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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources (6)

Books

"Enigma Report, November 1939." ​Alan Turing: the Enigma,​

www.turing.org.uk/sources/nov39.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2021.

This source was used to give us information about the influence the Polish enigma

machine had on the development of the Bombe created at Bletchley Park. This source

also provides information about how long it took the cryptologists to complete their

“superbombe machine” during the midst of the war. This primary source helped us

understand our topic on the enigma machine because it specifically described the

process in which the cryptologists were designing their machines and purpose for each

section they included.

"Turing's Zeta-function Machine, 1939." ​Alan Turing: the Enigma,​

www.turing.org.uk/sources/zetamachine.html. Accessed 7 Jan. 2021.

This source was used to provide information on the proposal in which Alan Turing

presented to the Royal Society in the hopes of receiving a grant to fund his machine

experiments. Alan Turing describes the mathematical process which planned on using

to create a machine that will interpret the intercepted German messages during the war.

This primary source helped us understand our topic on the enigma machine because it

explained the mathematical background Alan Turing possessed to develop such a

complex machine.
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Letters

"Computers and Minds, Manchester 1949." ​Alan Turing: the Enigma​,

www.turing.org.uk/sources/wmays1.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2021.

This source was used to provide evidence of Alan Turing’s knowledge about artificial

intelligence. At the time, artificial intelligence was not a common topic and many

people did not find any interest in it until around 1956. This letter was used to develop

a description of Alan Turing and his knowledge of machine learning which was far

ahead of his time. This source helped us understand how Alan Turing got the idea to

develop the kind of machine that he did to aid the allied forces in their efforts to win

the war.

"Von Neumann and Turing, 1937-39." ​Alan Turing: the Enigma,​

www.turing.org.uk/sources/vonneumann.html. Accessed 7 Jan. 2021.

This source was used to give evidence for how other scholars, such as von Neumann

and Andrew Hodges, perceived Alan Turing and his contributions to machine learning

and programming. The letters covered correspondences from Neumann and Hodges to

Alan Turing on the topic of his application for a Proctor Fellowship at Princeton. As

stated in the letters, Neumann and Hodges supported Turing in his application and were

interested in his work as a mathematician and cryptologist. This source helped us

understand our topic because we were able to put into perspective how groundbreaking

Alan Turing’s contributions during the war were to other mathematicians around the

world.
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Papers

"Alan Turing's Report from Washington, 1942." ​Alan Turing: the Enigma,​

www.turing.org.uk/sources/washington.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2021.

This source was used to understand Alan Turing’s process that led him to solving the

enigma machine. It provided a report of cryptographic machinery and Turing’s

thoughts when working on his machinery from the problems to successes he made.

This paper helped us understand what Turing was going through in his pursuit to solve

the enigma machine.

"Turing's Report on the Enigma, 1940." ​Alan Turing: the Enigma,​

www.turing.org.uk/sources/mathenigma.html. Accessed 8 Jan. 2021.

This source provided a report about the mechanical method about the Bombe machine

and how it reveals the crucial idea that defeated the plugboard complication. The

report also gave information about how the enigma machine works. It provided

examples of encrypted messages and allowed us to understand what Alan Turing and

his colleagues were trying to solve.

Secondary Sources (15)

Books

Hodges, Andrew. ​Alan Turing: The Enigma: The Book That Inspired the Film The Imitation

Game - Updated Edition​. Princeton UP, 2014.

This source discussed how the British mathematician Alan Turing saved the Allies

from the Nazis, invented the computer and artificial intelligence, and anticipated gay

liberations for many years. It also briefly discussed Alan’s brief story and how he

worked with many types of machines throughout his lifetime. Alan’s work with the

enigma machine provided the allies with many triumphs throughout the war. It helped

us understand how important the decoding of the enigma was in the war.

Images

Briasco-Stewart, Samantha, et al. ​Courses.csail.mit.edu​,

courses.csail.mit.edu/6.857/2018/project/jtwright-helik-erosolar-Enigma.pdf. Accessed

10 Dec. 2020.

This source was used to learn more about the science and math behind the enigma

machine, and how complex of a machine it was. It helped us understand that the

Enigma machine took a lot of time and different people and minds to solve.

"Enigma Machine." ​Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia​, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 14 Nov.

2001, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine. Accessed 10 Dec. 2020.

This source was used to access an image of the Enigma machine, to understand how

complex of a machine it is and what it looked like when it was used in the mid 1900’s.

"Enigma Machine Captured." ww2today.com/9th-may-1941-enigma-machine-captured.

Accessed 10 Dec. 2020.

This source was used to understand how the solving of the enigma machine helped the

war effort, by helping the allies understand Germany’s messages, which allowed them

to prepare for any attacks, or strategies. Decoding the machine allowed the allies to

stop German U-boats from attacking a British convoy, saving essential supplies for the

people of Britain. This helped us understand how significant the solving of the enigma

machine was for the allies.

"The Lockdown – Day-Fifty-Six." ​Sindh Courier,​ 25 May 2020,

sindhcourier.com/the-lockdown-day-fifty-six/. Accessed 5 Jan. 2021.

This source was used to access an image of Alan Turing working on the Bombe

machine, which helped decode the enigma machine. This image contributed to the

understanding of what the machine that solved the enigma machine looked like and

how it worked.

"Turing-machine -." ​3:AM Magazine​, 14 Aug. 2017,

www.3ammagazine.com/3am/back-real-ai/turing-machine/​.

This source was used to access an image of a young woman working on the Bombe

machine to decode the enigma code. This was used to understand women’s role in

solving the enigma machine.

War of Secrets: Cryptology in WW11 https://images.app.goo.gl/7mHHnRVVnor7ADyx8

This source is an image of an enigma machine to the left of German soldiers who are

waiting for a coded message to come through. The image gives a visual to what it was

like to receive a coded message.

Papers

Briasco-Stewart, Samantha, et al. ​Courses.csail.mit.edu,​

courses.csail.mit.edu/6.857/2018/project/jtwright-helik-erosolar-Enigma.pdf. Accessed

10 Dec. 2020.

This source was used to gain information on the timeline of how the enigma was

involved in WWII, the steps taken to decode the machine, and it’s

weaknesses/problems. The information contributed to the understanding of what the

enigma machine was used for and how it affected the outcome of the war.

Websites

"Attention Required!" ​Attention Required! | Cloudflare,​

www.mitel.com/articles/encoded-communications-world-war-ii.

This source was used for information on the types of communication during WWII and

how one of its key aspects is the ability to transmit messages within the military and

allies in utter secrecy and security. It was used to understand how important

communication was during the war and how the enigma machine was incorporated in

it.

"Bletchley Park." ​Encyclopedia Britannica​, www.britannica.com/place/Bletchley-Park.

Accessed 29 Oct. 2020.

This source was used to gather information about Bletchley park and how it contributed

to the allies success in WWII. Bletchley park was where Alan Turing and other

cryptologists decoded Germany’s secret messages using cipher machines. It helped us

understand how significant that park is and it’s contributions to the war.
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Bill Buchanan Head. “Codebreaking Has Moved on since Turing's Day, with Dangerous

Implications.” ​The Conversation,​ 20 Jan. 2020,

theconversation.com/codebreaking-has-moved-on-since-turings-day-with-dangerous-implic

ations-34448. This source was used to learn about how cracking the enigma code helped

codebreaking and computers develop in the future. It helped with understanding about the

long term effects of cracking the enigma code.

Carnegie Mellon University. "Inside the Enigma Machine - News - Carnegie Mellon

University." ​CMU - Carnegie Mellon University,​

www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2019/october/inside-the-engima-machine.html#:~:

text=Enigma%20machines%2C%20electro%2Dmechanical%20rotor,communication%

20during%20World%20War%20II. Accessed 10 Dec. 2020.

This source is secondary because it was derived from primary sources at the Carnegie

Mellon University Libraries’. It was used to access information on how the Enigma

Machine was designed, and how it works to encode secret messages. It stated that

Enigma machines, electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used to encrypt

communication, were most notably used by Nazi Germany to protect military

communication during World War II.

"Captcha." ​Captcha​, www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/hist.htm. Accessed 29 Oct.

2020.

This source was used to access information about the history of the enigma machine.

Information such as who invented it, what inventions led to the enigma, and how there

are many different types of enigma machines. This contributed to the idea that it is a

very complex machine, which is why it was used in the war and took awhile to solve.
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"H I Sutton." ​H I Sutton - Covert Shores,​

www.hisutton.com/A%20brief%20history%20of%20the%20Enigma%20code%20and

%20the%20pre-war%20cracking%20of%20it.html.

This source is secondary because it reflects on primary research and documents. This

article discusses the brief history of the enigma code and the pre-war cracking of it. It

also discussed how many other people besides Alan Turing cracked the enigma because

there were many different versions of it. It helped us understand that many people were

involved in the solving of the enigma code.

"How Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code." ​Imperial War Museums​,

www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-alan-turing-cracked-the-enigma-code.

This source was used to access information on how Alan Turing cracked the enigma

code. It provided information on Alan Turing’s background, how he was a

mathematician who studied at both Cambridge and Princeton universities, and how it

led him to solving the enigma code. It helped us understand the topic of how the

enigma machine was solved and how it was important in the war.