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Different Forms of Quadratic Functions

The document discusses three forms for representing quadratic functions: standard form, factorized form, and vertex form. It explains how to determine the characteristics of the quadratic graph for each form, including the concavity, x-intercepts, y-intercept, vertex, and axis of symmetry. The standard form is ax2 + bx + c. The factorized form is a(x - x1)(x - x2). The vertex form is a(x - h)2 + k, where (h, k) are the vertex coordinates. The sign of a indicates whether the graph is concave up or down.

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Charalampidis Dimitris
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514 views3 pages

Different Forms of Quadratic Functions

The document discusses three forms for representing quadratic functions: standard form, factorized form, and vertex form. It explains how to determine the characteristics of the quadratic graph for each form, including the concavity, x-intercepts, y-intercept, vertex, and axis of symmetry. The standard form is ax2 + bx + c. The factorized form is a(x - x1)(x - x2). The vertex form is a(x - h)2 + k, where (h, k) are the vertex coordinates. The sign of a indicates whether the graph is concave up or down.

Uploaded by

Charalampidis Dimitris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dimitris Charalampidis charalampidisdimitris.

com Quadratics

Different forms of quadratic functions


A quadratic function can be given in three different ways

Standard form: f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

Factorized form: f ( x) = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 )

Vertex form: f ( x) = a ( x − h ) + k
2

We will now learn how to identify some of the graph’s characteristics such as the x-intercepts,
the y-intercept, the vertex and the axis of symmetry in each one of the above forms.
Concavity: The graph of any quadratic function will look like a parabola, which in more simple
terms means that it will either be like a  -shape or like a  -shape.
If it is a  -shape, we say that it is concave up while if it is a  -shape we say that it is concave
down respectively.
For each one of the forms the quadratic function might be given, its concavity can be
determined by the value of a.

Standard form Factorized form Vertex form

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) f ( x) = a ( x − h ) + k
2

a  0 , U − shape , a  0 , U − shape , a  0 , U − shape ,


concave up concave up concave up
a  0 ,  − shape , a  0 ,  − shape , a  0 ,  − shape ,
concave down concave down concave down

X-intercepts: The x-intercepts of a graph are the x-coordinates of the points at which the graph
cuts the x-axis. In general, to find the x-intercepts of a graph we need to put 0 in
place of y and solve for x.
Sometimes though the x-intercepts might be shown directly as we will see.

Standard form Factorized form Vertex form

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) f ( x) = a ( x − h ) + k
2

the x-intercepts here are shown Here, we have to go


D = b − 4ac
2
directly.
traditionally. We will
They are x1 and x2
put y=0 and solve for x
−b  D
x1,2 =
2a
Dimitris Charalampidis charalampidisdimitris.com Quadratics

Y-intercept: The y-intercept of a graph is the y-coordinate of the point at which the graph cuts
the y-axis. In general, to find the y-intercept of a graph we need to put 0 in place of
x and solve for y. Sometimes though the y-intercept might be shown directly as
we will see.

Standard form Factorized form Vertex form

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) f ( x) = a ( x − h ) + k
2

The y-intercept of the graph is c Put x=0 and solve for y Put x=0 and solve for y

Vertex: The coordinates of the vertex can be determined by the following ways

Standard form Factorized form Vertex form

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) f ( x) = a ( x − h ) + k
2

 −b  −b   x +x  x + x  V ( h, k )
V  , f   V  1 2 , f  1 2 
 2a  2a    2  2 
or
 −b − D 
V , 
 2a 4a 

Having the vertex of a quadratic’s graph we can also determine the graph’s minimum or
maximum value and the function’s range.
If a>0, the graph will have a minimum value which is equal to the y-coordinate of the vertex
and the range will be  min, + )

If a<0, the graph will have a maximum value which is equal to the y-coordinate of the vertex
and the range will be ( −, max  .
Dimitris Charalampidis charalampidisdimitris.com Quadratics

Axis of symmetry: the axis of symmetry of a quadratic graph, is a vertical to the x-axis straight
line. Its equation can be found by the following ways.

Standard form Factorized form Vertex form

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) f ( x) = a ( x − h ) + k
2

b x1 + x2 x=h
x=− x=
2a 2

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