Basics of GIT Histology

GIT Histology
Class HISTOLOGY
Created @Dec 31, 2020 1:38 PM
Materials
Module GIT MBBS Year 1
Reviewed
Type COLLECTIVE
Basics of GIT Histology

Mucosa
Epithelial Layer - Absorbs and secretes mucus and digestive
enzymes
Lamina Propria - Blood and Lymph
Muscularis Interna- Smooth Muscle that breaks down food
Submucosa
GIT Histology 1
Blood Vessels
Lymphatics
Nerves
Innervation by Meissner's Plexus
Muscularis Externa
Inner Circular
Outer Longitudinal
Has 'Myenteric Plexus'
Serosa/ Adventitia
Serosa (slippery serous Membrane)
Adventitia (Thick Fibrous CT)
Esophagus
Inner Lining of stomach has Gastric Pits where Gastric
Glands lie
Four types of Epithelial Cells cover the surface of the

stomach and extend down into gastric pits and glands:
1. Mucous: Alkaline mucous
2. Parietal: HCl
3. Chief: Pepsinogen (zymogen: a precursor to an ezyme)
4. G-cells: Gastrin Hormone
Liver
Makes bile
Live's basic unit is Lobule
in a typical Lobule, there exists
GIT Histology 2
A central Vein
Sinusoid from each corner of lobule
Arterioles from Hepatic Artery and Venules from Hepatic

Portal Vein are present at each end of the lobule
Hepatocytes lining each side of sinusoids
Blood from both the arteriole and venule drains and mixes in
the sinusoids
Sinusoids are very leaky (permeable)
The region between Sinusoid boundary and hepatocytes

is called 'Space of Disse'
Space of Disse is a very important region. Here

substances between the sinusoids and hepatocytes
are exchanged as plasma leaks out ie. toxins cross
sinusoids are processed by the hepatocytes ,
Hepatocytes synthesise Albumin and cross over to
the sinusoid and onward to central vein
The region between two Hepatocyte is The space where Bile

produced by the Hepatocytes is secreted. Most the bile then
leaves the lobule due potential difference ( to the biliary
duct). The remaining is converted to lymph and they flow in to
lymphatic vessels.
What are all the functions that hepatocytes do?
Secrete major plasma proteins in to the blood e.g.

Albumin, fibrinogen, apolipoproteins, transferrin
Gluconeogenesis
Detoxification
Deamination
GIT Histology 3
Small Intestine
?What is the epithelium of SI?
Simple Columnar Ciliated Non-keratinized tissue
What are the adaptions of Small Intestine for Absorption?
Microvilli
Permanent Plicae Circularis layered with microvilli for

max absorption
Crypts of Lieberkuhn containing Intestinal Glands
What epithelial cells are found in crypts of lieberkuhn?
Enteroendocrine→ Secrete Cholecystokinin
Paneth→ secrete Defensins and Lysozymes
Goblet Cells
Absorptive Cells that contain microvilli
What structures are found throughout SI?

iss se pehle waala dekh lo
How can you differentiate between all three parts of SI?
By Gland Cells located in Specific areas
Duodenum -Brunner's Glands
Ileum - Peyer's Patches
Jejunum - No Brunner's Glands or Peyer's Patches
Large intestine
How is LI differentiated from SI histologically?
No villi, plicae circularis, paneth cell
More Goblet Cells
GIT Histology 4
columnar absorptive cells
Deeper crypts of leiberkuhn are deeper
Haustra formed by Taenia Coli
What is Taenia Coli?

The longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis externa is
arranged in three longitudinal bands called taenia coli.
In anus, the circular muscle forms the internal anal

sphincter
Rectum and anus

How are Proximal Rectum and Colon similar?
Simple columnar epithelium
Long, narrow crypts
Numerous goblet cells, adipocytes and lymphatic

aggregates
Distal Rectum contains permanent folds

A sharp histological change can be readily seen while
transitioning from the rectum to the anal canal.
What changes are detected going from rectum to anus?
Approaching the anorectal junction,
the crypts of Lieberkühn become shorter and more

separated from each other.
epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified

squamous.
At the junction, the muscularis mucosae disappear
the inner circular muscle layer thickens to form the

internal anal sphincter
GIT Histology 5
distally, smooth muscle is replaced by skeletal muscle
that forms the external anal sphincter
Exocrine portion of the Pancreas

Acini + Draining duct system
Acini= Pyramidal cells (Acinar Cells)+ lumen+ Intercalated

ducts
Pyramidal Cells secrete digestive enzymes in the lumen
Stimulated by ACh or Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Intercalated duct uptakes the digestive enzymes
Intercalated duct is lined by Centri-Acinar Cells

Centri-Acinar Cells= Secrete bicarbonate ion
Stimulated by Ach or Secretin
Secretin ← S-Cells of Small Intestine
Pyramidal Cells
Rich in RER and free Ribosomes= Synthesize polypeptide
chains of enzymes
Narrow on lumen side
Wide on outer side
Lumen side secretory portion and contains enzyme filled

vesicles
Enzymes secreted via exocytosis
Pancreas Enzymatic System
B-Cells of Islets of Langerhanns

Insulin production
GIT Histology 6
Alpha of Islets of Langerhanns
Glucagon production
Delta of Islets of Langerhanns

Somatostatin- prevents over secretion of B cells and Alpha
cells
GIT Histology 7

Basics of GIT Histology

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GIT Histology

Created @Dec 31, 2020 1:38 PM

Module GIT MBBS Year 1

Basics of GIT Histology

Lamina Propria - Blood and Lymph

Muscularis Interna- Smooth Muscle that breaks down food

Innervation by Meissner's Plexus

Has 'Myenteric Plexus'

Adventitia (Thick Fibrous CT)

Four types of Epithelial Cells cover the surface of the

1. Mucous: Alkaline mucous

3. Chief: Pepsinogen (zymogen: a precursor to an ezyme)

4. G-cells: Gastrin Hormone

in a typical Lobule, there exists

Sinusoid from each corner of lobule

Arterioles from Hepatic Artery and Venules from Hepatic

Hepatocytes lining each side of sinusoids

Sinusoids are very leaky (permeable)

The region between Sinusoid boundary and hepatocytes

Space of Disse is a very important region. Here

The region between two Hepatocyte is The space where Bile

What are all the functions that hepatocytes do?

Secrete major plasma proteins in to the blood e.g.

Simple Columnar Ciliated Non-keratinized tissue

What are the adaptions of Small Intestine for Absorption?

Permanent Plicae Circularis layered with microvilli for

Crypts of Lieberkuhn containing Intestinal Glands

What epithelial cells are found in crypts of lieberkuhn?

Enteroendocrine→ Secrete Cholecystokinin

Paneth→ secrete Defensins and Lysozymes

Absorptive Cells that contain microvilli

What structures are found throughout SI?

How can you differentiate between all three parts of SI?

By Gland Cells located in Specific areas

Duodenum -Brunner's Glands

Ileum - Peyer's Patches

Jejunum - No Brunner's Glands or Peyer's Patches

No villi, plicae circularis, paneth cell

More Goblet Cells

Deeper crypts of leiberkuhn are deeper

Haustra formed by Taenia Coli

What is Taenia Coli?

In anus, the circular muscle forms the internal anal

Rectum and anus

Simple columnar epithelium

Long, narrow crypts

Numerous goblet cells, adipocytes and lymphatic

Distal Rectum contains permanent folds

What changes are detected going from rectum to anus?

Approaching the anorectal junction,

the crypts of Lieberkühn become shorter and more

epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified

At the junction, the muscularis mucosae disappear

the inner circular muscle layer thickens to form the

Exocrine portion of the Pancreas

Acini= Pyramidal cells (Acinar Cells)+ lumen+ Intercalated

Stimulated by ACh or Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Intercalated duct uptakes the digestive enzymes