Acids, Bases and Salts

Chapter-4

Answer to the Short Questions

(a) Define acid.

Ans.: Acid : Acids can be defined as the compounds containing one or more replaceable
hydrogen atoms a part or whole of which can be replaced either directly or indirectly by a
metal or a group of elements acting like a metal to produce salt and which reacts with
bases producing salt and water.
Properties of acid:
1. Acids turn blue litmus red.
2. Acids are generally of sour taste.
3. Aqueous solution of acids give hydrogen ion (H+ ).
4. Acids react with bases to produce salt and water.
Example : Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Nitric acid, HNO3
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4.

(b) What do you mean by base and alkali?

Ans.: Base: Any oxide or hydroxide of a metal, which reacts with acid neutralizing the
properties of acids and produces salt and water, is called base.
Example: Zinc oxide (ZnO), Calcium oxide ( CaO), Sodium hydroxide
( NaOH) etc.
Properties of base :
1. Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide turns red litmus blue.
2. Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide give hydroxyl ion(OH-).
3. When aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is mixed with dilute acids they react
vigorously to give salt and water.
4. Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide has got a soapy feeling.
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 48

Alkali : Any oxide or hydroxide of a metal which are soluble in water is called alkali.
Example: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH) 2 ] etc.
According to theory the bases compounds possess hydroxyl radical (OH) and are soluble
in water is called alkali. For example - NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 etc are alkali. Because
these produce OH- in water.

(c) What is salt? Write down the names and formulae of four salts.

Ans.: Salt: A salt is a compound which is formed by the replacement of a part or whole of
the replaceable hydrogen atom present in the molecule of an acid by a metal or a group of
elements acting like a metal.
Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium nitrate(NaNO3), sodium stearate (C17H35COONa),
sodium hydrogen carbonate(NaHCO3) etc. are salts.

The names and formula of four salts are given below:

General name Chemical name Formula

1.Edible salt Sodium chloride NaCl
2.Sora Sodium nitrate NaNO3
3.Soap Sodium stearate C17H35COONa
4.Edible soda Sodium hydrogen NaHCO3
carbonate

(d) Write three properties of acids and alkalis.

Ans.: Properties of acids:

1. There must be replaceable hydrogen in the molecule of an acid.
2. Acids turn blue litmus red.
3. Acids are generally of sour taste.

Properties of bases:
1. Alkalis are soluble in water
2. Aqueous soln. of alkalis give hydroxyl ion
3. Aqueous soln. of alkalis turns red litmus blue.
 Acids, Bases and salts 49

(e) What is the name of the colourless solution which turns red litmus paper blue?
How the solution of acid and alkali can be distinguished?

Ans.: We know that the aqueous solution of alkali turns the red litmus paper blue. So if a
red litmus paper is dissolved into a colourless solution to turn blue, it must be understood
that the solution is an alkali solution.

Distinguishing of acid and alkali solution:

(i) If a red litmus paper turns blue in an aqueous solution, that solution is alkali solution.
Again if the solution turns a blue litmus paper red, that will be an acid solution.

(ii) If addition of one drop of phenolphthalein makes no change of the solution, then the
solution will be acidic and if the solution turns into pink colour , that solution will be
alkaline.

(iii) If addition of methyl orange turns the solution red, then the solution is acidic and if
the solution turns into yellow colour, which will be alkaline.

(iv) If the addition of juice of joba flower turns the solution into red, that will be acidic
and if it looks blue, the solution will be alkaline.

(g)Fill in the equation below

(i) CaO + H2O …… (ii) NaOH + HCl …..
(iii) CaO + H2SO4 …........ (iv) NH3 + H2O ……..

Ans.: Reaction (i)

CaO + H2 O Ca(OH)2 + H2
(Calcium oxide) (Water) (Calcium hydroxide) (hydrogen)

Explanation : Calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas are produced when calcium oxide
and water react together.

Reaction (ii)
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2 O
(Sodium hydroxide)(Hydrochloric acid) (Sodium chloride) (Water)

Explanation : Salt and water is produced when base is neutralized by acid.

Reaction (iii)
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 50

CaO + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2 O

(calcium oxide) (sulphuric acid) (Calcium sulphate) (Water)
Explanation : Salt and water is produced when base is neutralized by acids.

Reaction (iv)
NH3 + H2 O NH4OH
(Ammonia) (Water) (Ammonium hydroxide)

Explanation : Alkaline ammonia reacts with water and produces ammonium hydroxide.

Answer to the Essay Type Questions

(a) What is called a salt? How salt is formed? From which acids chloride, nitrate,
sulphate, and carbonate salts are formed.

Ans.: Salt: A salt is a compound which is formed by the replacement of a part or whole of
the replaceable hydrogen atom present in the molecule of an acid by a metal or a group of
elements acting like a metal.

Process of producing salt: Salt is produced by the reaction of metal, alkali or base with
acid.

Principle: acid + metal/alkali or base = salt + water

Example :
(i) H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO4 + 2H2O
Sulphuric calcium calcium water
acid hydroxide sulphate

(ii) HCl + NH4OH = NH4Cl + H2O

Hydrochloric ammonium ammonium water
acid hydroxide chloride

(1)Chloride salt: It is produced from hydrochloric acid. For example-

HCl + NH4OH = NH4Cl + H2 O
Hydrochloric acid ammonium hydroxide ammonium chloride water
(2)Nitrate salt : It is produced from nitric acid.
For example-
 Acids, Bases and salts 51

HNO3 + KOH = KNO3 + H2 O

Nitric acid potassium potassium water
hydroxide nitrate

(3)Sulphate salt : It is produced from sulphuric acid. For example-

H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO4 + 2H2O

Sulphuric acid calcium calcium water
hydroxide sulphate

(4)Carbonate salt : It is produced from carbonic acid. For example-

H2CO3 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + 2H2O

Carbonic acid sodium sodium water
hydroxide carbonate

(b) What is the name of the replaceable element in acid? How it is replaced at the
time of formation of salt? Write down reaction between zinc and explain it.

Ans.: The replaceable element in acid is hydrogen (H).

Replacement for producing salt: According to the definition of acid, one or more than
one replaceable hydrogen remain in the molecule of acid and the replaceable hydrogen
can be replaced directly or indirectly by metals or active radicals like metals and it
produces salt and water reacting with alkali. That is, metals or active radicals like metals
replaces the hydrogen of acid and produces salt with the acidic radical of the acid.

Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2
Zinc sulphuric acid zinc sulphate hydrogen

In the above reaction zinc reacts with sulphuric acid and produces zinc sulphate and
hydrogen. Here zinc metal replaces the hydrogen from acid and produces zinc sulphate
salt and hydrogen gas.

(c) What type of compound is formed when acid and alkali react? Write down the
equation when calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react.
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 52

Ans.: Salt is formed when acid and alkali react. Again water is produced as byproduct of
this reaction.
Acid + alkali = salt + water

Example :
When calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and hydrochloric acid (HCl) react, calcium chloride
(CaCl2) salt and water (H2O) is produced. The reaction is as following :

Ca(OH) 2 + HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O

(d) Why it is restricted to pour water into sulphuric acid? How the dilute solution of
this acid is prepared?

Ans.: It is very much restricted to pour water into sulphuric acid because sulphuric acid is
a very strong acid. If water is added to sulphuric acid to make it dilute it becomes very hot
and starts boiling. So it is very dangerous to pour water into sulphuric acid.

Preparation of dilute sulphuric acid : No one

should mix water into H2SO4 directly for
making dilute sulphuric acid. To prepare dilute
acid one has to add acid to water drop by drop
and mix it slowly by a stirrer.
Fig.: Preparation of sulphuric acid solution

(e) Write down the distinction between acid and alkali.

Ans.: The distinction between acid and alkali are as follows:

Acid Alkali
1. There must have one or more than 1. There must have one or more than
one replaceable hydrogen atom in acids. one oxide or hydroxide in alkalis.
2. Acids turn blue litmus red
2. Alkali turn red litmus blue
3. Acid reacts with base to produce salt
and water 3. Alkali reacts with acid to produce salt
and water
4. Phenolphthalein indicator makes no
change of the colour of acid solution 4. Phenolphthalein indicator turns the
 Acids, Bases and salts 53

colour of base solution blue

5. Methyl orange indicator turns the
colour of the solution red 5. Methyl orange turns the solution
6. Acid produces carbon dioxide when colour yellow
it reacts with calcium carbonate. 6. Base produces carbonate and water
reacting with carbon dioxide.

(f) How salt is prepared? How salt is named?

Ans.: Preparation of salt : Salt is prepared due to the reaction of acids and bases. The
hydrogen atom of an acid molecule is replaced by the metal of the base and the compound
of salt is formed. For example

NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O

Alkali acid Salt Water
Sodium hydroxide hydrochloric acid sodium chloride

Here hydrogen atom of hydrochloric acid is replaced by the metal sodium of alkali sodium
hydroxide and sodium chloride salt is produced.

Naming of salt : The chemical name of salt is taken from the name of acid or base
producing salts. So, the portion of salt which replaces the hydrogen of acid is called metal
radical or alkali radical (Na, Ca, K etc) and the portion which comes from acid is called
acid radical (Cl, SO4, NO3 etc).
So the chemical name of a salt is taken from its producer acid and alkali. The name of the
metal (basic part) is mentioned first and then the name of acid part comes next for naming
a salt.

Example :
(a) The produced salt by the reaction with hydrochloric acid is called chloride salt. For
example –
Sodium chloride NaCl, calcium chloride CaCl2 etc.

(b) The produced salt by the reaction with sulphuric acid is called sulphate salt. For
example –
Sodium sulphate Na2SO4, copper sulphate CuSO4 etc.
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 54

The salt that is produced by reaction with hydrochloric acid is called chloride salt; such
as: sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride etc.

(g) What is the difference between base and alkali?

Ans.: The difference between the base and alkali are as follows:

Bases Alkalis
1. Oxide or hydroxide of any metal 1. All bases which are soluble in water
which reacts with acids to give salt and are called alkalis
water is called a base

2. Bases may or may not soluble in 2. All alkalis dissolve in water

water
3. All bases are not alkalis 3. All alkalis are bases

4. The aqueous solution of base turn red 4. The aqueous solution of alkali may or
litmus blue. may not turn red litmus blue.

5. ZnO, CaO, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 5. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH etc
etc are all bases are all alkalis.

(h) Write down the names of two alkalis and two bases.

Ans.:
Two alkalis : Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Two bases : Zinc oxide (ZnO), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2].

(i) There are three colourless acid, base and salt in three bottles and there is no label
on the body of the bottles. How will you identify which solution contains acid, which
contains base and which contains salt?

Ans.: Putting blue and red litmus paper in the three bottles, acid, base and salt solution
can be identified.

At first the blue litmus paper is put in the three bottles respectively. The solution which
turns the blue litmus paper red will be acid solution.
 Acids, Bases and salts 55

Next, the red litmus paper is put in the rest two bottles respectively. The solution which
turns the red litmus paper blue will be base solution.
Again the bottle which remains at last will be salt solution. Because in salt solution the
colour of litmus paper does not change. In this way acid, base and salt solution can be
identified.

(j) (i) Why sulphuric acid is called an acid?

Ans.: Sulphuric acid is an acid and that can be proved by following arguments:
(i) Formula of sulphuric acid is H2SO4 i. e. it contains two replaceable hydrogen atoms in
each molecule of the acid.

(ii) By replacing the two hydrogen atoms either partially or completely by any metal, such
as sodium (Na), sodium hydrogen sulphate and sodium sulphate salts respectively can be
produced:
Reaction :

Na + H2SO4 = NaHSO4 + H2
Sodium + sulphuric = sodium + hydrogen
acid hydrogen sulphate

Na + NaHSO4 = Na2SO4 + H2
Sodium + sodium = sodium + hydrogen
hydrogen sulphate sulphate

(iii) Sulphuric acid reacts with bases to form salt and water:
H2SO4 + NaOH = NaHSO4 + H2 O
Sulphuric + sodium sodium water
acid hydroxide hydrogen sulphate

(iv) Dilute aqueous solution of sulphuric acid turns blue litmus red
(v) Dilute sulphuric acid tastes sour.
From the above facts it is proved that sulphuric acid is an acid.

(j)(ii) Why all alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis?

Ans.: Oxide or hydroxide of any metal or active radical like metal which reacts with acids
to give salt and water is called a base and the oxide or hydroxide of metal or active radical
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 56

like metal which dissolves in water is called alkali. That is, water soluble bases are called
alkalis. So all alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkali.

Example : Zinc oxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, copper
hydroxide etc. are all bases. Among them two bases sodium hydroxide and potassium
hydroxide are alkali. But iron (III) hydroxide and copper hydroxide do not dissolve in
water; so they are bases. So these are not alkalis but they are bases. Bases may not
dissolve in water but alkalis must dissolve in water.

Therefore, it is observed from the above discussion that alkali is a special type of base. So,
we can say “all alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis”.

(k) NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O. Mentioning the names of the reactants of this
equation explain what is produced in this reaction.

Ans.: NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O

In this above reaction reactants are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Hydrochloric acid
(HCl). First one is base and second one is acid.

After the reaction the products are sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H 2O), here the first
one is salt.

It is seen in the above reaction that, salt and water is produced from the reaction of acid
and base. In short the step of the reaction is as following :

Base + acid = salt + water.

Answer to the Extra Questions

1. Which acids are obtained from the following substances?

Lemon, tamarind, curd and Vinegar.

Ans.:
 Acids, Bases and salts 57

Name of substances Obtained acid

Lemon Citric acid
Tamarind Tartaric acid
Curd Lactic acid
Vinegar Acetic acid

2. Write down the names of three mineral acids and three organic acids.

Ans.:
Mineral acid : (a) Sulphuric acid
(b) Hydrochloric acid
(c) Carbonic acid

Organic acids : (a) Lactic acid

(b) Citric acid
(c) Acetic acid

3. Write down the equation when hydrochloric acid is mixed with washing soda.

Ans.: When hydrochloric acid is mixed with washing soda vigorous reaction is started and
carbon dioxide gas is released as bubbles from the reaction.

Na2CO3 + 2HCl = CO2 + 2NaCl + H2O.

4. What is indicator? What is the contribution of vinegar in the laboratory?

Ans.: Indicator : Indicator is a chemical substance which changes colour when comes in
contact with acids or bases and in the volumetric analysis it indicates the end point of the
reaction.
Example : Litmus paper, methyl red, methyl orange etc.

Contribution of indicator in the laboratory : Generally in the laboratory to identify

acids, bases or neutral solution indicators are used.

5. Explain – though methane contains hydrogen atoms, it is not an acid.

Ans.: We observe from the structure of methane that four hydrogen atoms are combined
with one carbon atom. But the hydrogen atoms are not replaced by any metal or active
radical like metal. Moreover, methane does not give any hydrogen ion (H+) in aqueous
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 58

solution. So, methane can not show any characteristics of an acid. For that reason methane
is not an acid, in spite of remaining hydrogen in its molecule.

6. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an alkali – explain.

Ans.: Sodium hydroxide is an alkali, because –

(1)The base sodium hydroxide is soluble in water.
(2) Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide turns red litmus blue.
(3) one drop of phenolphthalein added to an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide turns
the colour of the solution to pink.
(4) one drop of methyl orange turns aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide yellow.
(5) When aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is mixed with dilute acids they react
vigorously to give salt and water.
(6) Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide usually precipitates out the insoluble
hydroxides of the metals, when added to the solution of their salts.
(7) Aqueous solution of sodium has hot a soapy feeling.

The above properties are the characteristics of alkali. So from the above facts we can
prove that sodium hydroxide is an alkali.

7. Al2O3 is a base – explain.

Ans.:
(i) Al2O3 is an oxide of metal.
(ii) Al2O3 produces salt and water reacting with acid.
Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2O.
(base) (acid) (salt) (water)

So, Al2O3 is a base.

8. Write down the common names, chemical names and formulae of three salts
which are used in our daily life.

Ans.:
Common name of salts Chemical name Formulae
1. Edible salt Sodium chloride NaCl
2. Edible soda Sodium bi carbonate NaHCO3
3. Tute Copper sulphate CuSO4. 5H2O
 Acids, Bases and salts 59

9. How will you prove that sodium chloride is a salt?

Ans.: We will take three glass beakers to prove sodium chloride as a salt. In the first beaker
we take dil. hydrochloric acid, in the second one sodium hydroxide solution and in the third
one sodium chloride solution. Three solutions are colourless.
1. In the first beaker we wet blue litmus paper.
Litmus paper turns red. It is proved that the
solution of the first beaker is acid.

2. In the solution of the second beaker we wet

red litmus paper. Litmus turns blue which
means the solution of the second beaker is an
alkali.
Dil.sulphuric Sodium Sodium
Solution
3. In the third beaker we wet both blue and red hydroxide chloride
litmus paper. No change of colour. So the
solution of 3rd beaker is a salt. In the 3rd beaker
we took sodium chloride solution. Salt is neither
acidic nor basic. So sodium chloride is a salt.

10. What are acid, base, alkali and salt? Explain with examples.

Ans.: Acid : Acids can be defined as the compounds containing one or more replaceable
hydrogen atoms a part or whole of which can be replaced either directly or indirectly by a
metal or a group of elements acting like a metal to produce salt and which reacts with
bases producing salt and water.
Properties of acid:
1. Acids turn blue litmus red.
2. Acids are generally of sour taste.
3. Aqueous solution of acids give hydrogen ion (H+ ).

Example : Hydrochloric acid, HCl

Nitric acid, HNO3
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 60

Base: Any oxide or hydroxide of a metal, which reacts with acid neutralizing the
properties of acids and produces salt and water, is called base.

Example: Zinc oxide (ZnO), Calcium oxide ( CaO), Sodium hydroxide

( NaOH) etc.

Properties of base :
1. Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide turns red litmus blue.
2. Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide gives hydroxyl ion (OH-).
3. When aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is mixed with dilute acids they react
vigorously to give salt and water.
4. Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide has got a soapy feeling.

Alkali : Any oxide or hydroxide of a metal which are soluble in water is called alkali.
Example: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH) 2 ] etc.

Salt: A salt is a compound which is formed by the replacement of a part or whole of the
replaceable hydrogen atom present in the molecule of an acid by a metal or a group of
elements acting like a metal.

Process of producing salt: Salt is produced by the reaction of metal, alkali or base with
acid.

Principle: acid + metal/alkali or base = salt + water

Example :

(1) H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO4 + 2H2O

Sulphuric acid calcium hydroxide calcium sulphate water
(2) HCl + NH4OH = NH4Cl + H2O
Hydrochloric ammonium ammonium
Acid hydroxide chloride

11. Explain:
(i) Dry acid does not turn blue litmus red but the aqueous solution of acid turns blue
litmus red.
(ii) NH3 is not an acid though it has hydrogen atoms in its molecule.
(iii) The aqueous solution of sodium carbonate turns red litmus blue.
 Acids, Bases and salts 61

Ans.: (i) Acid decomposes to produce H+ but it can not do so in the condition of dry state.
For example –

HCl = H+ + Cl-
(aqueous solution)

Dry acid can not decompose to H+. For that reason, if blue litmus paper is brought to its
contact it can not change the colour of litmus paper. But acid decomposes in the aqueous
solution to produce H+ which changes the colour of litmus paper from blue to red.

(ii) NH3 is not an acid though it has hydrogen atoms in its molecule. Because it does not
produce H+ in the aqueous state. The aqueous solution of NH3 does not turn blue litmus
paper red.

(iii) Sodium carbonate is decomposed in the aqueous solution and produces NaOH and
H2CO3.

Na2CO3 + H2 O = NaOH + H2CO3

NaOH is fully decomposed in the aqueous solution to produce OH-, as it is a strong base.

NaOH = Na+ + OH-.

On the other hand, H2CO3 is a weak acid, so it is decomposed in the aqueous solution
partially and produces H+ ion.

H2CO3 = 2H+ + CO3-2

Therefore, as sufficient amount of H- are not present in the aqueous solution, the amount
of OH- remains extra in the solution. As a result, Na2CO3 is basic in the aqueous solution.
So, the aqueous solution of Na2CO3 turns red litmus blue.

Answer to the Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions :

1. Tick (√) the correct answer
1. Which gas is produced when dilute acid reacts with metal?
 General Science : Physics and chemistry 62

√ (a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen

(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen
2. Which metal, written below, is dangerous to mix with acid?
(a) Magnesium √ (b) Sodium
(c) Calcium (d) Zinc
3. Which compound is produced when copper oxide is heated with dilute sulphuric
acid?
√ a) Copper (II) sulphate + water
(b) Copper (II) sulphate + hydrogen
(c) Copper hydroxide + water
(d) No reaction.
4. Which one of the following substances is a salt?
(a) Carbon dioxide b) Aluminium hydroxide
(c) Calcium oxide √ (d) Magnesium chloride
5. Which gas is produced when hydrochloric acid is added to calcium carbonate?
(a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen
√ c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen
6. What is the formula of washing soda?
(a) NaHCO3 √ b) NaCO3.10H2O
(c) NaNO3 (d) Na2SO4
7. What happens when aqueous solution of alkali is mixed with aqueous solution of
metallic salt?
(a) No reactions (b) Produce salt and water
√ c) Precipitate metallic hydroxide (d)Different type of salts are
produced.
8. Name the type of salt that is formed by the chemical reaction with sulphuric acid?
(a) Nitrate salt (b) Carbonate salt
√ c) Sulphate salt (d) Basic salt.

2. Fill in the blanks.

(a) There must be ………………..atom in all acids.
(b) The aqueous solution of base is called …………..
(c) Oxide or hydroxide of metal is called …………
(d) Reaction of alkali and acid produce ………and …….
(e) In aqueous solution of alkali methyl orange takes …colour
(f) Acid turns………litmus ……….
(g) Base turns ………..litmus……..
(h) Both copper (II) hydroxide and copper (I) oxide are ……..
 Acids, Bases and salts 63

Ans.: a. hydrogen; b. alkali; c. base; d. salt, water; e. yellow;

f. blue, red; g. red, blue; h. alkali.

3. Match left hand side sentence with right hand side.

(a) In the neutralization reaction (a) name of the metal

of acid and alkali
(b) In aqueous solution of acid (b) Turns blue
there are
(c) Bases soluble in water (c) Hydroxide groups (radicals)
(d) In all acid replaceable (d) free hydrogen ion.
(e) In all alkalis there are (e) Salt and water are produced
(f) Red litmus in contact with (f) Is called alkali
base
(g) In the name of the first part (g) hydrogen is present.
of salt there is
(h) In acidic solution

Ans.:
1. In the neutralization reaction of acid and alkali Salt and water are produced.
2. In aqueous solution of acid there are free hydrogen ion.
3. Bases soluble in water is called alkali.
4. In all acid replaceable hydrogen is present.
5. In all alkalis there are hydroxide groups (radicals).
6. Red litmus in contact with base turns blue.
7. In the name of the first part of salt there is name of the metal.
8. In acidic solution hydrogen is present.