the Yurok and Karuk
languages). Lengo (Guadalcanal, Solomon
Islands) has four non-compass directions:
landward, seaward, upcoast, and
downcoast.

Some languages lack words for body-

relative directions such as left/right, and
use geographical directions instead.[25]

See also
Azimuth
Classical compass winds – an early
source of cardinal directions
Cultural synesthesia
Elevation – the mapping information
ignored by the cardinal point system
Geocaching – an international hobby
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Latitude and Longitude
List of cartographers – famous map
makers through history
List of international common standards
Magnetic deviation – explanation of the
slight misalignment of a compass with
the Earth's north and south poles
Orienteering – an international
hobby/sport that depends on knowledge
of cardinal directions and how to locate
them
Relative direction
 Uses of trigonometry

References
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between each cardinal direction,"
Cardinal Directions and Ordinal
Directions, geolounge.com" . Archived
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Retrieved 22 February 2019.
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Luttikhuizen and Verkerk; Prentice Hall,
2006), pp. 226–7.
3. Rigge, W. F. "Partial eclipse of the
moon, 1918, June 24". Popular
 Astronomy. 26: 373.
Bibcode:1918PA.....26..373R .
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4. Meadows, Peter; meadows. "Solar
Observing: Parallactic Angle" .
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Wörterbuch
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Archived from the original on 21
February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
13. "Chinese Cosmogony" . Archived from
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2010.
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JSTOR 1264798 . "In Ainu... siwnin
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Stars, and Planets", page 371. Oxford
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177–179.
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 cardinal points being marked by the
solstitial rising and setting points of
the sun.... Their cardinal points
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on the horizon and agree roughly with
our semi-cardinal points."
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Retrieved 31 August 2010.

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