Alexandria Engineering Journal (2018) 57, 1877–1881

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A computational modelling of micro strip patch

antenna and its solution by RDTM
R.K. Chaurasia a,*, Vishal Mathur a, R.L. Pareekh a, Mohammad Tamsir b,
Vineet K. Srivastava c,d

a
ITS, The ICFAI University, Jaipur 302031, India
b
Department of Mathematics, Graphic Era University, Dehradun 248001, India
c
Flight Dynamics Group, ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network, Bangalore 560058, India
d
Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, India

Received 3 January 2017; revised 20 March 2017; accepted 29 March 2017

Available online 17 April 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract This paper concerns with the modelling of a micro strip antenna with strip line feeding
Micro strip; technique formulated using Ohm’s law. A partial differential equation is obtained from the model
RDTM; which is solved using ‘‘Reduced Differential Transformation Method (RDTM)”. A couple of
Exact solution; numerical examples are considered to check the accuracy, efficiency and convergence of the method.
Impedance The present method is a very powerful mathematical tool for solving wide range of problems arising
in circuit theory, RF field, and science and communication system fields.
Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction An electrical signal can be fed to patch by various methods

which can be categorized into two categories viz. contacting
Micro strip or printed patch antennas are now being used in and non-contacting [1]. In contacting method, the electrical
almost all wireless system. The main function of micro strip power is supplied directly to the radiating patch using a con-
antenna is to transmit electromagnetic signal at transmitter necting line element such as a micro strip line. In non-
side and to receive electromagnetic signal at receiver side in contacting method, the coupling is done to transfer power
order of microwave range. So an antenna plays very significant (electrical signal) between the micro strip line and the radiating
role in wireless communication application. A Patch antenna is patch. The four most popular feed techniques used are the
also known as micro strip antenna and consists of a copper or micro strip line, coaxial probe (both contacting types), aper-
gold patch on a one side of the substrate and other side taken ture coupling and proximity coupling (both non-contacting
for ground plane, as shown in Fig. 1. In an antenna the patch types). In this model we have taken micro strip feed line meth-
is the main part, which is responsible for radiation. Patch can ods for computational modelling. In circuit theory, impedance
be radiated when a sources supply an electrical signal to patch. matching is required between radiating patch and source feed
line to ensure the maximum transfer of power (electrical signal)
* Corresponding author. from source to radiating path. For obtaining power we need
E-mail address: chaurasia.rajk@gmail.com (R.K. Chaurasia). voltage and current.
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.03.040
1110-0168 Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1878 R.K. Chaurasia et al.

Figure 1 Basic structure of micro strip antenna.

In this paper a mathematical derivation for the micro strip

feed line in terms of voltage has been formulated and the
obtained partial differential equation is solved by RDTM.
The RDTM is proposed by Keskin and Oturanc [5] for the
fractional differential equations and they showed that it is a
powerful mathematical tool for solving a wide range of prob-
lems including communication system. Thereafter, RDTM is
used by various authors of [6,8–11,22]. Aghajania et al. [14]
used this method for solving Black-Scholes equation for Euro-
pean option valuation. Jafari et al. [15] presented reduced q-
differential transform method is for solving PDEs. Jafari
et al. [16] used differential transform method to obtain the Figure 2 Equivalent circuits of micro strip line fed antenna.
solution of multidimensional PDEs while in [17] the authors
implemented the aforesaid method for non-differentiable solu-
tion of the linear and nonlinear PDES. Abuteen et al. [18] pro- Suppose uðx; tÞ be the voltage at any point and any time, on
posed fractional reduced differential transform method micro strip antenna, iðx; tÞ be the current at any point and any
(FRDTM) to provide solution of a class of nonlinear frac- time, G denotes the conductance of the micro strip line
tional Klein-Gordon equation. Although both RDTM and antenna, C denotes the capacitance to the ground, and L
DTM provide convergent solutions the implementation of denotes the inductance of the microstrip antenna.
RDTM is easier than that of DTM. The RDTM reduces the The voltage drop across the inductor is given as
computational difficulties of the DTM. di
Some recent developed techniques viz. multistep reduced v ¼ L : ð1Þ
dt
differential transform method [19,20], reproducing kernel Hil-
bert space method [21,22] and multistep generalized differen- The voltage drop across the capacitor is given by
Z
tial transform method [23] are also capable to handle a wide 1
range of problems. The multistep reduced differential trans- v¼ idt: ð2Þ
c
form method is proposed by Al-Smadi et al. [19,20]. Al-
Smadi et al. [21] applied reproducing kernel Hilbert space The voltage at terminal B is equal to the voltage at terminal
method to approximate the solution two-point boundary value A, minus the drop in voltage along the element AB, conse-
problems for fourth-order Fredholm-Volterra integrodifferen- quently, from Eqs. (1) and (2) we have
tial equations whereas the authors of [22] applied aforesaid di
method to obtain the solution for systems of second-order dif- vðx þ dx; tÞ  vðx; tÞ ¼ ½Ldx : ð3Þ
dt
ferential equations with periodic boundary conditions.
Taking as dx ! 0 in Eq. (3) and differentiating partially
Moaddy et al. [23] presented a multistep generalized differen-
with respect to x, we have
tial transform method to obtain the approximate solution of
Rabinovich-Fabrikant model involving Caputo fractional @v @i
¼L : ð4Þ
derivative. @x @t
Similarly, the current at terminal B is equal to the current at
2. Mathematical modelling terminal A, minus the current flow through conductance G
and capacitance C, so we can get
Let us consider a micro strip antenna as equivalent [2] electri- @i
cal circuit shown in Fig. 2. Further assume that the antenna is ¼ Gv  IL  IC : ð5Þ
@x
imperfectly insulated so that there are capacitance, inductance
and current leakage to ground. The current through the capacitor is given as
A computational modelling of micro strip patch antenna 1879

@v In this paper, (lowercase) wðx; tÞ represents the original

IC ¼ C : ð6Þ
@t function while (uppercase) Wk ðxÞ stands for the reduced trans-
The current through the inductor is given as formed function. The differential inverse reduced transform of
Wk ðxÞ is defined as [3–5]
@IL
v ¼ L : ð7Þ X
1
@t R1 Wk ðxÞðt  t0 Þk :
D ½Wk ðxÞ  wðx; tÞ ¼ ð14Þ
From Eq. (5), we get k¼0

1 @i 1 1 On substituting the value of Wk ðxÞ from Eq. (13) into Eq.

v¼  IL  IC : ð8Þ (14), we get
G @x G G
X1  
Differentiating Eq. (4) with respect to x 1 @k
wðx; tÞ ¼ wðx; tÞ ðt  t0 Þk : ð15Þ
k! @t k
t¼t0
@2v @2i k¼0
¼L ;
@x 2 @x@t
or
Definition 3.2. If vðx; tÞ ¼ R1 1
D ½Vk ðxÞ, uðx; tÞ ¼ RD ½Uk ðxÞ,
@2i 1 @2v then the convolution  denotes the reduced differential
¼ : ð9Þ
@x@t L @x2 transformation version of the multiplication, then the funda-
Now differentiating Eq. (8) partially with respect to t, we mental operations [12–13] of the reduced differential transfor-
have mation are shown in the Table 1.

@v 1 @2i 1 @IC 1 @IL

¼   : ð10Þ 4. Computational illustrations
@t G @x@t G @t G @t
Now using Eqs. (6), (7) and (9) in Eq. (10), we have
In this section, we describe the method explained in Section 2
@v 1 @ v C@ v 2
v 2 taking couple of examples of wave equation of micro strip
¼  þ ; antenna to validate the efficiency and reliability of the RDTM.
@t GL @x2 G @t2 LG
or Example 4.1. Consider the wave equation for micro strip
antenna as follows:
1 @ v 2
C @ v @v v 2
¼  þ : ð11Þ
GL @x2 G @t2 @t LG
@2v @v @ 2 v
Eq. (11) is known as one dimensional partial differential þ 2 þ 2  v ¼ 0; ð16Þ
@ t
2
@t @x
equation for micro strip antenna.
subject to the initial conditions
)
3. Reduced differential transform (RDTM) vðx; 0Þ ¼ e x
@vðx;0Þ : ð17Þ
@t
¼ 2e x
In this section, the fundamental of the reduced differential
transformation is described [3–11]. Consider a function of Applying the RDTM to Eq. (16) and initial conditions (17),
two variables wðx; tÞ, and assume that it can be represented we obtain the following recurrence relation
as a product of two single-variable functions, i.e.
wðx; tÞ ¼ FðxÞGðtÞ. On the basis of the properties of the one- ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2ÞVkþ2 ðxÞ  2ðk þ 1ÞVkþ1 ðxÞ
dimensional differential transformation, the function wðx; tÞ @2
can be represented as ¼ ðVk ðxÞÞ  Vk ðxÞ; ð18Þ
@x2
X
1 X
1 1 X
X 1
and
wðx; tÞ ¼ FðiÞxi GðjÞt j ¼ Wði; jÞxi t j ; ð12Þ
i¼0 j¼0 i¼0 j¼0

where Wði; jÞ ¼ FðiÞGðjÞ is called the spectrum of wðx; tÞ.

Let RD denotes the reduced differential transform operator Table 1 Fundamental operations of the RDTM.
and the inverse reduced differential transform operator is rep- Pk
RD ½vðx; tÞuðx; tÞ Vk ðxÞ  Uk ðxÞ ¼
resented by R1 r¼0 Vr ðxÞUkr ðxÞ
D operator. The basic definition and operation
RD ½avðx; tÞ  buðx; tÞ aVk ðxÞ  bUk ðxÞ
of the RDTM is introduced below. @  @
RD @x
@
vðx; tÞ
 @x Vk ðxÞ
RD @t vðx; tÞ ðk þ 1ÞVkþ1 ðxÞ
Definition 3.1. If wðx; tÞ is analytic and continuously differen- h rþs i ðkþ1Þ! @ r
tiable with respect to space variable x and time variable t in the RD @x@ y @ts vðx; tÞ k! @x y Vkþs ðxÞ

domain of interest, then the spectrum function [3–5] RD ½xm tn  x ; fork ¼ n;
m

0; otherwise;
  RD ½ekt  kk
1 @k k!
RD ½wðx; tÞ  Wk ðxÞ ¼ wðx; tÞ ; ð13Þ RD ½sinðwt þ aÞ xk
k! @tk t¼t0 !k sinðpk
2! þ aÞ
RD ½cosðwt þ aÞ xk
cosðpk
!k 2! þ aÞ
is the reduced transformed function of wðx; tÞ.
1880 R.K. Chaurasia et al.

ð2Þ3 x ð2Þ4 x
V3 ðxÞ ¼ e ; V4 ðxÞ ¼ e ; V5 ðxÞ
3! 4!
5
ð2Þ x ð2Þk x
¼ e ; . . . Vk ðxÞ ¼ e ;...
5! k!
Using the differential inverse reduced transform of Vk ðxÞ,
we have
X
1
vðx; tÞ ¼ Vk ðxÞtk ¼ V0 ðxÞ þ V1 ðxÞt þ V2 ðxÞt2 þ V3 ðxÞt3 þ . . .
k¼0
X
1
) vðx; tÞ ¼ Vk ðxÞtk
k¼0
!
Figure 3 Plot of uðx; tÞ for x 2 ½0; 2 at t ¼ 0:5 and t ¼ 1 for ð2Þ2 2 ð2Þ3 3 ð2Þ4 4
¼e x
1 þ ð2Þt þ t þ t þ t ...
Example 4.1. 2! 3! 4!
) vðx; tÞ ¼ ex2t : ð20Þ
Eq. (20) is the closed form of the solution.

Example 4.2. Consider another micro strip line differential

equation is given by

@ 2 v @v @ 2 v
þ þ  v ¼ 0; ð21Þ
@ 2 t @t @x2
subject to the initial conditions
)
vðx; 0Þ ¼ e x
@vðx;0Þ : ð22Þ
@t
¼ e x

Figure 4 Surface plot of uðx; tÞ for x 2 ½0; 2 and t 2 ½0; 0:8 for Applying the RDTM to Eq. (21) and initial conditions (22),
Example 4.1. we have the following recurrence relation

ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2ÞVkþ2 ðxÞ  ðk þ 1ÞVkþ1 ðxÞ

@2
¼ ðVk ðxÞÞ  Vk ðxÞ; ð23Þ
@x2
and

V0 ðxÞ ¼ e x
: ð24Þ
ðk þ 1ÞVkþ1 ðxÞ ¼ e x
At k ¼ 0, From Eq. (24) we have
V1 ðxÞ ¼ e x ;
Now, using Eq. (24) into Eq. (23) we have
1 x
V2 ðxÞ ¼ e ;
2!
Figure 5 Plot of uðx; tÞ for x 2 ½0; 2 at t ¼ 0:5 and t ¼ 1 for
Example 4.2.


V0 ðxÞ ¼ e x
: ð19Þ
ðk þ 1ÞVkþ1 ðxÞ ¼ 2e x
At k ¼ 0, From Eq. (19) we have

V1 ðxÞ ¼ 2e x ;
Now, using Eq. (19) into Eq. (18) we have
ð2Þ2 x
V2 ðxÞ ¼ e ;
2!
Similarly, from Eq. (18) and Eq. (19) we have the following Figure 6 Surface plot of uðx; tÞ for x 2 ½0; 2 and t 2 ½0; 0:8 for
components of Vk ðxÞ given as: Example 4.2.
A computational modelling of micro strip patch antenna 1881

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