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Yamuna River-5

The document discusses the Yamuna River in India. It describes how the Yamuna was originally a tributary of the Ghaggar River but later changed its course to become a tributary of the Ganges River. It notes that many great empires in India were based along the fertile Ganges-Yamuna basin, including the Maurya Empire and the Gupta Empire. The document also provides cultural and religious context, describing how the Yamuna River is mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures and how statues of the Yamuna were common in the Gupta Empire alongside the Ganges River.

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Munnur Pandari
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62 views2 pages

Yamuna River-5

The document discusses the Yamuna River in India. It describes how the Yamuna was originally a tributary of the Ghaggar River but later changed its course to become a tributary of the Ganges River. It notes that many great empires in India were based along the fertile Ganges-Yamuna basin, including the Maurya Empire and the Gupta Empire. The document also provides cultural and religious context, describing how the Yamuna River is mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures and how statues of the Yamuna were common in the Gupta Empire alongside the Ganges River.

Uploaded by

Munnur Pandari
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Most of the great empires which ruled over a majority of India were based in the highly fertile
Ganges–Yamuna basin, including the Magadha (c. 600 BCE), Maurya Empire (321–
185 BCE), Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE), Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries CE), and Gupta
Empire (280–550 CE), and many had

Geological evidence indicates that in the distant past the Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar
River (identified by some as the Vedic Sarasvati River). It later changed its course eastward,
becoming a tributary of the Ganges. While some have argued that this was due to a tectonic event,
and may have led to the Sarasvati River drying up, the end of many Harappan civilisation
surveys of Seleucus I Nicator, an officer of Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi, who visited
India in 305 BCE. Greek traveller and geographer Megasthenes visited India sometime before
288 BCE (the date of Chandragupta's death) and mentioned the river in his Indica, where he
described the region around it as the land of Surasena.[20] In Mahabharata, the Pandava capital
of Indraprastha was situated on the banks of Yamuna, considered to be the site of modern Delhi.

The tale is further detailed in the 16th century Sanskrit hymn, Yamunashtakam, an ode by the


philosopher Vallabhacharya. Here the story of her descent to meet her beloved Krishna and to purify
the world has been put into verse. The hymn also praises her for being the source of all spiritual
abilities. And while the Ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and
can grant Moksha or liberation, it is Yamuna, who, being a holder of infinite love and compassion,
can grant freedom, even from death, the realm of her elder brother. Vallabhacharya writes that she
rushes down the Kalinda Mountain, and describes her as the daughter of Kalinda, giving her the
name Kalindi, the backdrop of Krishna Leela. The text also talks about her water being of the colour
of Lord Krishna, which is The name Yamuna seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word "yama",
meaning 'twin', and it may have been applied to the river because it runs parallel to the Ganges. The
Yamuna is mentioned at many places in the Rig Veda, which was composed during the Vedic
period c. 1700–1100 BCE, and also in the later Atharvaveda, and the Brahmanas including Aitareya
Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana.[15] In the Rigveda, the story of the Yamuna describes her
"excessive love" for her twin, Yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself, which
she does in Krishna.[16]
The tale is further detailed in the 16th century Sanskrit hymn, Yamunashtakam, an ode by the
philosopher Vallabhacharya. Here the story of her descent to meet her beloved Krishna and to purify
the world has been put into verse. The hymn also praises her for being the source of all spiritual
abilities. And while the Ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and
can grant Moksha or liberation, it is Yamuna, who, being a holder of infinite love and compassion,
can grant freedom, even from death, the realm of her elder brother. Vallabhacharya writes that she
rushes down the Kalinda Mountain, and describes her as the daughter of Kalinda, giving her the
name Kalindi, the backdrop of Krishna Leela. The text also talks about her water being of the colour
of Lord Krishna, which is dark (Shyam).[17][18] The river is referred to as Asita in some historical texts.[19]
It is mentioned as Iomanes (Ioames) in the surveys of Seleucus I Nicator, an officer of Alexander the
Great and one of the Diadochi, who visited India in 305 BCE. Greek traveller and
geographer Megasthenes visited India sometime before 288 BCE (the date of Chandragupta's
death) and mentioned the river in his Indica, where he described the region around it as the land of
Surasena.[20] In Mahabharata, the Pandava capital of Indraprastha was situated on the banks of
Yamuna, considered to be the site of modern Delhi.
Geological evidence indicates that in the distant past the Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar
River (identified by some as the Vedic Sarasvati River). It later changed its course eastward,
becoming a tributary of the Ganges. While some have argued that this was due to a tectonic event,
and may have led to the Sarasvati River drying up, the end of many Harappan
civilisation settlements, and creation of the Thar desert,[21][22][23] recent geological research suggests
that the diversion of the Yamuna to the Ganges may have occurred during the Pleistocene, and thus
could not be connected to the decline of the Harappan civilisation in the region.[24]
Most of the great empires which ruled over a majority of India were based in the highly fertile
Ganges–Yamuna basin, including the Magadha (c. 600 BCE), Maurya Empire (321–
185 BCE), Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE), Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries CE), and Gupta
Empire (280–550 CE), and many had their capitals here, in cities like Pataliputra or Mathura. These
rivers were revered throughout these kingdoms that flourished on their banks; since the period
of Chandragupta II (r. 375–415 CE), statues both the Ganges and Yamuna became common
throughout the Gupta Empire. Further to the South, images of the Ganges and Yamuna are found
amidst shrines of the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas (753–982), and on their royal seals; prior to them,
the Chola Empire also added the river into their architectural motifs. The Three River Goddess
shrine, next to the Kailash rock-cut Temple at Ellora, shows the Ganges flanked by the Yamuna and
Saraswati.[25]

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