WEEK 1

Introduction:
I have here a list of activities. What I want you to do is to check the activities that you are familiar with or have experienced
playing during your childhood years.
 

Jack Stone Piko Word factory Snake and Ladder Tumbang Preso Dancing

Chinese Garter Luksong Tinik Dart Sungka Teks Bring Me

Scrabble Chess Trip to Jerusalem Tagu-Taguan Pinoy Henyo Singing

 
Do you consider these activities as games? Why so?
Anything that gives you peace of mind and happiness is deemed recreation. The world is moving at a fast pace and the need
for recreation has been doubled. After the tiring schedule of the workplace, people run short of energy, resulting in poor performance
both official and domestic. People look for a certain activity in order for them to feel the essence of joy.
There are a lot of activities to enjoy around us. We are able to divide two types of activities such as indoor activities and
outdoor activities. Indoor games provide physically and morally develop an all-round personality of the player because it generates the
capacity on how players use their experiences and knowledge on a particular game. Indoor games like table tennis, carrom, or chess
are good examples of indoor games. They improve a player's skill, foresight, and thinking abilities. They encourage the spirit of
competition and how the players deal with sportsmanship and also to teach lessons of tolerance and discipline. Indoor games should
be included in the education curriculum to impart positive values to the students because indoor games help the learners to think of the
high capacity of ideas and problem-solving skills. We must include indoor games in the curriculum because today’s generation
because there is the newest form of indoor games like computer games or video games. Indoor games are becoming more virtual and
can be played with people all around the globe in real-time. But one thing we must keep in mind is that indoor games are not an
alternative to outdoor games. Indoor games can be played in any season, in rain or in the scorching heat, or when one is tired
physically because you can play inside your home. One should not avoid outdoor games as physical activity is also required by an
individual for a healthy being.
Lesson Proper:
Before we go to indoor games, let’s define first the word Game.
A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool.
Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of
aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as
professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as Mahjong,
solitaire, or some video games). A game is any activity that is executed only for pleasure and without conscious purpose. In this
definition, every activity that brings pleasure is a game. For example, people dance, play musical instruments, act in plays, and play
with dolls and model trains. It is also a form of competitive activity or sport played according to rules
Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone,
in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are
entertained by watching a chess championship. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take
their turn to play in order for them to motivate in playing the game. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is
deciding who is part of their audience and who is a player.
Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Games generally involve mental or physical
stimulation, and often both because having these factors help you to construct and think ideas to play and also problem-solving to
understand what’s the main goal of the game. Many games help develop practical skills, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise
perform an educational, simulational, or psychological role.
Definitions of Game According to:
 
Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game.
In his Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein argued that the elements of games, such as play, rules, and
competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. From this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply
the term game to a range of despairing. human activities that bear to one another only what one might call
family resemblances. As the following game definitions show, this conclusion was not a final one and today
many philosophers, like Thomas Hurka, think that Wittgenstein was wrong and that Bernard Suits' definition
is a good answer to the problem.
From  Anthony Kenny’s book ‘Wittgenstein’  (1973): Wittgenstein define the game; This feature of ‘game’ is
one which Wittgenstein believed it shared with ‘language’, and this made it particularly appropriate to call
particular mini-languages ‘language-games’. There were others. Most importantly, even though not all games have rules, the function
of rules in many games has similarities with the function of rules in the language (pg 63, 77). Language-games, like games, need have
no external goal; they can be autonomous activities (pg 184; z 320).”
 
Roger Caillois
French sociologist Roger Caillois, in his book Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men), defined a game as an activity that must have
the following characteristics:
 Fun: the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character
Separate: it is circumscribed in time and place
Uncertain: the outcome of the activity is unforeseeable
Non-productive: participation does not accomplish anything useful.
Governed by Rules: the activity has rules that are different from everyday life
Fictitious: It involves make-believe that confirms for players the existence of imagined realities that may
be set against 'real life.
 
 
Chris Crawford
Game designer Chris Crawford defined the term in the context of computers using a series of
dichotomies:
Creative expression is art if made for its own beauty, and entertainment if made for money.
If no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a toy. (Crawford notes that by his definition, (a) a
toy can become a game element if the player makes A piece of entertainment is a plaything if it is
interactive. Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment.
up rules and (b) The Sims and SimCity are toys, not games.) If it has goals, a plaything is a
challenge.
Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for
money, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere
with each other.
 
Other definition of Games:
    "A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable
outcome." (Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman). Based on the definition, In a certain example of indoor games like board games, you
can’t play the game perfectly, there must be certain rules to be followed in order for players to determine the winner and loser.
    "A game is a form of art in which participants, termed players, make decisions in order to manage resources through game
tokens in the pursuit of a goal." (Greg Costikyan) According to this definition, some "games" that do not involve choices, such as
Chutes and Ladders, Candy Land, and War are not technically games any more than a slot machine is. Based on this definition, In
playing a game, you must accountable for your resources in order for you to enjoy more the game but most of the examples of indoor
does not require tokens, it requires more on thinking and problem-solving skills.
    "A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve their objectives in some
limiting context." (Clark C. Abt). One of the objectives of a single game is to generate thinking and problem-solving skills. You can’t
achieve the main goal of the game without playmates, So it is important to have playmates in playing indoor games to have a good
flow and understanding to each other to attain that objective.
WHAT IS INDOOR GAME?
Indoor games are a variety of structured forms of play or competitive physical activity, typically carried out either in the home or in
specially constructed indoor.  
According to Oxford advanced learners dictionary indoor games means a game that is played, situated, done or used inside a building,
for example, an indoor swimming, pool championship, indoor 200metres championship.it usually means any kind of games or sports
organized in the building or inside the room are indoor games.
  Benefits of Indoor Games
 Creates happiness, reduces stress
While participating in a game, there is always a good amount of laughter. Laughing together and having fun can keep the seniors
happy and healthy. According to (Malgaj,2010), playing stress relief games to reduce stress is a good way to rid the body and mind of
exhaustion, anxiety, and depression. Games relieve stress a lot faster than traditional relaxation techniques or methods. Games provide
effective and instant stress relief solutions.
Why Play Stress Relief Games?
The answer is simple: people feel better when they are doing something enjoyable. Playing is fun; games induce happiness and
communication, promote cheerfulness and reduce depression, anxiety and worries. Playing games for at least 30 minutes every day
can do wonders to refresh and rejuvenate physically and mentally. As opposed to traditional stress relief methods like meditation,
progressive muscle relaxation, or Yoga, stress relief games are entertaining and easily accessible.Indoor games are akin to meditation,
they involve concentration that allows the mind to move away from the stress factor, and ensures intense involvement.
 
An opportunity to spend time together/ socialize
While growing up we often forget that our parents too are growing old. Often the family members have different schedules that push
us in different directions. But playing games (maybe a card game) even for a short while with your elderly loved ones is a perfect way
to spend time together. We may not realize the importance but for them, it’s quality time and a priceless gift. So, playing to spend time
to socialize helps learners become socially aware and helps them gain the confidence to interact with others. Through playing learners
learn about concepts such as wining, loosing, and playing fair and also develop problem-solving skills. Indoor play areas give learners
that opportunity to socialize with others and to develop such skills.
 
 Memory formation and cognitive skills
Board games or any indoor games help us to practice essential cognitive skills and enhance the parts of the brain responsible for
complex thought and memory formation. Creative indoor games help the brain retain and build cognitive associations well in old age.
 
Science supports many of our intuitions about the benefits of play. Playful behavior appears to have positive effects on the brain and
on a child’s ability to learn. In fact, play may function as an important, if not crucial, mode for learning.  (Dewar et al 2014).
 
Keeps the risks for diseases like Alzheimer’s and Dementia at bay
 
Keeping the mind of seniors active and engage means they are exercising the brain and building it stronger. A stronger brain has lower
risks of losing its power and thus reduces the risk of cognitive declines, such as associated with dementia and Alzheimer’s.
   According to (Daily Express,2020) dementia isn’t a natural part of aging. The disease negatively affects brain functioning, leading to
troublesome symptoms. A research study showed how a certain game could lower the risk of developing the illness. Researchers
found a link between playing chess and reducing the possibility of developing dementia. The researchers noted: “Effortful mental
activity [such as chess] produces and strengthens synaptic connections and stimulates neurogenesis process .“Thus, it promotes plastic
changes in the brain that slow down the symptoms of dementia.” Overall, the study encouraged those who are at the beginning of
dementia to engage with strategic board games, such as chess, to strengthen the cognitive function and enhance their quality of life.
 
Lowers blood pressures
Along with laughing and increasing your endorphins, they can help you lower or maintain your blood pressure. 
This release of endorphins helps muscles to relax and blood to circulate, which evidently will lower your blood pressure. High blood
pressure is associated with a greater risk of artery damage, heart disease, and stroke.

Improves immune system

Positive feelings and thoughts, like the laughter and enjoyment that always come with board games or card games, improve immunity
by releasing some chemicals that fight stress and boost the immune system.
  Research has shown that negativity, depression, and stress can reduce your ability to fight disease. Positive feelings and thoughts,
like the laughter and enjoyment that always come with board games, prevent these effects by releasing some chemicals that fight
stress, and boost your immune system. A simple board game could give rise to the ‘survival genes’ and activate them in your brain,
making the brain cells live longer and helping to fight disease.
 
Therapy treatment (coordination and dexterity)
Many board games require the use of fine motor skills to pick up or move pieces, actions that take both coordination and dexterity.
Regular practice and activity improve these basic skills, which is important for children, people with mental or physical disabilities,
the elderly and those recovering from accidents. Board games are very helpful when they are added to occupational therapy
treatments, as well in places like classrooms for special needs to help improve muscle and nerve function over time.
HISTORY
Indoor Games involving manufactured toys did not become as common as homemade playthings among children until the nineteenth
century. By the middle of the nineteenth century, changing definitions of childhood, as well as increased industrialization and
urbanization, led to the beginnings of the modern toy industry in Europe and the United States, and to the rise of leisure.
Indoor Recreational Activities are the things that you do for fun and enjoyment in the comfort of your home, the gym, or any other
covered area. Some examples are: going to the gym, playing board games, doing indoor yoga, going to art museums, etc.

INDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES INDOOR GAMES

 Recreation is an activity of leisure and often done for

enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and considered to be
 Indoor Games are the variety of structured and
“fun”.
competitive forms of play or physical activity that is
 The word literally tells us that indoor recreation activities usually carried out either in the home or in specially
are undertaken on the comfort of one’s home or more constructed indoor.
especially indoor and they are to recreate the mind and soul.
 Indoor games can be categorized into three types
 One of the purposes of Indoor recreational activity is to Card games, board games, and games that involve
provide an ideal opportunity to explore and develop a full physical movement. This type of indoor games are
range of abilities also indoor recreational activities make commonly played in our country Philippines like
one develop holistically because it improves the physical, UNO card game, Scrabble, Sungka, Dama and etc..
mental, social, emotional, spiritual and moral abilities of the
 Indoor games allow one to play when one cannot
individual. The term recreation implies participation to be a
venture outdoors. Indoor games mean you can stay at
healthy refreshing mind and body.
home and still play. Although they cannot substitute
  for outdoor games, indoor games are capable of
providing resourceful entertainment in closed
  environments
.
 WEEK 2
Classification of Indoor  Games
Games are activities involving one or more people, on the move with or without an object or implement, playing under mutually
agreed-upon set of rules.  Games can be used for practice/self-testing skills, cooperative play or competitive. Playing with your
romantic partner, friends, co-workers, pets, and children is a sure (and fun) way to fuel your imagination, creativity, problem-solving
abilities, and emotional well-being. Playing is a time to forget about work and commitments, and to be social in an unstructured,
creative way.
Indoor games allow one to play when one cannot venture outdoors. Indoor games mean you can stay at home and still play.
Although they cannot substitute for outdoor games, indoor games are capable of providing resourceful entertainment in closed
environments.
 Initial Classification
First we need to classify games into Indoor Games (Table Games) and Outdoor Games (Play Activities). Once indoors—if
we stay with a linear classification—we need to differentiate between games played with no implements (save for, perhaps, those
needed for record-keeping) and those games that use some materials. The latter division, Games with implements, can be broken down
into three sub-categories: pencil-&-paper games, games using common household objects, and classic or proprietary games that have a
specific set of materials, be they unique or standard game pieces. These are the games referred to by R.C. Bell and others as “Table
Games”.
Classic games (those in the public domain) and proprietary games (those owned by a particular company) constitute a large
category today, and here is where devising a system of game classification becomes complex. There are three primary systems that are
possibilities for classification: the historical model, put forth primarily by Murray; the “company model”, used by today’s game
companies; and the players’ system of classification, used informally by many game players today.
In an age of computers and databases, and “Find” and “Sort” possibilities for our data, it may be possible to combine the
three classifications, allowing the hierarchy to change depending on the end-user. In that database, we can include many attributes
important in analyzing and describing a game, but which are not necessary as part of an overall classification. These include: Theme;
Strategy vs. Chance (Luck), two separate factors that should total 100%; Simplicity vs. Complexity, which cannot be assigned a
percent value but can be shown as a range; physical characteristics such as box size, type of gameboard, and implements; and other
pieces of information useful in sorting games in a database, including, but not limited to, illustrator, history, source, condition, and so
forth.
Since the mid to late 1800s, game companies in the United States and Europe put their games into categories to make them
easier to market. The categories are based primarily on the audience to whom the game is targeted—children, family, or adults—or to
the theme or style of game.
CLASSIFICATION OF GAMES
Family Games- these games are suitable for the entire family, including adults who play together with younger children.  The family
game creates lasting memories because they foster a sense of belonging. In the busy hubbub of life, it is so nice to have tech-free, face
to face time with your playmate.
Creating a family game tradition won’t be something you’ll regret. The years you have with your family at home go by in a flash.
Laughing together strengthens the bonds.
 Example of Family Games:
The Flour Game -Each player takes a turn cutting the flour trying not to allow the LifeSaver to fall. Players continue to take turns
cutting the flour until the candy falls. The person that cuts the flour which causes the LifeSaver to fall has to then retrieve it with his
mouth.
Pinoy Henyo - is a word-guessing game popularized by a television show Eat Bulaga. It started sometime in 2006 as a segment of this
noontime show. With the help of hints, a player guesses a word that's on the forehead of the other player. The player must be able to
guess the word in two minutes. The team, which is in pair, that guesses the word in the shortest time wins the game.
Minute to Win It Game- contestants take part in a series of 60-second challenges that use objects that are commonly available around
the house.
Family Board Game- creates lasting memories because they foster a sense of belonging. In the busy hubbub of life, it is so nice to
have tech-free, face to face time with your kids.
Benefits of Family Games

1. Develops Strong Character

Children take games seriously. They all want to be winners but don’t always know how to handle losing. By hosting family game
nights, children begin to learn how to lose gracefully, how to joke around and how to celebrate wins. This is a wonderful opportunity
for them to learn good sportsmanship skills.

2. Promote Problem Solving

 In most games, you are invited to solve a problem. Whether the riddle is verbal or visual, it requires children to think about their next
move and actions to take in order to have a positive outcome. Playing helps kids think critically to solve problems which is a useful
skill in school and in life.

3. Encourages Positive Social skills

Different than strong character, family game night encourages children to mimic positive social skills. Passing cards, negotiating
exchange of pieces or tokens, children are watching how you handle games and learning. Don’t take the games seriously because it’s
not really about who wins, it’s that they are watching you and acquiring skills on how to joke around, how to diffuse a stressful
situation, how to make a poker face, etc. It is amazing what children absorb by playing with their families.
4. Enhances Communication Skills
Children are encouraged to express their wants in games, and, in some cases, cannot win without saying the words needed. BINGO!
Depending on the game, they may need to call out a phrase or words to garner an outcome. However, it is not just the language needed
to play but the interaction between players that also enhances their communication skills. Watch what you say as you might hear a
mini version of yourself after a family game.

5. Promotes Family Bonding

The strongest reason I believe in family game nights is that it promotes family bonding. Children are more likely to share with their
parents in environments where they feel comfortable thus the importance of family bonding. You will be surprised how much you
learn about your children in just playing together.
 
Educational Games- are games explicitly designed for educational purposes, or which have incidental or secondary educational
value. All types of games may be used in an educational environment, however, Educational games are games that are designed to
help people learn about certain subjects, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist
them in learning a skill as they play.
Games are interactive play that teaches us goals, rules, adaptation, problem-solving, interaction, all represented as a story.
They satisfy our fundamental need to learn by providing enjoyment, passionate involvement, structure, motivation, ego gratification,
adrenaline, creativity, social interaction and emotion in the game itself while the learning takes place
 Examples of Educational Games:
Chess- is a game for two people, played on a chessboard. Each player has 16 pieces, including a king. Your aim is to move your
pieces so that your opponent's king cannot escape being taken.
Scrabble- board-and-tile game in which two to four players  compete in forming words with lettered tiles on a 225-square board;
words spelled out by letters on the tiles interlock like words in a crossword puzzle
Word Factory- is a word search game for two to eight players in which players have a limited time to find words in a random
selection of letters. Words found by more than one player are disqualified when scoring the game. The player with the highest number
of eligible words wins.
Sungka is a popular game in the Philippines. It involves dropping small stones or cowrie shells into large holes on a long canoe-
shaped board.
 This game is called” mancala“in the US. It is also known as “count and capture” or “sowing game” in English. The latter moniker is
because seeds are sometimes used instead of shells or stones. Filipinos ordinarily use cowrie shells.
 Benefits of Educational Games
 1. Motivation and Engagement
Learners are often motivated by hands-on and active learning opportunities. The students are able to work on accomplishing a
goal by choosing specific actions. They experience the consequences of the actions, which is one of the ways that a game-based
learning experience is similar to real life. The engagement between learners keeps them coming back to learn even more.

2. Immediate Feed Back

Learners benefit from the immediate feedback that takes place during game playing. Instead of having to wait days or even weeks
for an assignment or test grade, students get instantaneous results about whether or not they made a good decision.  Educators are
able to get rapid feedback by watching how the learners engage and react.

3. Cognitive Growth
Each time learners  play the same game, they perform cognitive actions such as recalling the rules, keeping track of hazards and
remembering how the sequence of play works. Learners also learn how to think creatively and plan out their moves a few steps
ahead. Educational games can result in higher retention rates compared to book learning.

4. Skills Development
Educational games allow learners to practice and develop physical skills such as hand-eye coordination. They can also work on
spatial skills and fine motor skills. Interactive games help learners to do this in an integrated learning environment. Game-based
learning allows learners to develop cognitive, social and physical skills simultaneously. This learning enhances essential life skills
like cooperation and teamwork.
Party Games- are games that are played at social gatherings to facilitate interaction and provide entertainment and
recreation. Different games will generate different atmospheres so the party game may merely be intended as an ice breakers, or the
sole purpose for or structure of the party. As such, party games aim to include players of various skill levels and player-elimination is
rare. Party games are intended to be played socially, and are designed to be easy for new players to learn.

What are the Characteristic of Party Games ?

·         A game should also have entertainment value for spectators.  Many party games involve at least some level of humor,
whether inherent in the game or introduced by players. In this way, players not taking a turn can still enjoy the gameplay,
whilst party favors can embellish the party atmosphere.
·         The game usually does not involve spending real money as a prerequisite or consequence of playing. Games that require
each player to purchase consumable items or specialized equipment are usually poor party games.
·         Cooperation and interaction between players is encouraged. Both team and role-based play generally encourage this social
aspect to the game; games that do not encourage this interaction generally make poor party games.
 ·         A game can support a relatively large or undefined number of players, compared to more traditional board games or card
games that require a small, set number of players. Some games, especially commercial games, have a set limit based on
available equipment; others are limited by other mechanics of the game like time for each turn, while still others have no
practical limit.

Examples of Party Games:

News Paper Dance- Similar to Trip to Jerusalem and Stop Dance in the sense that it requires stopping-and-starting music to eliminate
players. The twist is that a piece of paper (usually a broadsheet) is used as the “dance floor”. Players are grouped into twos and hop on
the paper when the music stops. The paper is then folded in half and gets tinier and tinier. The teams must find a way to remain
upright within their respective “dance floor”. The last team standing wins.
Minute to Win It- contestants were given a minute to complete a task or challenge. Sometimes silly, sometimes challenging,
oftentimes both, the show was so much fun that people started to throw their own “Minute to Win It” parties.
Limbo Rock- is a traditional game that originated in Trinidad. The basic concept of the game is to walk or dance under a pole of some
sort without falling. Music usually is played in the background, but it is optional.
 Benefits of Party Games:

1. Relieve stress.Play is fun and can trigger the release of endorphins, the body’s natural feel-good chemicals. Endorphins
promote an overall sense of well-being and can even temporarily relieve pain.
2.Improve brain function. Playing chess, completing puzzles, or pursuing other fun activities that challenge the brain can help
prevent memory problems and improve brain function. The social interaction of playing with family and friends can also help ward off
stress and depression.
3.Stimulate the mind and boost creativity. Young children often learn best when they are playing—a principle that applies to adults,
as well. You’ll learn a new task better when it’s fun and you’re in a relaxed and playful mood. Play can also stimulate your
imagination, helping you adapt and solve problems.
4.Improve relationships and your connection to others. Sharing laughter and fun can foster empathy, compassion, trust, and
intimacy with others. Play doesn’t have to include a specific activity; it can also be a state of mind. Developing a playful nature can
help you loosen up in stressful situations, break the ice with strangers, make new friends, and form new business relationships.
5.Keep you feeling young and energetic. In the words of George Bernard Shaw, “We don’t stop playing because we grow old; we
grow old because we stop playing.” Play can boost your energy and vitality and even improve your resistance to disease, helping you
function at your best.
 
Skill and Action Games- is a boxed game requiring the player to engage in a specific physical activity and/or do something requiring
dexterity or eye-hand coordination.
This includes games in which something is rolled, thrown, tossed, tiddled, toppled, shot, spun, slid, bounced, balanced, carried,
hooked, and so forth.  The most common skill-and-action games are ring toss, tiddly winks, indoor target games, skittles (bowling
games), and some marble games.
 Benefits of Skill and  Action Games

1. Play helps develop and improve social skills.Social skills are learned as part of the give and take of play. During childhood
play, kids learn about verbal communication, body language, boundaries, cooperation, and teamwork. As adults, you continue to
refine these skills through play and playful communication.
2. Supports gross and fine motor skills- If you engage yourself in action and skill games like Bowling  it requires you to have
a proper coordination of your movements of the hands, fingers and with the eyes. This is called hand-eye coordination, inorder for
you to execute well the movement of the game.
3. Encourages interaction among learners and cooperative play- The aim of game is to have a nice interaction between the
players because this is the process where the players manipulate their ideas from their competitors on how they cooperate and
interact in the process of the game.
4. Enables learner to manipulate their environment, to experiment, and to interact with materials- When learners engage
in a particular activity like Chess, scrabble and word factory it is a unique learning environment that enables and consolidates
"learning through doing". Assessing this learning can enhance students' conceptual understanding of the theory–practice
relationship, their higher level reasoning skills and the development of their practical competence in playing the different indoor
games.

5. Helps learners actively construct knowledge from their own experiences. This is very essential to each individual that
they are learning through their own experiences. When the learners participate in a game with the presence of their own learning
they construct or formulate small to big ideas and have understanding on problem solving based on the learning that they get from
day to day.
 
 
WEEK 3 AND 4
LESSON PROPER
We all know that indoor games are a variety of structured forms of play or competitive physical activity, typically carried out either in
the home or in constructed indoor. And also games are divided into categories, it can be broken into three subcategories; pencil and
paper games, games using common household objects, and classic or proprietary games that have a specific set of materials, be they
unique or standard game pieces that are being played by many of us. These games referred as Table games that are usually present in
each country in this world. The examples of Indoor Table Games are the following:
Dice games 
These are games that use or incorporate one or more dice as their sole or central component, usually as a random device. 
Dice game provides problem-solving skill and thinking skill to the children and also adults.
Examples of Dice Games:
Roll for It – this dice game can be enjoyed by two to four players. Although the recommended age is 8 and up, many reviewers say
that younger kids can learn to play it, too. The game comes with four sets of six miniature, colored dice, as well as 30 cards.

Yahtzee- is a good example of dice game which can be played by two or more people, and it’s best for kids ages 8 and up, though
adults will want to get in on the action, too.

There are 13 rounds in the game, and the goal is to rack up the highest number of points by rolling certain combinations with the dice.
If you roll five of the same number, you’ve rolled a Yahtzee!

BOARD GAMES

Usually, when we say board game there is a central board where a player's position can be tracked in relation to other players.
Players also have tokens or avatars that represent the player. For example, the chess table and the pieces in Chess, racing car or the hat
tokens in Monopoly, and tokens used to represent a player's position in Snakes and Ladders.

The Main Types of Board Games

 War games, the main purpose is to defeat or destroy your opponent. Examples include, chess, checkers, and Go.
 Race games involve a number of players attempting to reach a goal or destination first. Snakes and
Ladders, Monopoly, Scrabble, Pictionaryare all race games.
 Alignment games are board games that require players to place their pieces on a game board to reach a particular configuration. In
contrast to race games, alignment games require the player to strategically position pieces on a board rather than position pieces across
a board to reach a destination.

Board games usually have specific rules, for instance, limit the number of players that a game can have, the number of spaces on a
board, the number of possible moves, and the limits of what can be done in a particular move.
Games of skill, in contrast to board games, generally don't have the same limits imposed on players. The number of moves
and positions in games of skill are more open-ended and can be endless.
Most board games use dice and/or playing cards that contain information that affects the outcome of the game.  For example,
Dice in a board game generally relates to the movement of the tokens on the board.
Virtually all board games are turn-based. Children's games, particularly for young children, are based on luck, and also on
how they strategized in a single game.
Mostly board games are used for educational purposes in order for the learners to build or to help in thinking skills. Games
for older children have decisions built into the games, which affect the outcome of games. For instance, using a combination of letters
to create a particular word in scrabble.
Board games have the important aspect that they are social in nature because they require players to interact meaningfully
with other players.
As we can see, board games have a particular set of criteria that separate them from other forms of games. The key
component of a classic board game is that it is fun and that it teaches important early learning skills.

 
CARD GAME
CARD GAME is any game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or
game-specific.
Countless card games exist, including families of related games like poker, UNO, DOS, and tong-its. A small number of card
games played with traditional decks have formally standardized rules, but most are folk games whose rules vary by region, culture,
and person.
A card game is played with a deck or pack of playing cards that are identical in size and shape. Each card has two sides,
the face, and the back.
Normally the backs of the cards are indistinguishable. The faces of the cards may all be unique, or there can be duplicates.
The composition of a deck is known to each player. In some cases, several decks are shuffled together to form a single pack or shoe.
 
History of Card Game
 Playing cards first appeared in Europe in the last quarter of the 14th century. The earliest European references speak of a
Saracen or Moorish game called naib, and in fact, an almost complete Mamluk Egyptian deck of 52 cards in a distinct oriental design
has survived from around the same time, with the four suits swords, polo sticks, cups, and coins, and the ranks king, governor, second
governor, and ten to one.
The 1430s in Italy saw the invention of the tarot deck a full Latin-suited deck augmented by suitless cards with painted
motifs that played a special role as trumps. Tarot card games are still played with (subsets of) these decks in parts of Central Europe.
 
 A full tarot deck contains 14 cards in each suit; low cards labeled 1–10, and court
cards valet (jack), chevalier (cavalier/knight), dame (queen), and roi (king), plus the fool or excuse card, and 21 trump cards. In the
18th century, the card images of the traditional Italian tarot decks became popular in carto mancy, and evolved into "esoteric" decks
used primarily for the purpose; today most tarot decks sold in North America are the occult type and are closely associated with
fortune-telling. In Europe, "playing tarot" decks remain popular for games and have evolved since the 18th century to use regional
suits (spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs in France; leaves, hearts, bells, and acorns in Germany) as well as other familiar aspects of
the English-pattern pack such as corner card indices and "stamped" card symbols for non-court cards. Decks differ regionally based on
the number of cards needed to play the games; the French tarot consists of the "full" 78 cards, while Germanic, Spanish, and Italian
Tarot variants remove certain values (usually low suited cards) from the deck, creating a deck with as few as 32 cards.
Types of Card Games
Trick-taking games
The object of a trick-taking game is based on the play of multiple rounds, or tricks, in each of which each player plays a
single card from their hand, and based on the values of played cards one player wins or "takes" the trick. The specific object varies
with each game and can include taking as many tricks as possible, taking as many scoring cards within the tricks won as possible,
taking a few tricks (or as few penalty cards) as possible, taking a particular trick in the hand, or taking an exact number of tricks.
Example of Trick Taking Games:
 Whist
  Piquet (No Trumps)
 Euchre (Trumps)
 Five hundred (Euchre Group)
 L' Hombre
 Bourre
 Spadeshttps://gamerules.com/rules/spades/ (Boston Group/Exact Bidding)
 Hearts
 Oh Hell! (Exact Bidding)
 Contract Bridge (Boston Group)

Matching games
The object of matching (or sometimes "melding") game is to acquire a particular group of matching cards before an opponent
can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game
played with tiles instead of cards.
 In the Philippines a good example of a matching game is the Pares-pares- it is also called Ungoy-unggoyan or Matching
Memory. It’s a game played at least one- four-player.
Shedding games
In a Shedding game, players start with a hand of cards, and the object of the game is to be the first player to discard all cards
from one's hand. Common shedding games include Crazy Eights (commercialized by Mattel as Uno) and Daihinmin. Some matching-
type games are also shedding-type games; some variants of Rummy such as Phase 10, Rummikub, the bluffing game I Doubt It, and
the children's game Old Maid, fall into both categories.  
Example of Shedding games in the Philippines:
Pusoy –Dos
      Filipino Poker
      Shedding game
      It is more on card combination
      Played by four persons
 Tong-its
     Associated to an American card game tonk.
     Gained popularity in 1990’s in Luzon.
     Three player rummy type of game.
 Catch and collect games
The object of an accumulating game is to acquire all cards in the deck. Examples include most  War type games, and games
involving slapping a discard pile such as Slapjack. Egyptian Rat screw has both of these features. There are children who love lots this
type of card game because this game is more exciting.
Monopoly Deal
 This is a all about collecting properties and stealing from your opponents. Use action cards to demand a money, gift, change
rent and swap cards.
 Fishing games
In fishing games, cards from the hand are played against cards in a layout on the table, capturing table cards if they match.
Fishing games are popular in many nations, including China, where there are many diverse fishing games. Scopa is considered one of
the national card games of Italy. Casino is the only fishing game to be widely played in English-speaking countries
 In fishing games each player has a hand of cards and there is a layout of face up cards on the table. Each player in turn plays
a card. If it matches a card or cards in the layout, the played card and the matched cards are captured and placed face down in front of
the player. If the card played does not match it is added to the layout.
Comparing games
Comparing games involve comparing the value of cards in every players hand to see who has the cards with the most value.
Common examples are poker and blackjack. It is also known as "vying" or "showdown" games. The most popular comparing card
game in the Philippines is the Lucky Nine.
 
Luck 9- is an exciting card game similar to Baccarat commonly played at home. This game is popular in the Philippines
  To win in a Lucky 9 game, the player's hand must out-value the banker's hand. To do this, a player must draw a hand that
totals 9, or as nearest to 9 as possible, just like in Baccarat.
    When the total of a hand exceeds 9, the value is adjusted by subtracting 10 from the total.
    For example, if a player draws an eight of spades and a seven of hearts, his hand value becomes five (8 + 7 – 10 = 5).
    Tens and face cards (jacks, queens and kings) are worth zero, aces are worth one, and all other cards are worth their face
value.
Solitaire (Patience) games
Solitaire games are designed to be played by one player. Most games begin with a specific layout of cards, called a tableau,
and the object is then either to construct a more elaborate final layout, or to clear the tableau and/or the draw pile or  stock by moving
all cards to one or more "discard" or "foundation" piles.
 Multi-genre games
Many card games borrow elements from more than one type. The most common combination is matching and shedding, as in
some variants of Rummy, Old Maid, and Go Fish. However, many multi-genre games involve different stages of play for each hand.
The most common multi-stage combination is a "trick-and-meld" game, such as Pinochle or Belote. Other multi-stage, multi-genre
games include Poke, Gleek, Skitgubbe, and Tichu. The good example of these game are Tong-its and Pusoy-Dos it because in playing
this games it involves the shedding, comparing  and also used in gambling games.
Collectible card games (CCGs)
Collectible card games (CCG) are proprietary playing card games. CCGs are games of strategy between two players though
multiplayer exists too. Both have their own personally built deck constructed from a very large pool of individually unique cards in the
commercial market. These game is very exciting for children and also for adults because it is more challenging to play.The cards have
different effects, costs, and art. Obtaining the different cards makes the game a collectible and cards are sold or traded on the
secondary market. Magic: The Gathering and Yu-Gi-Oh! are well-known collectible card games and also in the Philippines we have
the Teks and Pogs.
Casino or gambling card games
These games revolve around wagers of money. Though virtually any game in which there are winning and losing outcomes
can be wagered on, these games are specifically designed to make the betting process a strategic part of the game. Some of these
games involve players betting against each other, such as poker, while in others, like blackjack, players wager against the
house. Today, there are many online card games or any games that is associated with gambling that are usually played by the
others. We  all know that, playing online games is a trend now. You could not find people that do not play the online games. The one
thing we know that is playing online games will bring eye stress to the players that is it.
Poker games
Poker is a family of gambling games in which players bet into a pool, called the pot, the value of which changes as the game
progresses that the value of the hand they carry will beat all others according to the ranking system. Variants largely differ on how
cards are dealt and the methods by which players can improve a hand. For many reasons, including its age and its popularity among
Western militaries, it is one of the most universally known card games in existence. These game also is common in funeral occasion.
Other card games
There are games that are develop or produce from time to time. Many other card games have been designed and published on
a commercial or amateur basis. In some cases, the game uses the standard 52-card deck, but the object is unique. In  Eleusis, for
example, players play single cards, and are told whether the play was legal or illegal, in an attempt to discover the underlying rules
made up by the dealer.
Most of these games however typically use a specially made deck of cards designed specifically for the game (or variations
of it). The decks are thus usually proprietary, but may be created by the game's players.  Uno, Phase 10, Set, and 1000 Blank White
Cards are popular dedicated-deck card games; 1000 Blank White Cards is unique in that the cards for the game are designed by the
players of the game while playing it; there is no commercially available deck advertised as such.
Simulation card games
A deck of either customized dedicated cards or a standard deck of playing cards with assigned meanings is used to simulate
the actions of another activity, for example card football.
Fictional card games
 Many games, including card games, are fabricated by science fiction authors and screenwriters to distance a culture depicted
in the story from present-day Western culture. They are commonly used as filler to depict background activities in an atmosphere like
a bar or rec room, but sometimes the drama revolves around the play of the game. Some of these games become real card games as the
holder of the intellectual property develops and markets a suitable deck and rule set for the game, while others, such as "Exploding
Snap" from the Harry Potter franchise, lack sufficient descriptions of rules, or depend on cards or other hardware that are infeasible or
physically impossible.
 
WORD GAMES
Word games (also called word game puzzles or word search games) are spoken or board games often designed to test ability
with language or to explore its properties in the selected game. These game also is generally used as a source of entertainment and also
used in educational purposes because it help the learners to think and have a good problem-solving. Young children can enjoy playing
games such word factory, while naturally developing important language skills like spelling. Researchers have found that adults who
regularly solved crossword puzzles, which require familiarity with a larger vocabulary, had better brain function later in life.
Popular word-based game shows have been a part of television and radio throughout broadcast history, including Spelling
Bee (the first televised game show) and Wheel of Fortune (the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States).
 
Letter arrangement games
In a letter arrangement game, the goal is to form words out of given letters. These games generally test vocabulary skills as
well as lateral thinking skills. Some examples of letter arrangement games include Scrabble, Upwards, Banana grams, Countdown,
and Paperback.
 
PAPER AND PENCIL GAMES
CROSSWORD PUZZLES
In a paper and pencil game, players write their own words, often under specific constraints. For example,
a crossword requires players to use clues to fill out a grid, with words intersecting at specific letters. Other examples of paper and
pencil games include Hangman, Scattergories, boggle, and word searches.
SEMANTIC GAMES
Semantic games focus on the semantics of words, utilizing their meanings and the shared knowledge of players as a
mechanic. Mad Libs, Blankety Blank, and Codenames are all semantic games.
 DEXTERITY GAMES
In the 19th century, adults and children have fascinated in this game. The dexterity games is also called as skill games, hand-
held, and palm puzzle games. The essential hand-eye challenge of rolling a ball into a hole or tilting a capsule through a maze has
proved among the most delightful, maddening, and enduring diversions of the modern age, despite — or perhaps because of — its
sheer simplicity.
While the first rolling-ball puzzles were available in England as early as the 1840s, it was Charles M. Crandall’s Pigs in
Clover, introduced in 1889, that captured the enthusiasm of the American public. Senators took the game into the Senate Chambers
during debates, and US President Benjamin Harrison is said to have played the game in the White House instead of tending to politics.
By 1890, orders for Pigs in Clover were in excess of 8,000 a day.
Beginning in 1891, the London-based firm of R. Journet and Company designed more than one hundred innovative glass-top
dexterity games. “A good puzzle should be simple in idea,” Journet once said. ”It should explain itself without any long instructions
and it should look attractive.”
The first British Industries Fair in 1918 produced orders for large numbers of these puzzles (especially from the United States) and
marked the real start of Journet’s puzzle business, which would continue well into the twentieth century. In those early years, dexterity
games gained an international following and were also being produced in great numbers in France, Germany and Japan.
TILE LAYING GAMES
Tile-laying games are great for game evangelists: many have simple rules so are family, new gamer and child friendly. We all
know the concept from Dominoes, and it’s amazing how little you have to add to that simple premise to make a truly great game.

Tile games also have very strong curb appeal, looking great on the table and really catching the eye – and imagination – of
anyone walking past: much like a jigsaw can do, but with much more game appeal across the age and ability ranges.

Mahjong is a tile-based game. It is commonly played by four players.

It is also a game of skill, strategy, and calculation, and it involves a degree of chance

Tsuro (2004)
2-8 Players, 15 Minutes

Tsuro ticks so many ‘perfect filler game’ boxes: lovely production, simple gameplay you can teach in a couple of minutes (and to
people as young as six or so), a short play time, easy setup, easily available and only about £20 – and can take up to eight players. 

Medina (2001)
2-4 players, 60-90 minutes
 Medina is a gorgeous board game where the ‘tiles’ are actually wooden blocks representing buildings, merchants, rooftops and city
walls. It’s an abstract game where players take it in turns to place a couple of pieces onto the board and later claim buildings to earn
points.

Take it Easy (1983)
1-8 players, 20-30 minutes

This game of laying hexagonal tiles has a neat twist: a bit like bingo, one player draws a tile and everyone has to play the exact same
tile from their set, but they can lay it anywhere inside their 19-tile grid

Isle of Skye (2015)
2-5 players, 60 minutes

In the Isle of Skye each player is making their own little Isle by buying tiles in an effort to score the most points. But different players
will be going for different things (boats, sheep, whiskey, mountains etc) – and each turn you’ll draw three random tiles and price each
one. 

Galaxy Trucker (2004)
2-4 players, 60-90 minutes

If you like a tongue-in-cheek sci-fi theme and find the usual tile-laying experience a little pedestrian, how would you like to frantically
build a space ship out of tiles in real-time – complete with guns, engines, crew, and storage space? And then fly it through alien-
infested asteroid fields and watch as half (and often more) of it is smashed to bits or vaporized on the way to your destination? Then
Galaxy Trucker is the game for you.

Alhambra (2003)

2-6 players, 60 minutes

While most definitely a tile-laying game, Alhambra is the closest game on the list to 
being disqualified for having too much else going on. You have to collect sets of cards (which count as currency) to buy the
tiles you want from a display, but the meat of the game is most definitely on the tiles: you’re trying to get the highest number of tiles
in any given color to get points in the three scoring rounds, while also placing them in such a way that the walls match to both give
you more points and not restrict you too much as you build. 
*** END OF MODULE 2***
WEEK 5 AND 6
Lesson Proper:
            Playing is one of the priceless happiness of each and every child. Good games are important for children to help them learn
and grow in a way that makes them feel good. It also helps them develop their social capacity and at the same time self-confidence
within themselves.
Philippine Traditional games are also called Laro ng Lahi. Filipino traditional games and sports have originated from different
cultures, some of which have pre-Hispanic origin or we called it indigenous games these games are very unique in terms of how they
played it.  We Filipinos are known as sports-loving people and creative in any aspect of life and these traditional games is a testament
to our passion for play. There are Filipino games now such as Sungka, Dama, and Patintero that become less popular in the children
because of the born of new machinery. However, there are Filipino games such as Sipa, Yoyo, and Arnis have been adopted by other
countries as their own.
These games should remain relevant as they provide the people the opportunity to learn, appreciate, and experience aspects of their
own culture. These games also provide essential training in social interaction and help develop camaraderie, sportsmanship, and
honesty because encouraging their preservation will mean understanding our own culture.
 The Concept of “ Laro ng Lahi”
“ Laro ng Lahi” refers to the traditional or native sports of the Filipinos. They are part of heritage. The Filipinos, even before
the Spaniards came to the Philippines, were very active in sports and games.
The first “ Palaro ng Lahi” was held in Laoag, Ilocos Norte, on February 10, 1984, sponsored by the provincial government
in cooperation with DECS. The inclusion of some of our native games in the Physical Education curriculum had been approved
particularly at the secondary level.
Today, “Laro ng Lahi”  is recommended as one of the best lead –up games and activities for students from graders to college
level. It is also a way of teaching our students to patronize indigenous games that were popularized by our natives. It also promotes
fitness and competition. Playing the games in Laro ng Lahi helps students develop health and fitness programs like vigor, flexibility,
agility, and endurance. It also enhances a student's social relationships with others. It develops group qualities like cooperation,
teamwork, and coordination.
 
THREE TYPES OF ‘LARO NG LAHI”
    SINGLE GAMES
Individual games are games that are played by single participants or relay teams to inject and add competition in the class.
Examples of single games Piko, Sipa ( using rattan ball),and Tumbang Preso
  
    DUAL GAMES
Dual games are sets of activities done by two or more than two players.
Examples: Sungka, Dama, Buno, Bunong Braso ( Arm Wrestling), and Culliot (similar to tug of war)
    GROUP GAMES
Group games are sets of activities that require more than four members of the team. They are usually practiced in class as their
supplemental activities or lead-up games.
Examples: Patintero, Luksong Tinik, and Luksong Baka
 
CHARACTERISTICS OF GAMES

1. A game is a free and voluntary activity

            -Any play activity that forces or drafts a player against his will is not game. By this definition, grammar school games initiated
and organized by teachers on playgrounds or high school sports in gyms, supervised by coaches, are out of the category of games. In
other words, it’s a player’s own choice to play when he wants to, with whom, why, and how. A game should never be imposed by
anyone and never made a moral duty of a player. For example, In playing piko or any type of game it’s our own choice whether we’re
going to participate or not because it is very hard for us if we’re going to push ourselves in participating in a game.

2. A game has two or more forces (individual or teams) of equality matched caliber in opposition
            -The moment one player or team has an edge; over the opponent, in one form or another at the very inception of the contest,
the activity stops being a game in the true sense of the word.  This is one of the reasons that children love to play games because, in a
game with adults, they are equal partners. For example in playing patintero, there is an equal distribution of participants wherein each
team must consist of a boy and girl in order to have an equal play.

3. A game is governed by rules

            -The everyday rules of life are suspended and are temporarily replaced by a set of rules that are both absolute and
precise. There may be some argument over what rules to follow, for different players know different versions of a game, but they're
never is any argument over the use of rules. Rules are very important in a single game, because how can you play a game without a set
of rules to follow. For example in playing Sungka, how can you start the play without knowing the first move, the pointing system,
and also how can we determine the winner; So rules in-game are important in order to have a smooth play.

4. A game is make believe

            - From the viewpoint of the world outside, a game is not real. A game takes place in a temporary world within the ordinary
world. Players step out of real-life into a temporal sphere of activity. But the paradox in a game is that while players are only
pretending and everything is done strictly for fun, there is seriousness in the pretense. To players, the game is very real and very
important, and they are intensely committed to it. The good example of it is the Bahay-Bahayan- players are assigned what will be
their character (father, mother, teacher, doctor, and etc..) the main objective of this game is to portray the role of their chosen character
in which their actions are based on their observation in the society.

5. The outcome of the game is uncertain

            - If the result of the game is known in advance, it ceases to be a game. Hence, a player who has become  sure winner among
his fellow players either stops playing or other players refuse to include him. Competition in a game brings about tension. Tension due
to uncertainty leads to chanciness. A player’s ultimate objective is to use a strategy that would tip the initial equilibrium between him
and his opponent in is favor at the end of the game. One of the key components of the game is a challenge, wherein players are
involved in serious play because their main objective is to win. In a single game, we cannot predict who will be the winner it is based
on the players on how they play until the game finished.

6. A game is non-utilitarian
            Unlike work, it produces no goods and no services. It produces only the beauty of happiness.

7. A game is separate and selective

            - Not all people are in a game. Players consider their activity as a closed unit in their chosen space and time and anything
happening outside at that moment is irrelevant. The charm of a game is enhanced by making a secret or an exclusive domain out of it;
the idea that this is for us and not for others is basic.  People mostly called it their pastime. From exposing their body from heavy work
they look for extra time to relax their body. For example, during your childhood years after class, you are looking for playmates to
play before you go home. So it’s your own choice to play.

8. A game has a Dual function

            It teaches the rules of society and at the same time serves as an escape from the restrictions of society. Games are considered
by adults as good devices for socialization. Children are believed to learn teamwork, fair play, tolerance, and sportsmanship from
games. Non-competitive play is often referred to as pastime for it is personalized fun and is undertaken purposely to while away the
time. For example in playing Dama, while playing you are interacting with your opponent, so there is social interaction between you
and your opponent, and also you are learning while playing the game.
 
PRE-GAMES (Preliminaries to Games)
             One of the most interesting parts of the game is the “pre-game”. This includes all preliminary formalities the players go
through before actual competition starts, such as: selecting leaders, choosing sides pilian, determining who starts first (manuhan), and
who shall be the “it” or “taya”. Some of the procedures adopted seem unnecessarily lengthy, even tortuous.  Sometimes they appear
to be rituals than simple preparations for a competitive game.
            Pre-game activities are not essentially parts of a game but are preludes to a game. They perform the function of setting the
stage, both physically and emotionally for the participants before they engage actively in the contest. A game starts only when the
actual competitive action between the rival parties begins, and not a moment before that time.
    Selecting Leaders
Special qualities are generally needed in persons who are to be the leaders or captains. Young players
always prefer to place themselves under stronger and older leadership.
    Choosing Sides
In team competitions, the players are divided into two or more opposing teams or groups. A captain or
leader is first elected or chosen and then each chooses his own players. The choice is made alternately one
at a time, the first captain chose generally has the first choice.
     Choosing the “It”
People all over the world have may ways of choosing an “it”, but whatever method is used, the ideal
universal rule dictates the strict impartiality must be employed in the choice of the first player to step into
the role.
 
WAYS IN CHOOSING THE “IT”
BUNUTAN OR LOTTERY
The common type of choosing IT is lottery or bunutan. Players can choose a number, straw, paper, or other materials in guessing who
is it.
 “TIHAYA” o “TAOB” or Toss Coin
Toss coin can determine the IT
JACK AND POY or “ BATO-BATO PICK”
This is a finger-flashing method of selecting IT using the hand in signaling the fingers, closed fist stone (BATO), open palm as paper,
and clenched fist with two.
 
CATEGORIES OF TRADITIONAL GAMES IN THE PHILIPPINES
     Ordinary Games
     Jokes and Trickster Games
     Formula Games
 
ORDINARY GAMES
     Ordinary games are characterized by a formulized language in the beginning and ending supernatural motifs, and
sympathy for the underdog or commoner. Ordinary games are composed of three subdivisions: Physical games, Games
of dexterity or skill, and Mimetic or drama games.

1. a). Physical Games- these are games characterized by energetic motor movements, bodily strength, and endurance meaning
it demands strong limbs, fleetness of foot, fortitude, and vitality in addition to courage (tapang) and endurance (pagtitiis).
A good example of these type of game is Duels or games in which two players engage in direct physical conflict with each
other, observing specific rules of encounter. These are mostly body contact fights that test the physical fiber of the combatants as well
as their willingness and ability to suffer pain. Example Kawit ng daliri or finger wrestling.

1. b) Games of Dexterity and Skill- in these games, a player mobilizes his mental faculties in such a manner as to determine
the best response to a given situation and then executes that response with mastered expertise. The player exercises complete
concentration and the body has to be in the top condition to follow instructions monitored by the mind to execute precise moves. Some
games of dexterity and skill require intense confrontation of minds as in-game.
Under this category are games  that show skill in:
    Manipulating objects
    Hitting objects
    Throwing
    Climbing
    Balancing
For example Dama- where a player tries not only to defeat his opponent but to dominate him.
 c). Mimetic or Drama Games- A mimetic or drama game is one in which the players pretend that they are other people, not
themselves, or they are animals inanimate objects. They are either given traditional lines to say or some impromptu acts to perform.
Games of dramatization and mimicry seem to be a property of girls and old women but when male players engage in these games, the
drama gets more involved, the rules of the game more complicated, and acting rougher.
 Example is  Bahay-bahayan
 
JOKES AND TRICKSTER GAMES
A game that consists of humorous stories characterized by short simple plots.
These are games in which jokes or tricks are played by a player or a group of players on one player, exposing the individual
to physical and mental indignity and discomfort in front of the opponents. There is a good deal of rough humor in these games.
Jokes and trickster games are divided into three groups:
1. Practical Jokes
- These games fall into two types: that in which the basis for laughter is the victim action like a coin in the forehead; and
that in which it is his speech rather than his action which leads to his being laughed at like tongue twister.
2. Games of Power Play- These games wherein a player taking the “it” role utilizes his potential role and manipulates the movements
of the rest of the players with a minimum of skill but a maximum of trickery.
A good example of this game is the Ilong, Ilong, Bibig; This game is played indoor or outdoor setting. The main objective of
this game is to follow the leader’s commands and not what he does.
Movements:

1. The leader touches his nose with a finger and says, “Ilong, Ilong, Ilong” then his mouth “Bibig, Bibig, Bibig. The players
follow his command.
2. The leader suddenly puts his finger on his mouth and taps it saying, “Ilong, Ilong, Ilong.”
            (Note: The leader continues to repeat the words but quickly taps some other part of the face, like in his eye, ear, cheek, etc.)
            The player caught imitating the leader’s movements and not his command is eliminated from the game.

3. The last player in the circle is the next leader.

 

3. Guessing Games- These are games in which speculation plays a major role. The games fall under several groups:those in
which one player tries to guess the identity of another player. Example Takip Silim

1. those which require the guesser to surmise which hand is holding an object or objects. Example : Kaliwa o kanan.
2. to guess which finger or fingers of a player touched the guesser. Example: Pitik Bulag
3. those which require the guesser to guess the number of objects in another player’s closed fist. Example: Odd or
Even

4. Hiding and Hunting Objects- these are games in which a player or team of players hide an object from another player or
another team, after which, the latter searches for that which is hidden.  This game is closely related to guessing games, the only
difference is that the players in hiding and hunting objects do not speculate or guess where the hidden object is but must actively hunt
for it.Examples: Tagau-taguan and Taguan ng Tsinelas.

5. Games of Chance- these are contests between a player or players on one on side and an imaginary opponent called Luck or
SUWERTE. Included in this category are games that put absolute reliance on mechanical equipment or props whose results are
beyond any human control.
Example: Lucky Nine

FORMULA GAMES
            A formula game is one in which the whole game is the sum-total of all its parts, and each part is related to and derives its
ultimate significance from the entire whole. A formula game is governed by precise contingency rules. This category is divided into
the following subheads:
a. Cumulative Games- These are chain reaction games. The succeeding movements always repeat the previous movements or parts
thereof, then adds a new part each time to arrive gradually at the conclusion. Example: Luksong Tinik and Piko
        
b. Minor Formula games

1. Circular games- these are verbal forfeit games that require each player to repeat traditional segment ( a phrase, sentence, or
verse) of a story.
2. Games Avoiding Pronouns- These are games where the players are made to recite traditional poems or verses, sometimes
lyrics or songs, and while doing so must omit all pronouns.
3. Verbal jousts- This game characterized by an extemporaneous debate between two players or between groups of players on
a traditional subject.
 
Holistic Benefits of Philippine Traditional Indoor Games
    The researchers aim to prove that traditional Filipino games could benefit every child who plays such traditional games in
the Philippines. Also to introduce the traditional Filipino games to the new generations up to the next generation.
     According to Barbosa (2003) Filipinos really love playing games and this is observed true.
     Hazelton et al., n.d says that when children engage themselves in traditional games, they become more flexible
and physically healthy because of the combination of exercises they do with their body and they develop positive
social values and other aspects of culture through social learning.
    Prakash (2012) This kind of traditional games gives happiness and provides good health, it also helps the children
to maintain emotional stability. And it keeps them fit and healthy.
    Philippine traditional games helps children to retain their playful attitude which contributes to open-mindedness,
creativity, and flexibility and problem-solving ( Calixihan, 2010)
 
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONDUCTING THE GAME
    WARM-UP- Be sure to have warm-up activities before doing the game in order to prepare your body from vigorous
games.  The purpose of a warm-up is to prevent injury by increasing the body’s core and muscle temperature.
 
    FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT- Check the facilities and equipment if there are is in good condition for safety
purposes. Many physical activities such as playing, require little special equipment. For others, it is essential to have correct
equipment to prevent injury. Equipment for an activity may range from general items of clothing to special protective suits or
apparatus in order to have a safe play.
 
    THE RULES- Set guidelines and rules for each game. If there are modifications make sure to inform the participants prior
to the game. Rule is one of the important component in a game because how can you play a game without rules to follow? So, rules
must be present in any type of game.
END OF LESSON