Indus Vally Civilization Script Decipherment Research Paper

Year 2020-21
Manoj Prakash Jadhav
Independent Researcher

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 Transliteration (IAST / ISO 15919)

अ a आ ā इ i ई Ī

उ u ऊ ū ऋ ṛ ऋ ṝ

ए e ऐ ai ओ o औ au

अं ṁ अ: ḥ अs ´

क ka ख kha ग ga घ gha ङ ṅga

च ca छ cḥa ज ja झ jha ˜Ö n᷃ a

ट ṭa ठ ṭha ड ḍa ढ ḍha ण ṇa

त ta थ tha द da ध dha न na

प pa फ pha ब ba भ bha म ma

य ya र ra ल la व va

श śa ष ṣa स sa ह ha

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Theory for deciphering IVC Script andfindings of this research paper :-
In this research paper, I am proposing a theory for deciphering Indus Vally Civilization (IVC) seal/ tablet/ pottery inscriptions, along with
deciphered Seals. Indus Vally Civilization Script includes Vowels, Consonants and also Pictorial Images, representing different words. Some of the
important findings regarding Indus Vally Civilization and its Script are as follow:-
1. Indus Vally Civilization was a Vedic Civilization. So, the perception about Vedic Period starting after collapse of IVC (1400 BCE onwords) and
Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) inside India can be rejected with this paper.
2. The Language they spoke was the earliest form of Prakrit, which was highly influenced from Vedic Sanskrit. This IVC Prakrit Language had
end words like “णी (ṇĪ), णु (ṇu)”, inscribed on many seals, which sounds similar to what we listen in todays Rajasthani, Gujarati, Gadhwali, Sindhi

language. We already know that all this languages are derived from different Prakrit Languages. There’s always a question/ debate about how old
was the Prakrit. Some even debates whether Classical Sanskrit is older or Prakrit is older. By this research paper, I came to the conclusion that
Vedic Sanskrit and IVC Prakrit, both co-existed with each other from atleast mature IVC period. Vedic Sanskrit transformed into Classical
Sanskrit and IVC Prakrit transformed in to todays languages like Rajasthani, Gujrati, Gadhwali, Sindhi, Marathi etc.
3. All symbols of IVC Script are not deciphered yet, but from deciphered symbols, I can conclude that IVC Prakrit Language had almost same
Vowels and Consonants like Vedic Sanskrit and Prakrit. The sequence of Vowel (अ/a, आ/ā, इ/i, ई/Ī, उ/u, ऊ/ū....) is very important aspect to

decipher the seal/ tablet/ pottery inscriptions. The Grammar in IVC Script (IVC Prakrit Language) works as follows :-
*If a symbol for Consonant स (sa) is having double stroke variant, it means Consonant स (sa) is repeated 3 times and hence, 3rd vowel of

Sanskrit {in a row} i.e. इ (i) is added to Consonant स (sa), which makes it िस (si). In the same way, if the symbol for Consonant स (sa) is having

4 extra lines to it, it means Consonant स (sa) is repeated 5 times and hence 5th vowel of Sanskrit {in a row} i.e.उ (u) is added to the consonant

स (sa), which makes it सु (su).

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 *Some of the symbols are shown in 2D form. For Ex.:- The “X” shaped symbol represents Consonant य (ya) in IVC Script. If Consonant

य (ya) is shown in 2D form in seal inscription, it means Consonant य (ya) is repeated twice. Hence, 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. आ (ā) is added to

Consonant य (ya), which makes it या (yā).

*In IVC Script, some symbols are drawn close to each other twice, For Ex.:- “UU” or “((“. In IVC Script, symbol “(“represents consonant
स (sa). So, if any seal inscription includes symbol pattern “((”, it means Consonant स (sa) is repeated twice. Hence, 2nd vowel of Sanskrit

{in a row} i.e.आ (ā) is added to Consonant स (sa), which makes it सा (sā).

4. The peoples of IVC were worshipping Gods like Brahma, Rudra, Mahesha, Surya, Indra, Krushna, Samkarshana, Purusha, Janārdana, Rāma,
Shani, Goddess Mahāmāya, Mahasya (Laxmi). Name of Great Sage like Bhrugu (Bhṛgavao), Dardar Muni is also written on one seal.
5. The name Asura (असुर) mentioned in Vedas and other ancient texts were known as “Asira (अिसर)” in IVC, the Local Vedic Aryans who ruled

parts of IVC, including Saurashtra. They later on went to Mesopotamia and established the “Kingdom of Assyria” with capital known as Asshur.
Ancient texts talks about continuous wars between Asuras and other Vedic Kings. So, Asiras were probably forced to migrate outside of IVC after
their defeat against other Vedic Kingdoms. What I want to say is, Asiras were the Vedic Aryans who migrated outside of India. I said this,
because one seal talks about Arya Queen Asiratra, who might be the Mesopotemian Goddess Asratu/ Asherah/ Ashira. Asherah was the Queen
consort of Assur, the head of Assyrian pantheon. The second migration of Vedic Aryans outside India happened when IVC was collapsed around
1450 BCE. This second wave of Vedic Aryan again migrated to Mesopotamia, who later on formed the kingdoms of “Mittani”. So, it’s
Out of India migration of Vedic Aryans in two different phases. Aryan Invasion Theory inside India is not true.
6. Indus vally civilization flourished in between 4200 BCE to 1900 BCE, with mature period of 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE, when most of the seal/
tablets were made. Lord Krushna’s name and incidents related with his life are portrayed/ mentioned on different IVC seals. So, that means Birth
of Lord Krushna and War of Mahabharata happened atleast before 1900 BCE.
7. Vedic Astrology was in practice during IVC times, as one seal talks about Gemstone related to Chakra. Vedic Astronomy was also in practice
during IVC time. One seal names Big Dipper of Ursa Major Constellation, known as “Saptrṣi” in India. The name Saptrṣi is later addition to
original IVC name of Big Dipper (of Ursa Major Constellation) i.e.Saptṛkṣi. During IVC time, ऋ> (ṛukṣ / Bear) was used as a synonym to

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 represent Stars/ Constellations. It Rigveda also, ऋ> (ṛukṣ) was used as a synonym to represent Star/ Constellation. Therefore, Big Dipper of Ursa

Major Constellation was shown as Female Bear in ancient times with name Saptṛkṣi, which was later changed to “Saptrṣi”, to remember the
legacy of Seven Great Sages. Greek Astronomy also depicts Big Dipper of Ursa Major Constellation with Female Bear and Ursa Minor with Male
Bear.
8. Most of the seals/ tablets depicting Unicorn are either Religious or related with Rulers. Unicorn was called as “गव (Cattle)” in IVC, which is a

representation of all Domesticated/ Known Animals like Cow, Ox, Donkey, Ram, Pig, Buffalo, Elephant etc.
9. For most of the seals, inscription can be read from “Tail of the animal, towards the Face of an animal”. But this pattern is not uniform for every
seal inscription. One seal is even inscribed in “Zigzag” pattern.
10. Farming was the main source of living in IVC, as many seal states Greatness of Farming, Plough and Cattles.
11. The Spoke Wheel Chariot was invented in IVC. IVC peoples inscribed about this discovery on one seal. They celebrated the Great Invention by
making a seal for it.
12. Lord Indra is praised more than any other god in IVC seals (Out of those I have deciphered so far), just like what we see in Rigveda. It means,
Rigveda composed at the time of IVC.
13. IVC peoples knew about existence of Assyria, Oman, Petra, City Kingdom of Ur (Ancient Sumeria).
14. IVC peoples knew about Ancient Greeks/ Europeans. Those Non Vedic peoples had curly hairs, which look like a Hook (as depicted in many
ancient sculptures). Their Language sounds like stammering {बडबड/बरबर (Barbara)} and their customs were also cruel/ not acceptable to Vedic

Peoples. Hence, they called Ancient Greeks/ Europeans as बरबर (Barbara). The word “Barbarian” is a derivation of Vedic term Barbara, which

was a Regional Identity for Curly Haired Europeans.

15. Horse name inscription and Horse Image was not found on any seal that I have deciphered with my theory so far. So I conclude that Horses were
found rarely in IVC areas and were either not domesticated or domesticated in very low numbers as compare to Cow/ Ox. Horses mentioned less
in Ramayana and Rigveda as compare to Mahabharata. It means, Composition of Rigveda and Birth of Lord Ram was probably happened at the
end of Early IVC period i.e. in between 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE. Ramayana period should be between 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE, as no such old and
big settlement that predates 4000 BCE has been found so far in Indian Subcontinant, except in IVC areas. Horses got domesticated more and were
used in wars and transport during mature period of IVC i.e. in between 3000 BCE to 1900 BCE, the time when Great War of Mahabharata
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 probably happened. As horses were found rarely in IVC areas, they didn’t depict them on seals/ tablets. As horse was a rarely domesticated, it was
precious to owner. Horse owner were mostly Rulers during Early IVC period. We know a story of Lord Ram doing Ashwmedh Yadnya. I think
Ashwamedh Yadnya’s purpose was to sacrifice beloved Horse (Not to kill, but to set him free). Because of this, Lord Ram released his white
horse, which was later on captured by his sons, Luv and Kush. Whenever Horses were released after Ashwamedh Yadnya, they got captured in
nearby kingdoms because of their war importance and limited availability, which further leads to the war conflicts.
16. Yoga was in practice from IVC time, as some seal/ tablet depicts God/ Goddess seating in Yoga Mudra. I have deciphered some of those seal
inscriptions, given in Decipherment Section below.

With this research paper, I came to conclusion that Aryan Invasion/ Migration theory inside India is not true. Vedic Aryans went outside of India
in atleast two different phases. Vedic Hindu religion and Indian civilization is the only continuous civilization of the world for last 5000 years. And most
important, the language of Indus Vally Civilization was “IVC Prakrit”, a local dialect highly influenced from Vedic Sanskrit.

Manoj P.Jadhav

Date :- December, 2020

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The Vowel and Consonant of IVC Script (Prakrit Langauge) with Deciphered Symbols till December, 2020 :-

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Decipherment Section :-
1)) मगव (Magava) (Seal no.M-978 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मगव (Magava).

This seal can be read from left to right. The left fish
(मCछ) like symbol represents consonant म (ma).

The right symbol represents word गव (Gava), which

means Cattle. So, the seal inscription from

left to right is “मगव (Magava)”, means Priest

{Brahmins of Pre Persia (Sakal Dwipiya)} who were

Sun Worshippers. They are known as “Mag Brahmin”
in India. Lord Krushna invited some Mag Brahmins to
Dwarika to cure his son Samb. Later on, this Mag
Brahmins settled near Ganga River. Vedic culture was
once practiced in todays Eastern Iran. Mag Brahmins
faced difficulties during Persian Empire and most of
them were converted to zorostrianism. The 3 Magis
mentioned in Bible were also probably Mag Brahmins
of Persia.

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2)) नमन गवसी (Namana GavasĪ) (Seal no.M-73a) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नमन गवसी

(Namana GavasĪ). This seal can be read from left to right.

The leftmost symbol represents a Hand (हEत). The Five

Horizontal lines represent five Fingers of the Hand. But in

this seal inscription, this symbol is used to represent word
“नमन (Namana)” which means Greetings. The 2nd symbol

from left is गव (Gava), meaning Cattle, as explained in Seal

no.1. The 3rd symbol from left is consonant स (sa) with

variant, representing सी (sĪ). Here, consonant स (sa) have

three lines inside, means it is repeated 4 times. Hence 4th

vowel of Sanskrit (In a row) i.e. ई (Ī) is added to the

consonant स (sa), which makes it सी (sĪ). So, the Seal

Inscription from left to right नमन गव सी can be read as

“नमन गवसी” means “Greetings to the Cattles”.

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3)) महमG (Mahamatra) or महH अG (Maham Atra) (Seal/ tablet no.M-1442 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महमG or महH अG. This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol represents word मह (Maha), means

Great. The 2nd fish (मCछ) like symbol from left represents consonant म (ma). The 3rd symbol from left is a three short line symbol, representing

Number 3, which is called as G (tra) in Sanskrit. This seal/ tablet inscription have two different meanings:-

1. महमG (Mahamatra):– महमG may be the origin of the word “महामंGी (MahamṁtrĪ)”, which means “Great Minister of the Kings Court”.

2. महH अG (Maham Atra):- महH (Maham) means “Full moon” and अG (Atra) means “Here” or “Arrived”. So, the seal/ tablet inscription

महH अG (Maham Atra) meaning is “Full moon arrived”.

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4)) महसा (Mahasā) (Seal no.M-846 a) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महसा (Mahasā). This seal can be read from left to right. The left symbol represents word मह (Maha), means Great

and right symbol is a variant of consonant स (sa), representing सा (sā). As consonant स (sa) is shown in 2D from, means it is repreated twice. Hence

2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant स (sa). The seal inscription महसा (Mahasā) can have two different interpretations:-

1. महसा (Mahasā) sounds like name of Lord Shiva {महे श (Maheś)}.

2. Buffalo is called as Nहै स (Mhaisa) in Marathi language. So, the seal inscription महसा (Mahasā) may also mean “A Buffalo”.

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5)) चP (Cakra) (Seal no.H-94 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is चP (Cakra).

This seal can be read from left to right. The tiger

image is carved on this seal/ tablet. The oval
shaped symbol on left is a pictorial representation
of an Eye (of tiger in this context). Eye is called as
च>ु (Cakṣu) in Sanskrit. So, the oval shaped

symbol is used in Indus Vally Script to represent

consonant च (ca). The right symbol is a combined

symbol made up of consonant क (ka) and र (ra),

representing P (kra) as explained in image above.

So, the seal/ tablet inscription from left to right is

चP (Cakra). चP (Cakra) are the Vedic

Philosophical terms, said to be various focal points

used in mediation practices. This are related with
Vedic Astrology. To balance this चP (Cakra), Various Gemstones are used. One of the Gemstone is “Tiger Eye Gemstone”. The Tiger Eye Gemstone is

Reddish Yellow in Color, which looks like an Eye of a Tiger. So, we can conclude that, the seal is about a “Tiger Eye Chakra Gemstone”. This seal is
related with business of Tiger Eye Chakra Gemstone.

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6)) महोCच (Mahocca) (Seal no.H-182 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महोCच (Mahocca)

{means Great Quality in this context}. This seal can be

read from left to right. The first three symbols from left
are actual inscription. The remaining two pictorial
images are drawn to describe the purpose of the seal/
tablet. The leftmost symbol is मह (Maha), means Great.

The 2nd symbol from left is vowel ऊ (ū). The 3rd symbol

from left is combined consonant representing Cच (cca).

The images carved on the seal on the right side of the

inscription are, a Man holding something (like a Cloth) in
his Hands and a Tiger. So, we can conclude that, the
Cloth like object shown in the hands of a human image is
actually “A Skin of a Tiger”. That man carved on the seal
is showing the Tiger Skin for Sales purpose. So, the
inscription महोCच (Mahocca) means“A Great Quality

Tiger Skin”.
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7)) महनRद (Mahananda) (Seal no.M-180A):-

The seal inscription is महनRद (Mahananda). This seal can be read from right to left. The right symbol represents word मह (Maha), means Great

and left symbol represents word नRद (nanda), means “Joyful/ Happy” and “Cowherd”. The explanation for this symbol is given in image above.

महनRद (Mahananda) is a name of a person. महानRद (Mahānanda)/ महानंद (Mahānṁda) is still used as a name by Hindus of India.

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8)) यन (Yana) (Seal no.6131) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is यन (Yana),

can be read as यान (Yāna), meaning Vehicle/

Journey or Travel (Pilgrimage). This seal can be

read from right to left. The “X” symbol represents
consonant य (ya). The Cap Symbol on य (ya)

represents Consonant न (na). As consonant न (na)

is on the top, it goes with the flow of the seal

inscription i.e. towards left. So, we can read the seal
inscription from right to left as यन (Yana)/ यान

(Yāna).

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9)) इG (Itra) (Seal no.H-585 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is इG (Itra). This seal can be read from right to left. The symbol on the right is vowel इ (i). The left symbol is a three

short line symbol, representing Number 3, which is called as G (tra) in Sanskrit. So, the seal inscription from right to left is इG (Itra), which means

Perfume. It’s a Persian word.

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10)) 12 Eसूकर गव (12 Ssūkara Gava):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is 12 Eसूकर गव (12 Ssūkara

Gava). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol

has twelve short lines, representing Number 12. The 2nd symbol from
right is made up of combined consonant/ word Eस (ssa) and vowel

ऊ (ū), representing Eसू (ssū) as explained in image above. The 3rd

symbol from right is made up of consonant क (ka) and र (ra),

representing word कर (kara). The rightmost symbol represents word

गव (Gava), means Cattle as explained in seal no.1. So, the seal

inscription from right to left “12 Eसू कर गव” can be read as,

“12 Eसूकर गव (12 Ssūkara Gava)”. सूकर is a Sanskrit word for

Wild Pig/ Hog. Wild Pig and Archer with Bow and Arrow are carved
along with a pet Dog. This means, seal is shown as a Wild Pig
hunting scene. Here also, सूकर {Sūkara (Wild Pig)} is called as

“गव (Cattle)”, which means all Domesticated/ known Animals

(not just Cow/ Ox) were considered as “Cattle” in Indus Vally

Civilization. The 12 number of lines probably representing 12 Arrows used for hunting down hog.

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11)) नमन गोचारणु (Namana Gocārṇū) (Seal no.M-1305 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नमन गोचारणु

(Namana Gocārṇū). This seal inscription can be read

from right to left. The rightmost symbol is a pictorial
representation of Hand {5 horizontal lines represents 5
finges of the hand}, which is called as हEत in

Sanskrit. But in this seal inscription, this symbol is

used to represent word “नमन (Namana)”, means

Greetings. The middle symbol is गोचार (Gocār),

means Cowherd or Cattle owner. The left Diamond

shaped symbol is consonant ण (ṇa) with variant,

representing णु (ṇū), which means “to”. As diamond

shape symbol repeated 5 times, hence 5th vowel of

Sanskrit i.e.उ (u) is added to consonant ण (ṇa), which

makes it णु (ṇū). So, the seal/ tablet inscription from

right to left is “नमन गोचारणु (Namana Gocārṇū)”,

meaning “Greetings to the Cattle owner/ Cowherd”.

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12)) ऋया (Ṛyā) (Seal no.2696):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is ऋया (Ṛyā). This seal can be

read from left to right. The left symbol represents vowel ऋ (Ṛ) and

the “X” shaped right symbol is consonant य (ya) with 2D variant,

representing “या (yā)”. Consonant य (ya) is in 2D form, means it is

repeated twice and hence 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to

consonant य (ya). So, seal inscription from left to right is

ऋया (Ṛyā). In Vedic Hinduism, Sun is called as सूयT (Sūrya)/

सूयU (Sūryā). As word मह ऋिष (Maha Ṛṣi) can be written as

महVष (Maharṣi), in the same way, seal inscription ऋया (Ṛyā) can be

written as यU (ryā). In Ancient Egypt, Sun was called as “Ra”,

translated in cuneiform as “Ri-ia”. In word सूयU (Sūryā), सू (Sū) means Generator. So I conclude that remaining word यU (ryā) means Sun.

So, सूयT (Sūrya)/ सूयU (Sūryā) means “The Generator, Sun”. Therefore I conclude that, “ऋया (Ṛyā)” was the Name of the Sun in Ancient India.

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13)) यन ऋष (Yana Ṛṣa) (Seal no.1136):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is यन ऋष (Yan Ṛṣa).

This seal can be read from left to right. The left symbol
represents यन (Yana) {यान (Yāna)}, means Vehical

(Travel/ Journey in this context). The “X” shape symbol

represents य (Ya) and Cap symbol on “X” is consonant

न (na). This consonant न (na) goes to the right side of

consonant य (Ya), as the flow of the inscription is from

left to right. So, leftmost symbol represents word

यन (Yan), means “Travel”. The middle symbol

represents vowel ऋ (Ṛ) and the rightmost symbol

represents consonant ष (ṣa). This Symbol for consonant

ष (ṣa) looks like a Crab, which is called as षोडशािW in Sanskrit. So, this crab symbol is used in Indus Script to represent consonant ष (ṣa). Now, the last

two symbols from left represent word ऋष (Ṛṣa), which can be identified/ read as ऋषी (ṚṣĪ), means “The sage”. So, the seal/ tablet inscription

यन ऋष (Yan Ṛṣa) meaning is “The Sages are traveling (On Pilgrimage)” Or “The Traveling Sages”. This seal is probably like an Identity Card for Sages,

so that they can be protected by the State Authorities while on Pilgrimage throughout Indus vally.

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14)) मह ऋया (Maha Ṛyā) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह ऋया (Maha Ṛyā).

This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost

symbol represents word मह (Maha), means Great. The

middle symbol represents Vowel ऋ (Ṛ). The leftmost “X”

shaped symbol represents consonant य (ya) with variant i.e.

shown in 2D form, representing या (yā). The last two

symbols from right makes a word ऋया (Ṛyā). In Ancient

Egypt, Sun was called as “Ra”, translated in cuneiform as

“Ri-ia. In Vedic Hinduism, Sun is called as सूयT (Sūrya)/

सूयU (Sūryā). Here, सू (Sū) means “The Generator”.

As word मह ऋिष (Maha Ṛṣi) can be written as

महVष (Maharṣi), in the same way, ऋया (Ṛyā) can be

written as यU (ryā). So, सू (Sū) means “The Generator” and यU (ryā) means “The Sun”. Therefore, सूयT (Sūrya) / सूयU (Sūryā) means “The Generator, Sun”.

So, I conclude that “ऋया (Ṛyā)” was the Name of the Sun in Ancient India and the seal inscription मह ऋया (Maha Ṛyā) means “The Great Sun”.

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15)) मोर मोरणु (Mora Moraṇu) (Seal no.1338):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मोर मोरणु

(Mora Moraṇu). This seal can be read from right to

left. The rightmost and middle symbols are same
pictorial images representing inscription मोर

(Mora), which means Peacock. The leftmost

diamond shaped symbol is consonant ण (ṇa) with

variant, representing णु (ṇu). This symbol has 5

squares in total. It means consonant ण (ṇa) is

repeated 5 times. Hence, 5th vowel of Sanskrit

{In a row} i.e.उ (u) is added to Consonant ण (ṇa),

which makes it णु (ṇu). मोर (Mora) means Male

Peacock and मोरणु (Moraṇu) can be read/ identified

as मोरणी (MoraṇĪ), meaning Female Peacock in

Indic Languages like Rajsthani/ Gujrati/ Garhwali.

This seal/ tablet probably a business related seal used for sell and purchase of peacocks for either their feathers or meat.

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16)) शEय मम (Śasya Mama) (Seal no.9905):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is शEय मम (Śasya Mama).

The seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol
is a pictorial representation of “Crop”, means शEय (Śasya) in

Sanskrit. The last two fish (मCछ) like symbols represents

consonant म (ma). This last two symbol makes as word

मम (Mama), which in Sanskrit means “My”. So, the seal/

tablet inscription from left to right is शEय मम (Śasya Mama)

meaning is “My Crop”.

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17)) नRद गव मणी (Nanda Gava MaṇĪ) (Seal no.1554):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नRद गव मणी

(Nanda Gava MaṇĪ). This seal can be read from left to

right. The left symbol is नRद (Nanda), which means

“Cowherd” in Sanskrit. The explaination for the

symbol inscription is given in image. The 2nd symbol
from left is गव (Gava), means Cattle as explained in

seal no.1. The 3rd fish like symbol from left represents
consonant म (ma) taken from word मCछ (fish) of

Sanskrit. The right symbol represents consonant

ण (ṇa) with variant, representing णी (ṇĪ). As

consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated 4 times, hence 4th vowel

of Sanskrit {in a row} i.e., ई (Ī) is added to consonant

ण (ṇa), which makes it णी (ṇĪ). So, the seal

inscription is नRद गव मणी (Nanda Gava MaṇĪ),

means “Cattles/ Cows are like Gemstones to the

cowherds”.

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18)) याऊणा (Yāūṇā) (Seal no.M-134A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is याऊणा (Yāūṇā) as explained in image above. This seal can be read from left to right. याऊणा (Yāūṇā) might be the

name यवन (Yavana) written in later Indian texts who were identified as Greeks/ Europeans.

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19)) मह रवी (Maha RvĪ) (Seal no.M-810 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह र्-वी (Maha RvĪ) / मह रवी

(Maha RvĪ). The seal can be read from left to right. The left symbol is
मह (Maha), means Great. The right symbol is combination of vowel

and consonants. The “U” shaped symbol represents consonant व (va)

with variant, representing वी (vĪ). As consonant व (va) has variant of

3 extra lines to it, means consonant व (va) is repeated 4 times. Hence,

4th vowel of Sanskrit {In a row} i.e., ई (Ī) is added to the consonant

व (va), which makes it वी (vĪ). The Cap symbol (Inverted “V”), on

symbol for “वी (vĪ)” is halant consonant र् (r). So, the right symbol

represents word र्-वी (RvĪ)/ रवी (RvĪ), which is a Sanskrit word,

meaning Sun. So, the seal inscription from left to right is मह र् वी can

be read as “मह रवी (Maha RvĪ)” meaning “The Great Sun”.

***********************

26
20)) महपाश (Mahapāśa) (Seal no.M-324 a):-

The seal inscription is महपाश (Mahapāśa). This

seal inscription can be read from left to right. The left

symbol is मह (Maha), means Great. The right symbol is

पाश (pāśa), means “Net of Looped Rope”. This symbol

looks like a looped rope used in fishing nets. {In this

seal inscription, this symbol is used to represent
वशीकरण (Hypnotism/ Control)}. The seal inscription

महपाश (Mahapāśa) meaning is “The Great Net

(of Hypnotism)”. वशीकरण mantra is mentioned in

Atharva Veda (अथवTवद

े ).

************************

27
21)) महसZा पिGचा (Mahasattā Patricā) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महसZा पिGचा

(Mahasattā Patricā). The seal can be read from left to

right. The left symbol is मह (Maha), means Great.

The 2nd symbol from left is सZा (sattā). Here, 7 short

lines are drawn, which represents Number 7.

Number 7 is called as सZा/ स[त. But सZा (Sattā)

also means “Power or Rule" in Sanskrit. So, the first

two symbols from left represent word
महसZा (Mahasattā) meaning “A Great Rule”.

Now, the 3rd symbol from left is

“पिG (Patri)”. The triangular symbol {Looks like

Mountain (पवTत)}, represents consonant प (pa).

The consonant प (pa) have 3 horizontle lines inside,

which represents G (tra). So, the 3rd symbol

{without variant} can be read as पG (Patra). Now,

this symbol (for पG) have double stroke variant. This

means G (tra) of word पG (Patra) is repeated 3 times. Hence, 3rd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. इ (i) is added to G (tra), which makes it िG (tri). Therefore, the

3rd symbol {with variant}, represents word पिG (Patri). The right symbol is consonant च (ca) with variant, representing चा (cā). As consonant च (ca) is

28
repeated twice, hence 2nd vowel of Sanskrit, i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant च (ca), which make it चा (cā). So, the 3rd and 4th symbol from left represents

the word “पिGचा (Patricā)”, which can be read/ identified as “िपतृचा (Pitṛcā)” means “of Father”. ”चा (cā)“ sounds Marathi Langauge end word,

meaning “of”. So, the seal inscription meaning is “The Great Rule of Father”, which is called as “Patriarch” in Greek/ European culture. Patriarch means

Founder of Rule (Fatherly). This Greek/ European word “Patriarch” and Indian “पिGचा (Patricā)/ िपतृचा (Pitṛcā)” sounds similar with same meaning.

So, i conclude that, Ancient Indian concept of fatherly rule “पिGचा (Patricā)”, later by the time became Patriarch in Ancient Greece/ Europe.

********************

29
22)) हEत महिसर (Hasta Mahasira) (H-356 A):-

The seal inscription is हEत महिसर (Hasta Mahasira). This

seal can be read from right to left. The right symbol represents
हEत (Hasta), which is a Sanskrit word, meaning Hand. The five

horizontal lines represent five fingers of Hand. The middle symbol

is मह (Maha), means Great. The left symbol (looks like a Hand

Plough) represents word िसर (Sira), which means Head. So, the

seal/ tablet inscription is “हEत महिसर (Hasta Mahasira)”. महिसर

(Mahasira) can be read/ identified as महािशषT (Mahaśirṣa), which

means Great Head. महािशषT मु^ा (Mahaśirṣa Mudrā) is a

Yoga mudra used to treat Headache. Mahaśirṣa Mudrā is done

with certain Hand/ Finger Gesture. It is called as हEत महािशषT

मु^ा (Hasta Mahaśirṣa Mudrā).

******************

30
23)) महसीर (MahasĪra) (Seal no.M-301 A) :-

This seal/ tablet inscription is महसीर (MahasĪra), as

explained in the image. This seal can be read from right to left.
This seal inscription महसीर (MahasĪra) have two different

meanings/ interpretations:-
1. महसीर (MahasĪra) is a name of a fish, sacred in

Hinduism. Lord Vishnu said to be incarnated in the form of a

fish in म_Eयावतार (Matsyāvatara). That fish is said to be

MahasĪra. MahasĪra fish was a sacred fish in Indus vally

civilization. A study about remains of fish bones was
conducted in Indus vally sites by Dr.William Belcher. He
discovered that fish was part of diet in IVC, but bones of
MahasĪra were found extremely rarely in IVC. This shows that
consumption of MahasĪra fish was very rare as compare to
other fishes. Dr.Belcher suggested that MahasĪra was probably
singled out from other fish species as “Gods fish” in IVC. So,
the seal inscription is either just a name of fish MahasĪra or
representing name of Lord Vishnu, as “महािशषT (Mahaśirṣa)”.

2. The left symbol looks like a “Hand Plough”,

called as “सीर (sĪra)” in Sanskrit. सीर (sĪra) also means “Ox”.

So, the inscription “महसीर (MahasĪra)” means either, “The Great OX” or “The Great Plough”.

************************
31
24)) सीर महम (SĪra Mahama) (Seal no.4578):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is “सीर महम

(SĪra Mahama)”. This seal can be read from right to left.

The rightmost symbol looks like a Hand Plough representing
word सीर (SĪra), which also means “Ox”, used in Farming.

The middle symbol represents word मह (Maha), means

Great. The leftmost fish (मCछ) like symbol represents

consonant म (ma). So, last two symbols from right represents

word महम (Mahama), meaning Full Moon (Bright/ White).

Hence, the seal inscription from right to left is

“सीर महम (SĪra Mahama)”, means “The Bright/ White Ox”.

This seal/ tablet may be related with Cattle trades.

*********************

32
25)) नRद महस 3 (Nanda Mahasa 3) (Seal no.5119):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नRद महस 3

(Nanda Mahasa 3). This seal can be read from left to right.
The left symbol is नRद (Nanda). नRद (Nanda) is a Sanskrit

word means “Cowherd”. The 2nd symbol from left is word

मह (Maha), meaning Great. The 3rd symbol from left is

consonant स (sa), which looks like a Horn of an animal,

called as `सग (singa) in Indic Langauge. The rightmost

symbol of three short lines, represent Number 3 (G).

Now, symbol 2 and 3 from left makes a word

“महस (Mahasa)”, which can be read/ identified as

Nहै स (Mhaisa), meaning Buffalo. Nहै स (Mhaisa) is a Marathi

Language word for Buffalo. So, the seal inscription meaning

is “3 Buffalos of a Cowherd”. Another interpretation of the
seal inscription is “नRद महa अG”, meaning

“Baffalo’s of Cowherd has arrived”.

*****************

33
26)) मb असीरै या (Mah AsĪraiyā) (Seal no.H-56 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मb असीरै या (Mah AsĪraiyā). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol is word मह (Mah),

means Great. The 2nd symbol from right look like a Hand Plough, called as सीर (sĪra) in Sanskrit. The 3rd symbol from right is vowel ए (e). The leftmost

“X” shaped symbol in 2D form represents या (yā). So, the seal inscription मह सीर ए या can be read as “मb असीरै या (Mah AsĪraiyā)”, means

“The Great AsĪraiyā”, which can be idenfied as “The Assyrian Kingdom of Mesopotamia”. My hypothesis is that, the Assyrians were one of the Aryan
tribe of IVC, known as अिसर (Asira) in early IVC time. They ruled parts some parts of IVC. Later, they were forced to migrate outside of IVC because of

their continuous conflicts with other Aryan kingdoms. This Asira’s then migrated to Mesopotamia where they formed the kingdom of Assyria. This
peoples were probably the असुर (Asura) mentioned in Vedas and other Indian texts.

********************
34
27)) महराज मे मोित (Maharāja Memoti) (Seal no.M-375 a):-

The Seal inscription is महराज मे मोित

(Maharāja Memoti). The seal can be read from left to

right. The leftmost symbol represents word

मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from left is

राज, means King. It looks like a Man with Crown on

his Head. It’s a combined symbol made of consonant

र (ra), ज (ja) and vowel आ (ā) as explained in the

image. So, the first two symbols from left, represent a

word “महराज (Maharāj)”, means “The Great King”.

The 3rd cross line fish (म छ) like symbol from left is

variant of consonant म (ma), representing मे (me). The

4th fish (म छ) symbol from left is consonant म (ma).

The 5th symbol from left is a two Full Length Straight

Line symbol, representing vowel ऊ (ū). The

rightmost symbol is ित (ti), which is a variant of consonant त (ta). Here, basic symbol for consonant त (ta) is repeated 3 times {because of double stroke

variant}, hence 3rd vowel of Sanskrit language i.e.इ (i) is added to the consonant त (ta), which makes it ित (ti). So, the last 4 symbols from left represent a

word मेमोित (Memoti), as explained in Image above. मेमोित (Memoti) might be the name of a Great King in IVC time or before. Hence his name is carved

on the seal/ tablet to remember him. ********************************

35
28)) महसZा पGणी (Mahasattā PatrāṇĪ) (Seal no.1466):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is

महसZा पGाणी (Mahasattā PatrāṇĪ). The seal

can be read from left to right. The leftmost

symbol is word मह (Maha), means Great.

The 2nd symbol is a seven short line symbol,

representing Number 7, which is called as
सZा in Indic Languages. The word सZा also

means Power or Rule in Sanskrit. So, the

symbol 1 and 2 from left represents a word
“महसZा (Mahasattā)”, which means

“The Great Rule”. The 3rd symbol from left is

a triangle having 3 horizontal lines in it. The
triangular symbol {looks like Mountain
(पवTत)} is consonant प (pa) and 3 horizontal

lines in it represent Number 3, which is called

as G/Gा (trā) in Sanskrit. So, the 3rd symbol

from left represents word “पGा (Patrā)”. The rightmost symbol is णी (ṇĪ). The Basic Diamond shaped symbol represents consonant ण (ṇa). As this

consonant ण (ṇa) is having variant {repeated 4 times}, hence 4th vowel of Sanskrit language i.e., ई (Ī) is added to consonant ण (ṇa). So, the last two

36
symbols from left, represents a word “पGाणी (PatrāṇĪ)”. पGाणी (PatrṇĪ) means “of Patrā”. So, the Seal/ tablet inscription from left to right is

“महसZा पGाणी (Mahasattā PatrāṇĪ)”, which means “A Great Rule of Patrā”. So, “Patrā” must be the name of a Kingdom.

My hypothesis is that, word पGा (Patrā) in the seal inscription, is todays “पेcा (Petrā)” city of Jordan. The city of Petrā is famous for its Stone

structures. Patrā (पGा) can be identified/ read as Pathrā (पथरा) means “Stone” in Indic Language {dEतर (Prastar) in Sanskrit}. So, seal/ tablet inscription

meaning is “The Great Rule of Petrā”. It might be possible that, Petrā was once a colony of Indus Vally Civilization which is/ was closer to the area
where Mittani Kingdom ruled. That means descendants of Colony of IVC and incoming migrants of IVC {After collapse of IVC around 1450 BCE}, later
on formed Vedic kingdom in Mesopotamia. They were worshippers of Vedic Gods and having Sanskrit names. This further approves
“Out of India Migration Theory of Vedic Aryans”.

*******************

37
29)) गव कEसैया (Gava Kassaiyā) (Seal no.H-91 a):-

The seal inscription is गव कEसैया (Gava Kassaiyā).

This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol
represents a word गव (Gava), meaning Cattle. The 2nd symbol

from left is consonant क (ka). The 3rd symbol from left is

Eस (ssa). The half circle {Look like Horn (`सग) of animal}

represents consonant स (sa). As two half circles i.e.

consonant स (sa) crossed each other, means they are

combined consonants, representing Eस (ssa). The 4th symbol

from left is vowel ए (e). The rightmost “X” shaped symbol in

2D, represents या (yā). So, the symbol from 2 to 4 makes a

word कEसैया (Kassaiyā) as explained in image above.

Kassaiyā can be read/ identified as कसाई (KasāĪ) {Persian

language}, means Butcher. So, the seal inscription

गव कEसैया (Gava Kassaiyā) means “The Cattle Butcher”.

********************

38
30)) ----णा
----णा वRदन (----ṇā Vandana) (Seal no.M-952 A):-

This seal/ tablet is broken. So, the seal inscription is

not completely decipherable. But still some symbols can be
read. This visible seal inscription can be read from right to

left. The inscription is “--णा वRदन (--ṇā Vandana)”. The

middle symbol is णा (ṇā). As consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated

twice, 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant

ण (ṇa), which makes it णा (ṇā). The leftmost symbol from

right is a combined word made up of consonant न (na),

द (da) and व (va) as explained in image above. This symbol

inscription is वRदन (Vandana) means “Greetings”.

**********************

39
31)) मह बबTर् िथओ (Maha Barbar Thio) (Seal no.K-23 a ) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह बबTर् िथओ (Maha Barbar

Thio). The seal inscription can be read from left to right. The

leftmost symbol is मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd and 3rd

symbols are same, combinely representing a Sanskrit word बबTर्

(Barbar){बर् (Bar) + बर् (Bar) = बबTर् (Barbar)}. This 2nd and 3rd

symbol {Inscription बर् (Bar)} is made up of two consonants

ब (ba) and र (ra) as explained in image. बबTर (Barbar) means Cruel/

Uncivilized Non Vedic peoples. Their language might sound like

Stammaring {बडबड (Badabada)} to Vedic IVC peoples. So, Vedic

peoples of IVC named them बबTर् (Barbar). So, it means the Greek/

Latin word “Barbaric” is derived/ taken from Ancient Indian

Sanskrit word बबTर् (Barbar). The 4th oval shaped symbol from left

is consonant थ (tha) with variant, representing िथ (thi). As this

consonant थ (tha) is repeated 3 times {because of double stroke

variant}, 3rd vowel of Sanskrit language i.e., इ (i) is added to consonant थ (tha). The rightmost symbol is made up of three Full Length Straight lines,

representing vowel ओ (o). So, last two symbols from left represent a word “िथओ (Thio or Theo)”. This word िथओ (Thio/ Theo) doesn’t make any sense

in Sanskrit or Indic languages, but was/ is a common name in Greece/ Europe. Greek Civilization flourished after 1200 BCE. Before that, there was no
Big and Great Civilization like IVC/ Egypt/ Mesopotamia in Ancient Greece or Europe. Their Customs were probably different and were not acceptable/

40
uncivilized according to Indus culture. Also, their language was different and sound like Stammering {बरबर (Barabara)} to Indus vally peoples. {Even in

today’s Marathi language, if we don’t understand what someone saying, we say “काय बडबड (Badabada) करतोय?”. This Marathi word बडबड

(Badabada) might also be originated from the Ancient Sanskrit word बरबर (Barabara)/ बबTर (Barbar)}. Ancient Sculptures found in Europe and Near East

shows Greeks/ Europeans/ Mesopotamian’s with Curly Hairs. Curly hair looks like “A Hook, used for Fishing and Drilling”. Now, if we look at the
symbol 2 and 3 from left, it looks like a hook used for “Drilling”, which is called as “भेर (Bher)/ भेद (Bhed)” in Sanskrit. So, i conclude that, Indus vally

peoples used a symbol which looks like a Hook and named it बर (Bar), which is a corruption (अपhंश) of word भेर (Bher)/ भेद (Bhed). This word बर (Bar)

was further used to call Curly Haired and Non Vedic Peoples as बरबर (Barabara)/ बबTर (Barbar). Barbar was a regional identity for Curly haired Non

Vedic Europeans. Indus vally Civilization collapsed around 1450 BCE, whereas, Greek Civilization flourished after 1200 BCE. It means Greeks were the
Barbarian living in Europe and they were in contact with Vedic IVC for a long time. िथओ (Thio/ Theo) might be the name of one of the great warrior of

Ancient Greece/ Europe, that is why Indus Vally peoples carved a seal/ tablet on his name to remember him for a long time. This might be the reason why
Vedic Hindu Gods and Greek Gods have some similarities. Greeks learned great things from Ancient Indians, took this knowledge and shaped a Great
Civilization in Europe.
A well known story related with Mahabharata is about a warrior named as बबTिरक (Barbarika), who was said to be the Grandson of Bhima. He was

a brave warrior, had capability to destroy any side he chose as enemy with his “Teen Baan”. By Knowning his capability, Lord Krushna asked Barbarika
that, head of the bravest warrior needs to be sacrificed to worship the Battlefield. Knowing the command of Lord Krushna, Barbarika cut his own head.
By this, Lord Krushna kept the Bravest Warrior away from Mahabharata War and gave equal chances to both Kaurava and Pandava. Barbarika have
different names in different areas of subcontinant, like Kirata king Yalambar in Nepal, Baliya dev in Gujrat, Khatushyamji in Rajasthan. But the question
arises, why son of Ghatotkuch was named as “Barbarika”, when “Barbar” was a regional identity for Non Vedic Europeans?

***********************

41
32)) महराज ओH मोणी (Maharāja Om MoṇĪ) :-

The Seal inscription is महराज ओH मोणी

(Maharāja Om MoṇĪ). The seal can be read from left to right. The

leftmost symbol is मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from

left looks like a Man with a Crown on his Head, representing word
राज (rāja), means King. It’s a combined symbol made of

consonant र (ra), ज (ja) and vowel आ (ā). So, the first two symbols

represent a word “महराज (Maharāja)”, means “The Great King”.

The 3rd symbol from left is ओH (Om), which is a variant of 4th

symbol from left, representing consonant म (ma). The 5th symbol

from left has two Full Length Straight lines, representing vowel
ऊ (ū). The rightmost symbol is consonant ण (ṇa) with variant,

representing णी (ṇĪ). The Last four symbols make a word “ओH मोणी

(Om MoṇĪ)”, which can be read as ओH मुनी (Om MunĪ), meaning

“Sage Om”. So, the seal inscription is “महराज ओH मोणी (Maharāja

Om MoṇĪ)”, meaning “The Great King Om MunĪ”.

*****************

42
33)) बबTर षiाम (Barbara Shrāma) (Seal no.M-1351 a):-

This seal/ tablet inscription is बबTर षiाम (Barbara ṣrāma),

which can be identified/ read as बबTर jम (Barbara Śrama). This

seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol is

बबTर् (Barbar), meaning “Cruel” and also used to identify Non

Vedic Curly Haired peoples. The middle symbol is consonant

ष (ṣa) with a variant, representing षा (ṣā). Here, ष (ṣa) is repeated

twice, hence 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant

ष (ṣa), which makes it “षा (ṣā)”. The rightmost symbol is

combined symbol made up of halant consonant र् (r) and म (ma).

Fish symbol represents consonant म (ma) and the Cap symbol

represents र् (r). र is हलंत (Halṁta) because it is a combined

symbol and on the top of consonant म (ma). The lasts two

symbols from left represents a word “षiाम (ṣrāma)”, which can be

identified/ read as jम (Śrama), means Labour Work. So, word

jम (Śrama) probably derived from Indus langaugae word षiाम (Shrāma). The seal inscription बबTर षiाम (Barbara ṣrāma) meaning is “Inhuman Labour

Work”. ***************

43
34)) मिह बषT (Mahi Barṣa) (Seal no.5088):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मिह बषT (Mahi Barṣa). This

seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol is मह

(Maha) with a double line variant inside, representing word मिह

(Mahi). Here, the right consonant ह (ha) of word मह (Maha) is

repeated 3 times, hence, 3rd vowel of Sanskrit language i.e. इ (i)

is added to ह (ha), which make it िह (hi). So the leftmost symbol

represents word मिह (Mahi), mean’s Great. The middle Hook

like symbol represents word बर् (Bar) as explained in image.

The rightmost symbol is consonant ष (ṣa) with variant,

representing a combined consonant. Now, the seal inscription

from left to right मिह बर् ष can be read as “मिह बषT

(Mahi Barṣa)”. बषT (Barṣa) can be identified/ read as

बरशा (Baraṣā) or बािरश (Bāriśa), meaning Rain in Persian

Language. While in Sankrit, Rain is called as वषU (Varṣā). So,

the seal inscription मिह बषT (Mahi Barṣa) means

“The Great Rain”.

***************

44
35)) धव मिह बषT (Dhava Mahi Barṣa) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is धव मिह बषT

(Dhava Mahi Barṣa). This seal can be read from left to

right. The leftmost symbol represents the word धव

(Dhava) as explained in the image, means “God” in

Sanskrit. The rest of the symbol inscriptions are same
as explained in previous seal. So, the seal inscription
“धव मिह बषT (Dhava Mahi Barṣa)” meaning is

“The Great God of Rain”. In Vedic Hinduism, the God

of Rain is “Lord Indra”.

**********************

45
36)) बबTर dिथ
dिथ (Barbara Prathi) (Seal no.H-833 A bis, 4370) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is बबTर dिथ

(Barbara Prathi). This seal can be read from left to right.

The leftmost symbol represents word बबTर् (Barbara) means

Inhuman/ Cruel. The middle symbol represents d (pra) as

explained in the image. The rightmost symbol is

consonant थ (tha) with a double line variant, representing

िथ (thi). As consonant थ (tha) is repeated 3 times,

3rd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. इ (i) added to it, which makes it

िथ (thi). So, last two symbols from right makes a

word dिथ (Prathi), which can be read/ identified as a

Sanskrit word dथा, meaning “Custom”. So, the seal

inscription is “बबTर् dिथ (Barbara Prathi)” means

“The Inhuman/ Cruel Customs”.

*********************

46
37)) चाकरा नkया (Cākarā Nayyā):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is चाकरा नkया

(Cākarā Nayyā). This seal can be read from left to right.

The left symbol represents word “चाकरान (Cākarāna)”,

meaning “Worker” in Indic languages. It is a combination

of consonant च (ca), क (ka), र (ra), न (na) and

vowel आ (ā). The right “X” shaped symbol represents

kया (yyā), which is a variant of basic symbol for

consonant य (ya) as explained in image. This symbol

looks either like Road crossing each other or man made

canal body of water crossing each other. According to
inscription, we can conclude that symbol is a pictorial
representation of water canal crossing, because
नkया (Nayyā) means “A Small Boat”.

चाकरा (Cākarā)/ चाकर (Cākara) means worker. So, the

seal inscription meaning is “A small Boat of Worker”.

*******************

47
38)) मह उl (Maha Uru) (Seal no.M-1168 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह उl (Maha Uru)

Uru). This inscription can be read from right to left. The right symbol is मह (Maha), means Great.

The left symbol represents a word उl (Uru), which is a Sanskri context The symbol for उl (Uru) given in
Sanskrit word for Large (Large City Kingdom in this context).

the inscription image on left side, was also used in Ancient Mesopotamian Cuneiform Script
Script, shown at the right corner image (Image credit Wikipedia).
In different Languages of Mesopotamia, thiss symbol (with same phonetic value URU) is used to represent “City State/ Kingdom”.
Kingdom” So, the seal inscription
meaning is “The Great City Kingdom Uru”. The city sized kingdom like Ur, Uruk were the Old Mesopotamian Kingdoms known so far. The City sized
Kingdom of Uru was so Big and Great for that time, that it became a synonym to word “Large” in India. Hence, the inscription मह उl (Maha Uru) is

probably talking about the Ancient Mesopotamian City State/ Kingdom named ““उl (Uru)”.

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48
39)) बबTर पुणT (Barbara Purṇa) (Seal no.M-219a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is बबTर् पुणT (Barbar P

Purṇa). This seal can be read from left to right. The left symbol represents word बबTर् (Barbar),

means Inhuman/ Cruel as explained in image.. The right symbol represents word पुणT (Purṇa),
a), means “full or complete”. This word पुणT (Purṇa) is made up

of combination of “Three Triangle Symbol” representing word पुर (Pura) and “consonant न (na)”. Consonant न (na) is on the top of word पुर (Pura),

which means Consonant न (na) goes with the flow of the seal inscription, i.e., towards right side and makes Consonant
Consona र (ra) Halant i.e. र् (r).

So, पुर् (Pur) +न (na) = पुणT (Purṇa). Hence, the seal

eal inscription is “बबTर् पुणT (Barbara Purṇa)”, means “Full of Cruelty/ Completely Inhuman”.
49
 In Indus vally script, triangle symbol is used to represent consonant प (pa) {taken from पवTत (Parvata), meaning Mountain}. The Three Triangle

symbol shown in image above was used in Ancient Mesopotamian Cuneiform Script with phonetic value कुर (Kura) as shown in image to the right

(Image Credit Wikipedia). The word कुर (Kura) was used to represent “Kingdom” in Cuneiform Script.Whereas, the word पुर (Pura) was/ is used as a

Suffix for City names in Indian subcontinent and nearby countries. For Ex.:- हmEतनपुर (Hastinapura), कोnहापुर (Kolhapura), `सगापुर (Singapoura),

oवालालंपुर (Kualalampura), जयपुर (Jaipura) etc. Therefore, I concluded that the “Three Triangle symbol” represents Phonetic value/ word “पुर (Pura)”,

not “कुर (Kura)”. There is another supportive theory why I prefered to go with प (pa) instead of क (ka). When Cuneiform script was first deciphered in

todays Iran (Persia), the name of Great King of Persia deciphered as “Cyrus” from Greek Alphabets. His Persian name was कोlष (Koruṣa). There is no

proper explanation for the meaning of name कोlष (Koruṣa) in Iran. But Ancient Indian Sanskrit text Rigveda talks about Lord Puruṣa (पुlष)/ पौlष

(Pauruṣa) who is described as a Creator of the World. Indus vally civilization was spreaded up to eastern parts of todays Iran. Indus vally civilization was

collapsed/ abandoned around 1500 BCE. With the time, Pre Persians got separated from Vedic Culture.
The base of Avestan Language of Pre Persia is Sanskrit. Sanskrit survived as “Vedic Sanskrit” language in Indian subcontinent which later on
transformed into Classical Sanskrit. Those descendants of IVC living in Persia forgot their roots (Culture/ Language) and name of the Vedic Hindu God
“Puruṣa” was wrongly remembered as “Kauruṣa/ Koruṣa”, which was later on given to King of Persia who ruled them around 5th century BC. Greeks
misinterpreted and wrote his name as “Cyrus”. When Macedonian King Alexander came to invade India around 300 BCE, he fought against Indian King
named पुlषोZम (Puruṣottama) {meaning of his name is, Greatest amoung all Puruṣa (Men)} who ruled same area of IVC in later times. Puruṣottama/

Puruṣa named as Porus in Greek records. This means Puruṣa was a very commen name in IVC areas even after collapse of Great Civilization.
Another possibility is that, the decipherment of cuneiform might be wrong and Consonant प (pa) was wrongly deciphered as क (ka). I am sure

about Three Triangle symbol with word “पुर (Pura)”, instead of कुर (Kura), because the inscription बबTर पुणT (Barbara Purṇa) is a meaningful word.

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50
40)) हmEतनपु
हmEतनपुर (Hastinapura) (Seal no.H-874 B, 4362):-

The seal/ tablet inscription meaning is हmEतनपुर

(Hastinapura). This seal can be read from left to right. The

leftmost symbol represents word हEत (Hasta), means Hand.

(The 5 horizontal lines represent 5 fingers of hand). The

middle symbol represents word इन (ina), which means Strong/

Great, which is same as word मह (Maha), meaning Great. So,

first two symbols from left combines to make a word “हmEतन

(Hastina)” which is a Sanskrit word means “An Elephant”.

The rightmost symbol is word पुर (pura) as explained in

previous seal. So, the seal inscription form left to right is

हmEतनपुर (Hastinapura), which is said to be the Ancient Indian

city, a capital of Kuru Dynasty. It proves that, the City

mentioned in Mahabharata was real city of ancient times and Mahabharata war happened atleast before 1900 BCE, as most of seal are made in mature
period of IVC i.e. in between 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.

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51
41)) महराज पुणTथा (Maharāja Purṇathā) (Seal/ Tablet no.M-1264 a):-

The seal inscription is महराज पुणTथा (Maharāja

Purṇathā). This seal can be read from left to right. The 1st
symbol from left is मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd

symbol from left is “राज (Rāja)”, means King. It looks

like a Man, having a Crown on his Head. It’s a combined

symbol made of consonant र (ra), ज (ja) and vowel

आ (ā). So, the first two symbols represent a title “महराज

(Maharāja)”, means “The Great King”. The 3rd symbol

from left is पुणT (Purṇa) as explained in image. The

rightmost symbol is था (thā), which is a variant of

consonant थ (tha). The last two symbols represent a word

पुणTथा (Purṇathā). पुणTथा (Purṇathā) means “Completely”

in Sanskrit. So, “पुणTथा (Purṇathā)” was either a Name of a

King in Ancient times or The Praise for a King. So, the seal/ tablet inscription meaning is either “The Great King Purnthā” or “A Complete King”.

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52
42)) िचGम मCछ मखर (Citrama Maccha Makhara) (Seal no.M- 1429 ABC):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is िचGम मCछ मखर (Citrama Maccha Makhara). This inscription can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol

is consonant च (ca) with variant, representing िच (ci). Consonant च (ca) have another symbol inside, representing Vowel इ (i), means consonant च (ca) is

added with Vowel इ (i), which makes the symbol inscription as “िच (ci)”. The 2nd symbol from right is having three short lines, representing Number 3,

which is called as G (tra) in Sanskrit. The 3rd fish (मCछ) symbol from right is consonant म (ma). The 4th symbol from right represents word मह (Maha),

53
means Great. The 5th and 6th symbols from right are consonant च (ca) with variant, representing q (c). {A line inside both symbols of consonant च (ca)

means, they are halant/ combined consonants}. The 7th symbol from right is again represents word मह (Maha). The leftmost symbol represents word

कर (kara). It’s a combined symbol made up of consonant क (ka) and र (ra). Now, if we read the inscription from right to left, it makes an inscription

िचGम महCq महकर (Citrama Mahacc Mahakara). The first word िचGम (Citrama) means “An Image”. Next word महCq
हCq (Mahacc) can be read/

identified as “मCछ (Maccha)”, means “Fish”. The last word महक

हकर
हक (Mahakara) can be read/ identified as “मखर (Makhara) or मकर (Makara)”, means

“A crocodile” in Sanskrit. In Indic languages today, Crocodile is called as “मगरमCछ (Magarmaccha)”. So, the Seal Inscription from right to left is

“िचGम मCछ मखर (Citrama Maccha Makhara)” means either, “An Image of a Fish and Crocodile” or simply “An Image of a Crocodile (मगरमCछ)”.

This Seal have total 3 sides. An image in the middle shows a small fisherman boat being attacked by a Crocodile and birds on the boat are flying
away in fear. The image at the bottom shows Crocodile moving away with a Fish in his mouth. It means, crocodile steals already captured fish from the
boat. The image at the top is the inscription. The crocodile is having a long mouth, means it is a fresh water crocodile, called as “घिडयाल (Ghadiyāla)”

in India. Indus River and its tributaries are the natural habitat of fresh water crocodiles from ancient times. This seal was found in Mohenjo-Daro, which
is on the bank of Indus River.

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54
43)) ईCछ अिसर महस राज ससामोणी
ससामोणी (Īccha Asira Mahasa Rāja SasāmoṇĪ) (Seal no.M-7A) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is ईCछ अिसर महस राज

ससामोणी (Īccha Asira Mahasa Rāja SasāmoṇĪ). This seal can be

read from right to left. The rightmost symbol is Vowel ई (Ī). The

2nd symbol from right is word Cछ (ccha), made up of combination

two halant consonants q (c) and the horizontal line inside,

representing consonant ह (ha). Therefore, q (c) + q (c) + ह (ha)

= Cछ (ccha). The 3rd symbol represents word अिसर (Asira), as

explained in Image. अिसर (Asira) were probably the असुर (Asura)

mentioned in Vedas and other texts. The symbol for अिसर (Asira)

looks like a man standing with a Dagger in his Hand. Two hands
and Head of a man are carved in a way that it looks like “Horn” of
an Animal. Horn is represented by consonant स (sa) {Horn means

`सग} in Indus vally script. As there are three horn like shapes

carved, means Consonant स (sa) is repreated 3 times, hence 3rd

vowel of Sanskrit Language i.e. इ (i) is added to consonant स (sa),

which makes it “िस (si)”. Now, the straight line (Abdominal part of Human image) represents vowel अ (a) and the two legs {Inverted V}, represents

consonant र (ra). The long rectangular shape in his hands represents an image of a Dagger, which is called as अिस (Asi) in Sanskrit. {अिस (Asi) was the

55
first ever weapon created by Lord Brahma to help दे व (Deva) against असुर (Asura). This same weapon later on was used in Mahabharata war by Guru

Dronacharya against Pandavas}. Hence, the entire symbol represents word अिसर (Asira). The 4th symbol from right represents word मह (Maha), means

Great. The 5th symbol from right is consonant स (sa). The 6th symbol from left is राज (Rāja), means King. It looks like a man with a crown on his head. It

is a combined symbol made of Consonant र (ra), ज (ja) and vowel आ (ā) as explained in the image. Again, the 7th symbol from right is consonant स (sa).

The 8th symbol from right is a 2D form of consonant स (sa), representing सा (sā). The 9th fish like symbol from right is मो (mo), which is a variant of fish

(मCछ) symbol {consonant म (ma)}. The rightmost symbol represents णी (ṇĪ), which is a variant of consonant ण (ṇa). As consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated

four times, hence 4th vowel of Sanskrit i.e. ई (Ī) is added to Consonant ण (ṇa), which makes it णी (ṇĪ).

So, the seal inscription from right to left is “ईCछ अिसर महस राज ससामोणी (Īccha Asira Mahasa Rāja SasāmoṇĪ)”. ईCछ (Īccha) means “Desire”

in Sanskrit, अिसर (Asira)/ असुर (Asura) was probably a name of one of the Vedic Aryan tribe living in IVC who later migrated to Mesopotamia and

formed the Kingdom of Assyria. महस (Mahasa) means “Kind” in Sanskrit, राज (Rāja) means “King” and ससामोणी (SasāmoṇĪ) is probably the name of

that King. So, the seal inscription meaning is “The Desired kind King of Asira’s, SasāmoṇĪ”.

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56
44)) मह अयT अिसरG (Maha Arya Asiratra) (Seal no.M-1108 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह अयT अिसरG (Maha Arya

Asiratra). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol
represents word मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from right is

अयT (Arya), a combined symbol made up of consonant र (ra), य (ya) and

vowel अ (a). “अयT (Arya)/ आयT (Ārya)” is a title given to Great Kings and

Sages in ancient times. The 3rd symbol from right is अिसर (Asira) as

explained in image. The leftmost symbol is made up of three short lines,

representing number 3. Number 3 is called as G (tra) in Sanskrit. So, seal

inscription is “मह अयT अिसरG (Maha Arya Asiratra)”, meaning

“The Great Arya Asiratra”.

My Hypothesis:-
Now the question arises, who is Asiratra? Asiratra by her name
itself sounds like from अिसर (Asira)/ असुर (Asura). Asiratra may be the

Goddess worshipped in different Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdoms,

identified as Aseratu/ Asherah/ Ashira, who was a Queen consort of “Assur”, head of Assyrian pantheon. It means Asiras were the Vedic Aryans who
settled in Mesopotamia. अिसर (Asira)/ असुर (Asura) were ambitious peoples who were constantly fighting against other Vedic Tribes/ Kingdoms for

bigger land control. अिसर (Asira) left IVC means they were probably defeated in the battle and were forced to vacate the Land. So, Aryans were local

Vedic Indian peoples, not outsiders of Russian Steppe. When Asiras were forced to migrate outside IVC, many of them went to fertile civilized land of
Mesopotamia. This Asiras formed a Great Kingdom of “Assyria”, which they ruled for many centuries. This Asiras (Assyrians) either forgot or left there
Vedic traditions by the time and accepted Mesopotamian culture and Cuneiform Script. But they were in contact with IVC colonies of Mesopotamia
57
through trade. In later period, other Aryan Kingdoms like Mittani emerged in Mesopotamia who ruled parts of Mesopotamian land during 1650 BCE-
1250 BCE. It means after collapse of Indus Vally Civilization around 1500 BC, another migration of Vedic Aryan kings happened outside of India. They
managed to conquer some land of Mesopotamia with help of Aryans living in trade colonies of IVC. So, we can conclude that Aryan invasion or
Migration theory inside India is not true. Aryan Kings and peoples migrated outside of India in two different phases.
In Indus Vally Civilation, Queen Asirtra is praised as Great Arya, means Asiras/ Asuras were Good peoples intially. Lord Varuna, Agni, Rudra
and Indra are mentioned as Asura in some hymes of Rigveda, who are the Gods we worshipped in Vedic Hindusim. But in later period, Asiras were
forced to vacate IVC because of war conflicts. After settling down in Mesopotamia, the descendants of Asuras/ Asiras again came in conflict with later
formed neighbouring Vedic Kingdom like Mittani. Asssyrians are infamous for their war conflicts with neighbouring kingdoms. Because of this
probably, असुर (Asura)/ अिसर (Asira) became Demons of later texts.

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58
45)) पाश अरक रथ (Pāśa Araka Ratha) (Seal no.M-268A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is पाश अरक रथ

(Pāśa Araka Ratha). This seal can be read from right to left.
The rightmost symbol is पाश (Pāśa), means “Net of Looped

Rope (जाल)”, used to represent “Net” in this context. The

2nd symbol is a Single Full Length straight line representing

vowel अ (a). The 3rd symbol (Inverted V) is consonant र (ra).

The 4th symbol looks like a man standing, represents word

कर (kara), made up of consonant क (ka) and र (ra). The

leftmost oval shaped symbol {looks like representation of a

spoke wheel} is consonant थ (tha). So, seal inscription

पाश अ र कर थ can be read as “पाश अरक रथ (Pāśa Araka

Ratha)”. पाश (Pāśa) means Net (जाल), अरक (Araka) means

Spoke and रथ (Ratha) means Chariot. So, this seal

inscription meaning is “A Net of Spokes of {wheel}

Chariot”. My Hypothesis is that, the Spoke wheel was invented in IVC, because seal inscription show the Celebration of this Great Discovery of Spoke
Wheel Chariot.

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59
46)) अिसर (Asira) (M-1198 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is अिसर (Asira) {असुर (Asura) of Vedic text}. It’s a one symbol seal. It looks like a man having a Dagger in the hand.

Dagger is called as अिस (Asi) in Sanskrit. See the image above for explanation of the symbol inscription.

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60
47)) नमन अिसर (Namana Asira) (Seal no.H- 347 A bis, 4378):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नमन अिसर

(Namana Asira). The seal can be read from left to right.

The left symbol looks like a hand (हEत) {5 horizontal lines,

representing 5 fingers of Hand}. This symbol represents

word नमन in this context, which means Greetings. The right

symbol represents word अिसर (Asira). So, the seal

inscription meaning is “Greeting to Asiras”. It means अिसर

(Asiras) were the Ruling peoples in parts of Indus vally

Civilization in early period.

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61
48)) मह उl ओमणी (Maha Uru OmṇĪ) (H-808 B):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह उl ओमणी (Maha

Uru OmṇĪ). This seal can be read from left to right. The
leftmost symbol is मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol

from left is उl (Uru) means Large (City State Kingdom in

this context). The 3rd symbol from left is ओH (Om) which is a

sacred religious word of Vedic Hinduism. The rightmost

symbol represents consonant ण (ṇa) with a variant,

representing णी (ṇĪ). As this consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated

four times, 4th vowel of Sanskrit language i.e.ई (Ī) is added to

consonant ण (ṇa), which makes it णी (ṇĪ). So, the seal

inscription from left to right can be read as “मह उl ओमणी

(Maha Uru OmṇĪ)” meaning “The Great Kingdom, OmṇĪ”.

Here, OmṇĪ (ओमणी) is probably today’s country of

Omān (ओमान). Indus vally Civilization artefacts are found/

excavated in Omān.

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62
49)) बबTरािसर (Barbarāsira) (Seal no.H-505 A,):-

The seal inscription is बबTरािसर (Barbarāsira). This seal

can be read from left to right. The left symbol represents word
बबTर् (Barbar) as explained in the image. As symbol for word

बबTर् (Barbar) have stripe inside, it means it’s a combined

word. The right symbol represents word अिसर (Asira). This

symbol also has stripes inside, means it is also a combind

word. Hence, both words बबTर् (Barbar) and अिसर (Asira)

combines to make an inscription “बबTरािसर (Barbarāsira)”.

बबTरािसर (Barbarāsira) may be the name of an Asira (अिसर).

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63
50)) महाmEम मो>ात (Mahāsmi Mokṣāta) (Seal no.H-26 a, 4016):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महाmEम मो>ात

(Mahāsmi Mokṣāta). This seal can be read from left to right.

The leftmost symbol represents word मह (Maha), means Great.

The 2nd symbol from left represents word अिस (Asi). This

symbol inscription अिस (Asi) can be decipher/ explain in two

ways,
1) It looks like a man having a Dagger in his hand.
Dagger means “अिस (Asi)” in Sanskrit. Two hands and head of

a man carved in a way that it looks like Horn of an animal. Horn

is represented by consonant स (sa) in Indus Vally Script

{Horn means `सग (Singa)}. As there are three horn like shapes

carved, 3rd vowel of Sanskrit language i.e. इ (i) is added to

consonant स (sa), which makes it िस (si). The straight line

(Abdominal part of a human image) represents Vowel अ (a).

Hence, the symbol represents word अिस (Asi). This symbol has

stripes in it, means it is a combined word.

2) This symbol can be identified as a Donkey looking
toward right side with neck on left and two ears above. Donkey

64
was called as अिस (Asi) in ancient times. Even today, in Indian state of Kashmir, Donkey is called as अEस (Assa).

In both this interpretations, the middle symbol represents inscription अिस (Asi). There are stripes inside this symbol, means it is a combined word.

The 3rd fish symbol from left is consonant म (ma) with a variant, representing halant H (m). It also has vertical line inside, means it’s a combined

consonant representing H (m). The 4th symbol from left is मो (mo). The 5th symbol from left is > (kṣa) with a variant, representing >ा (kṣā). As > (kṣa)

has a variant of single line, it means > (kṣa) is repeated twice. Hence 2nd vowel of Sanskrit language i.e.आ (ā) is added to word > (kṣa), which makes it

>ा (kṣā). The rightmost symbol represents consonant त (ta).

So, the seal inscription from left to right मह अिस H मो >ा त can be read as “महाmEम मो>ात (Mahāsmi Mokṣāta)”, which means

“I am the Great One spread around the Sky, who gives Salvation”.

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65
51)) महसा ऊऋष (Mahasā Ūṛṣa) (Seal no.M-307 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महसा ऊऋष (Mahasā Ūṛṣa). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol represents word

मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from right is consonant स (sa) with variant, representing सा (sā). As consonant स (sa) is repeated twice, hence

2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant स (sa) which makes it सा (sā). The 3rd symbol from right is vowel ऊ (ū). The 4th symbol from right

is vowel ऋ (ṛ). The leftmost symbol represents consonant ष (ṣa). This symbol looks like a Crab, which is called as षोडशािह (ṣodaśāhri) in Sanskrit.

Hence, the crab image is used to represent consonant ष (ṣa). So, the seal inscription from right to left is “महसा ऊऋष (Mahasā Ūṛṣa)”.

66
 महसा (Mahasā) can be read/ identified as महे श (Maheśa), which is as Name of Lord Shiva. The second word is ऊऋष (Ūṛṣa), which was probably

the ancient Indian name of an extinct Bull “Auroch”. Indus vally region and Europe was the Natural Habitat of the species of Auroch Bull. It got extinct
around 15th century CE. The Zebu Bull which is said to be Vehicle of Lord Shiva {नंिद (Nṁndi)} is a subspecies of Auroch. So, according to the seal

inscription, we can conclude that, the Vehicle of Lord Shiva was ऊऋष (Ūṛṣa) / Auroch. The Seal Inscription is “महसा ऊऋष (Mahasā Ūṛṣa)”, meaning

“The Lord Mahesh and Auroch” Or “The Lord Mahesha’s Auroch”.

From the image carved on the seal/ tablet, I conclude that, either Lord Mahesha/ Shiva fighting two tigers Or Lord Mahesha’s vehical Nandi
(ऊऋष/ Auroch) fighting two tigers. Lord Shiva is always shown with either wearing tiger skin or sitting on tiger skin.

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67
52)) rहमाmEम (Brahamāsmi) (Seal no.H-5087, 5087):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is rहमाmEम (Brahamāsmi). This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol represents word मह (Maha),

means Great. The 2nd symbol from left is बर (bara) with variant, representing r (bra) as explained image above. The 3rd symbol from left represents

word अिस (Asi) {meaning a Dagger and Donkey}. This symbol has stripes inside, means it’s a combined word. The rightmost fish symbol is consonant

68
म (ma) with variant. As Consonant म (ma) having a line inside, means it is also a combined consonant, representing H (m). So, the seal inscription from

left to right is मह r अिस H.

So, first two symbol inscription from left, can be read from right to left i.e. r-हम (Bra-Hama). The last two symbols from left can be read from

left to right i.e. अिस-H (Asi-m). So, the seal inscription from left to right is r हम (Bra-hama) + अिस H (Asi-m) = rहम (Brahama) + अmEम (Asmi) =

“rहमाmEम (Brahamāsmi)”.

अहं rsाmEम (Ahṁ Brahmāsmi) is as one of the four Sacred Major Sentence of Vedic Hindu Religious text उपिनषद (Upaniṣada). Here, only word

rहमाmEम (Brahamāsmi) written on the seal which means “All Souls/ Lifes are part of Brahma”. So, उपिनषद (Upaniṣada) were probably compiled later,

but are the extention of Ancient Indian Philosophy of IVC times.

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69
53)) महामैया (Mahāmaiyā) (Seal noM-1181 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महामैया (Mahāmaiyā). This

seal can be read from right to left. The righttmost symbol

represents word मह (Maha), mean Great. The 2nd symbol from

right is vowel आ (ā). It looks like a water stream. Water is called

as आप: (Āpḥ) in Sanskrit. Hence, this water stream symbol is

used to represents vowel आ (ā). The 3rd fish symbol with a

variant (line inside) is consonant H (m), representing a combined

consonant. The 4th symbol from right is vowel ऐ (ai). The

leftmost symbol represents consonant य (ya) with a 2D variant,

representing या (yā). So, the seal inscription is मह आ H ऐ या can

be read as “महामैया (Mahāmaiyā)”. The inscription “महामैया

(Mahāmaiyā)” can be identified as Goddess

“महामाया (Mahāmāyā)”. महामाया (Mahāmāyā) is a Goddess of

illusion, also known as Yogamāyā. In the seal carving also, Goddess महामैया (Mahāmaiyā)/ महामाया (Mahāmāyā) is shown seated in Yoga Mudra. She

governs the spiritual world. She is always depicted seating under a Banyan tree which is also shown in the seal image.

********************

70
54)) मह अEस (Maha Assa) (Seal no.6121):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह अEस (Maha Assa). This

seal can be read from left to right. The left symbol represents word
मह (Maha), means Great. The right symbol represents word

अEस (Assa), means Donkey. In this symbol, the straight line

represents vowel अ (a) and two curved sides around vowel अ (a),

represents Eस (ssa). This curve symbols represent consonant

स (sa) {taken from Horn/ `सग (singa)}. This two consonant are

having stripes inside, means they are combined consonant. Hence,

the symbol on right represents a combined word अEस (Assa). This

two curve sides can be seen as a face of Donkey on one side and
Neck on other. अEस (Assa)/ अिस (Asi) i.e. Donkey was a very

important and respected Domestic Animal in IVC. Donkeys were

present in ancient times from Gujarat’s Kutch to Mesopotamia and
were called as अEस (Assa)/ अिस (Asi) and other similar names in Asia and Europe. In India, Donkey is still called as अEस (Assa) in Kashmir. So, the

seal inscription from left to right can be read as मह अEस (Maha Assa), meaning “The Great Donkey”.

*****************

71
55)) मह ईR^म
ईR^म (Maha Īndrama) (Seal no.M-672 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह ईR^म

(Maha Īndrama). This seal can be read from left to right.

The leftmost symbol represents word मह (Maha), means

Great. The 2nd symbol from left represents vowel ई (Ī).

The 3rd symbol from left is combined word “Rद (nda)”

made up of two consonant t (n) and द (da). As consonant

द (da) is on top/ head of consonant t (n), it goes with the

flow of the seal inscription, i.e. towards right side. The

rightmost fish symbol is consonant म (ma) with variant,

i.e.consonant र (ra) (Inverted V) on the head. That means,

both are combined consonants representing र्-म (r-ma).

So, the seal inscription मह ई Rद र् म can be read as

“मह ईR^म (Maha Īndrama)” means, “The Great Indra”.

Lord Indra is a King of Gods, a God of Rain in Vedic

Hinduism.

*********************

72
56)) मह उl रमणी (Maha Uru RmaṇĪ) (Seal no.4057):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह उl रमणी

(Maha Uru RmaṇĪ). This seal can be read from left to right.
The leftmost symbol represents word मह (Maha), means

Great. The 2nd symbol from left represents word उl (Uru),

means Large in Sanskrit {City State Kingdom in this

context}. The 3rd fish symbol with variant from left
represents र्-म (Rma) as explained in image. The rightmost

symbol represents consonant ण (ṇa) with a variant,

representing णी (ṇĪ). This symbol repeated four times,

hence 4th vowel of Sanskrit i.e.ई (Ī) is added to the

consonant ण (ṇa), which makes it णी (ṇĪ). The seal

inscription from left to right मह उl र्-म णी can be read as

“मह उl रमणी (Maha Uru RmaṇĪ)”. रमणी can be read as

“of Rāma”. End Word णी (ṇĪ) shows similarity with

languages like Gujarati/ Rajasthani/ Garhwali. It means all this langauges are derived from IVC Prakrit. So, the seal inscription meaning is “The Great
City State Kingdom of Rāma”. Lord Rama is worshipped as incarnation of Lord Vishnu. This seal is about the Kingdom of Lord Ram. It means Lord
Ram and Ramayana is a History of Ancient India and Lord Ram was known to IVC peoples.

*****************

73
57)) महे Rदै त (Mahendaita) (Seal no.M-300A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महे Rदै त (Mahendaita). This

seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol is word
मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from right is vowel इ (i).

The 3rd symbol from right is word Rद (nda) as explained in image.

The 4th symbol from right is vowel अ (a). The 5th symbol from

right is vowel ए (e). The leftmost symbol represents consonant

त (ta). The seal inscription मह इ Ru ए त can be read as

“महे Rदै त (Mahendaita)”. So, the seal inscription meaning is

“The Great Demon”. The Demon name is not inscribed but the
seal/ tablet is carved with a animal, which have different animal
body parts shown in one.

*****************

74
58)) मह> महEया (Mahakṣa Mahasyā)(Seal no.M-1111 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह> महEया (Mahakṣa Mahasyā). This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost and 3rd symbol from left

represents word मह (Maha), means Great.The 2nd symbol from left represents > (kṣa). The 4th symbol from left is consonant स (sa) with variant, having

stripes inside means it is a combined consonant representing a as explained in image above. The rightmost symbol is consonant य (ya) with 2D variant,

representing या (yā). So, the seal inscription मह > मह a या can be read as “मह> महEया (Mahakṣa Mahasyā)”. मह> (Mahakṣa) is the name of Lord

Vishnu /Narayan (नारायण) and महEया (Mahasyā) is name of Goddess Laxmi (लvमी). In today’s time, we worship this divine couple as लvमी नारायण.

******************

75
59)) हmEतन q ईR^म (Hastina c Īndrama):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is हmEतन q ईR^म

(Hastina c Īndrama). This seal can be read from left to

right. The leftmost symbol represents word हEत, means

Hand. The 2nd symbol from left represents word

इन (ina), means Great/ Strong in Sanskrit {which is

same as मह, meaning Great/ Strong}. The 3rd symbol

from left is vowel ई (Ī). The 4th symbol from left is

Rद (nda) as explained in image above. The 5th symbol

from left is word र्-म (rma). The rightmost symbol is

consonant च (ca) with variant, representing halant

consonant q (c). So, the seal inscription from left to

right “हEत इन ई Rद र् म q” can be read as

“हmEतन q ईR^म” means “An Elephant and Indra”.

ईR^म (Indrama) is a name of God of Rain in Vedic

Hinduism. Consonant q (c) means “And” and

हmEतन means “An Elephant” in Sanskrit. Airavat

(5 Headed Divine Elephant) is the vehicle of Lord Indra.

********************

76
60)) मह ईRद (Maha Īnd) (Seal no.2600, 5404, 6128, M-1452 B ):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह ईRद (Maha Īnda).

This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol
represents word मह (Maha), means Great. The middle

symbol is vowel ई (Ī). The rightmost symbol is word

Rद (nda) as explained in image. So, the seal inscription from

left to right मह ई Rद can be read as

“मह ईRद (Maha Īnd)”, means “The Great Inda (Indra)”.

**********************

77
61)) मह ईRदH अG (Maha Īndam Atra) (Seal no.M-605 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह ईRदH अG

(Maha Īndam Atra). This seal can be read from left to right. The
leftmost symbol is मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol

from left is vowel ई (Ī). The 3rd symbol from left is Rद (nda) as

explained in image. The 4th fish like symbol from left is

consonant म (ma). The rightmost symbol is three short lines

symbol representing Number 3, which is called as G (tra) in

Sanskrit. So, the inscription from left to right मह ई Rद म G can

be read as “मह ईRदH अG (Maha Īndam Atra)”. मह ईRदH

(Maha Īndam) means “The Great Indra” and अG (Atra) means

“Here or Arrived” in Sanskrit. So, seal inscription meaning is

“The Great Indra is here Or The Great Indra has arrived”.

********************

78
62)) महोCच मwची (Mahocca MahcĪ):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महोCच मwची (Mahocca

MahcĪ). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost
symbol represents word मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd

symbol from right is vowel ऊ (ū). The 3rd symbol from right is

a combined symbol representing Cच (cca). The 4th fish symbol

from right is consonant म (ma) with a variant, representing

word मb (Mah). Horizontal line inside consonant म (ma)

represents consonant ह (ha). As consonant ह (ha) is in

consonant म (ma), means ह (ha) is halant i.e.b (h). The

leftmost symbol represents word ची (cĪ), which is a variant of

consonant च (ca). As consonant च (ca) is repeated four times,

4th vowel of Sanskrit i.e.ई (Ī) is added to consonant च (ca). So,

seal inscription from right to left मह ऊ Cच मb ची can be read

as “महोCच मwची (Mahocca MahcĪ)” which means “The Great Quality (Alcoholic Drink of) of Mahu”.

Here, महोCच (Mahocca) means Great/ High (Quality in this context) and मwची (MahcĪ) means “of Mahu” (A plant named Mahu, from which an

alcoholic drink is made in rural areas of India). The end word ची (cĪ) means “of”.

***************
79
63)) पुरyमदT (Puraṣmarda) (Seal no.M-1186 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is पुरyमदT (Puraṣmarda). This seal inscription can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol represents word

पुर (Pura). The 2nd symbol from left is consonant ष (ṣa) with variant, representing a halant/ combined consonant z (ṣ). The 3rd fish like symbol from left is

consonant म (ma) with variant, representing a combined consonant H (m). The rightmost symbol represents word दT (rda). The “V” shaped symbol

represents Consonant र (ra), which is on the top of consonant द (da). Hence, consonant र (ra) is halant i.e. र् (r). So, the seal inscription from left to right

पुर z H दT can be read as “पुरyमदT (Puraṣmarda)”. पुlष (Puruṣa) means Man (Human) and मदT (marda) means a violent stroke. So, seal inscription

meaning is “A violent stroke on a Man”.

80
 This inscription represents पुlyमेध य{/ Human Sacrifice ritual, but only symbolically. If we see the image carved on the seal/ tablet, the

Ram {मेष (Meṣa)/ मेढा (Medha)} have a human face and head of a ram is placed on a small stool. So, the sacrifice of ram has been done, to symbolically

represent Human Sacrifice. Ram is the vehicle of Lord Agni, The god of fire. Lord Agni appeared in his Rohitasva form with 7 horses, in form of 7 leafs
of Ashvatta (Pipal) tree as seen on the right corner of the tablet. The Yajna Kund (य{ कंु ड) is carved below the tree. The king and 7 sages are shown

praising the God of Fire.

*******************

81
64)) महसीर महाकृिस (MahasĪra Mahākṛsi) (Seal no.2449):-

The seal inscription is महसीर महाकृिस

(MahasĪra Mahākṛsi). This seal can be read from

right to left. The rightmost symbol represents word
मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from right

is a pictorial representation of Plough, called as

सीर (SĪra), also means an Ox. The 3rd symbol from

right is word मह (Maha) with variant, representing

महा (Mahā). A single line variant means consonant

ह (ha) of word मह (Maha) repeated twice. Hence, 2nd

vowel i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant ह (ha), which

makes it महा (Mahā). The 4th symbol from right is

vowel इ (i). The rightmost symbol is word कृa (kṛs)

as explained in image. So, the seal inscription is

मह सीर महा इ कृa can be read as “महसीर महाकृिस

(MahasĪra Mahākṛsi)”.

MahasĪra means Great Plough or Great Ox and Mahākṛsi can be read/ identified as महाकृिष (Mahākṛṣi), means Great Farming. So, the meaning of

the seal inscription is “Great Plough, Great Farming” or “Great Ox, Great Farming”.
***********************

82
65)) गRधवT
गRधवT (Gandharva) (Seal no.M-478 B):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is गRधवT (Gandharva). This seal can be read from right to left. The right symbol is a pictorial representation of Wild Cat

like animal, representing word गRध (Gandha). Indian Civet is called as “गRध माजUर”. So, I conclude that that all Cats were known गRध माजUर in IVC.

The right symbol represents वT (rva). The “U” shaped symbol represents consonant व (va) and on top of it, is halant consonant र् (r). So, the seal

inscription from right to left गRध र् व can be read as “गRधवT (Gandharva)". Gandharva’s are Demigods mentioned in Vedic Hindu texts. The carving on

the tablet is shown as a man seated on a tree. In next scene, he bifurcate that tree in two parts and those two parts of tree are held by two men. Those two
men’s are two गRधवT (Gandharva). This story of यमल अजुTन (Twin tarminalia/ Arjuna tree) is related to Lord Krishna’s life. When Lord Krishna was a

kid, he used to do pranks and steal yogurt and butter from different households. So, his mother यशोदा (Yashoda) tie’s him to ऊखळ (Heavy Grinding

83
Mortar) as a punishment. To get released, Lord Krishna drags the Mortar near the twin Arjuna tree and tries to move to other side from in between the
twin trees. Because of size of mortar, he gets stuck there and Lord Krishna’s force uproots the twin trees. This is described in religious texts as liberation
from curse for two Gandharva brother’s नलकुबेर (Nalkubera) and मिण~ीव (Manigriva), who were cursed by दे वऋिष नादरमुनी (Narada Muni). Now,

what is shown in this seal is a single tree, bifurcated by a Man and two others holding two parts of it.
So, it means that the story related to Lord Krishna is true but some changes have occurred by the time. There was only one अजुTन वृ> (Arjuna tree)

and the यमल (Twin) are actually twin brothers not twin trees. Also, Lord Krushna was not tied to a Grinding Mortar but was punished by his mother

Yashoda, by forcing him to seat on branch of tree and leaving him there, as she thought Krishna is a kid and will not come down on his own.

*********************

84
66)) अिसर सुराycा
ाycा•
ycा• पुणT हEत (Asira Surāṣṭrap Purṇa Hasta) (Seal/ Tablet no.M-1271 A):-

This seal inscription is अिसर सुराycा• पुणT हEत (Asira

Surāṣṭrap Purṇa Hasta). This seal can be read from left to

right. The leftmost symbol represents word अिसर (Asira) as

explained in image. The 2nd symbol from left is variant of

consonant स (sa), representing word सु (Su)

{Vowel उ is added}. The 3rd symbol from left is consonant

र (ra) with 2D variant, representing रा (rā). The 4th symbol

from left is अycा (Aṣtra), which means a Goad, used to

control Ram (मेष/ मेढा). The 5th triangular symbol from left is

consonant प (pa) {taken from word पवTत meaning mountain}.

The 6th symbol from left is पुणT (Purṇa){पुर् (Pur) न+ (na)} as

explained in image. The rightmost symbol is हEत (Hasta),

means Hand {5 Horizontal lines representing 5 fingers}.

So, the seal inscription अिसर सु रा अycा • पुर् न हEत

can be read as ”अिसर सुराycा• पुणT हEत (Asira Surāṣṭrap

Purṇa Hasta)”. It means “The complete Surashtrap

(Saurashtra) is in the hands of (under control of) Asirs”.

******************
85
67)) राG स[तऋ>ी (Rātra SaptaṛkṣĪ) (Seal no.H-151 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is राG स[तऋ>ी

(Rātra SaptaṛkṣĪ). This seal can be read from right to left. The
rightmost symbol represents word राG (Rātra), means Night as

explained in image above {Also represents vowel ई (Ī)}. The

2nd symbol from right is having 7 short lines, representing word

स[त (Sapta). The 3rd symbol from right is vowel ऋ (ṛ). The

leftmost symbol represents >ी (kṣĪ), which is a variant of

> (kṣa). As three lines are added to the basic symbol for

> (ksha), it means > (kṣa) is repreated 4 times, hence 4th vowel

of Sanskrit language i.e. ई (Ī) is added to > (kṣa), which makes

it >ी (kṣĪ). So, seal inscription can be read as राG स[तऋ>ी

(Rātra SaptaṛkṣĪ).
राG (Rātra) mean Night, स[त (Sapta) means 7 (7 Sages named to 7 Stars of Ursa Major Constellation) and ऋ>ी (ṛkshĪ) means a Female Bear in

Sanskrit. ऋ> (ṛksha)/ ऋ>ी (ṛkshĪ) is used as a synonym to represent Star/ Constellation in Rigveda. The Big Dipper of Ursa Major constellation was

named as स[तऋषी (SaptaṛṣĪ) probably after collapse of IVC, to remember the legacy of 7 Great Sages. During IVC times, Big Dipper of Ursa Major

constellation was called as स[तऋ>ी (SaptaṛkshĪ) i.e. 7 Stars, identified with Female Bear.

In Greek Astronomy also, Ursa Major constellation is shown with Female Bear.
******************

86
68)) EवmEतक महोCच (Swastika Mahocca) (Seal no.H-182 B):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is EवmEतक

महोCच (Swastika Mahocca). This seal can be

read from left to right. The symbol 1 to 5 from

left represents word EवmEतक (Swastika). It’s a

sacred Vedic Hindu religious symbol. The

6th symbol represents word मह (Maha), means

Great. The 7th symbol represents vowel ऊ (ū).

The rightmost symbol represents Cच (cca). This

symbol is made up of two combined consonant

च (ca). So, the seal inscription

EवmEतक मह ऊ Cच can be read as

“EवmEतक महोCच (Swastika Mahocca)”. महोCच (Mahocca) in this context means “At the Great Height”. So, the seal inscription meaning is “Swastika is

at the Great Height”. I found one video, where connection between Swastika and Saptrishi is explained. If we draw a straight line from pole star upto
position Big Dipper of Ursa Major constellation {स[तऋ>ी (SaptaṛkshĪ) / स[तऋषी (SaptaṛṣĪ)} in four different seasons, it creates an image of

EवmEतक (Swastika).

******************

87
69)) महम मिह पु€ष (Mahama Mahi Puruṣa) (Seal no.M-304 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महम मिह पु€ष (Mahama Mahi

Puruṣa). This inscription can be read from right to left. The rightmost
symbol is मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd fish (मCछ) symbol from

right represents consonant म (ma). The 3rd symbol from right is

मिह (Mahi). The basic symbol for मह (Maha) have double line

variant inside, hence consonant ह (ha) of word मह (Maha) is added

with 3rd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. इ (i), which makes it मिह (Mahi). The

4th symbol from right is पु€ (Puru). This word is made up of

consonant प (pa) and word उ€ (Uru). The triangle represents

consonant प (pa) {which is taken from word पवTत meaning

Mountain}. The leftmost symbol represents consonant ष (ṣa), which

looks like a crab, called as षोडशाही in Sanskrit. So, the seal inscription from right to left मह म मिह पु€ ष can be read as “महम मिह पु€ष”.

महम (Mahama) means Full Moon (Brightest in this context), मिह (Mahi) means Great and पु€ष (Puruṣa) is a name of God. So, the seal

inscription meaning is “The Brightest and Greatest Lord Purush”.

Lord Purush is a Cosmic God mentioned in Rigveda. He is also mentioned in उपिनषद (Upnishad). Lord Purush created all living Animals,

Humans and Gods. Lord Purusha is shown seating in Yogmudra surrounded by Animals and Humans in this seal.

*********************

88
70)) >तता रणता िसRधत (Kṣatatā Raṇatā Sindhata) (Dholavira Signboard):-

The Dholavira signboard inscription is

>तता रणता िसRधत (Kṣatatā Raṇatā Sindhata). This

signboard can be read from right to left. The rightmost

symbol represents > (Kṣa). The 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 10th symbol

represents consonant त (ta). The 4th symbol is a single

full length line, representing vowel अ (a). The 5th

symbol (Inverted “V”), represents consonant र (ra).

The 6th symbol represents Consonant ण (ṇa). The 8th

symbol from right represents word अिस (Asi). This

symbol looks like a man having a Dagger in his hand.

Dagger is called as अिस (Asi) in Sanskrit. The 9th

symbol represents word Rध (ndha) as explained in

image. As symbol for consonant न (na) is on the top, it goes toward left, i.e. towords the flow of the seal inscription. So the Dholavira signboard

inscription > त त अ र ण त अिस Rध त can be read as “>तता रणता िसRधत (Kṣatatā Raṇatā Sindhata)”. >तता (Kṣatatā) means नुकसान (Damage),

रणता (Raṇatā) means at War, िसRधत (Sindhata) means ”In Sindh“. The meaning of this inscription is “The Damage happened in the war in Sindh”.

As the inscription found near inner Gate of Dholavira (an ancient settlement of IVC), the signboard was probably placed near Gates as an
informatory signboard to aware the Businessman/ visitors of nearby area about what happened to the city and why everything in the city is disturbed.

****************

89
71)) महसा ओमर् मऋत (Mahasā Omr Maṛta) (Seal no.2326):-

The seal inscription is महसा ओमर् मऋत

(Mahasā Omr Maṛta). This seal can be read from

right to left. The rightmost symbol is मह (Maha),

means Great. The 2nd symbol from right is consonant

स (sa) with variant, representing सा (sā). As

consonant स (sa) is in 2D form, it means consonant

स (sa) is repeated twice, hence 2nd vowel of Sanskrit

i.e. आ (ā) is added to consonant (sa), which makes it

सा (sā). The 3rd symbol from right is ओH (Om),

which is a sacred symbol of Vedic Hinduism. The 4th

fish like symbol from right with variant, represents
र्-म (rma). {The cap symbol (Inverted “V”) is halant

consonant र् (r) and basic fish symbol is consonant

म (ma)}. The 5th symbol from right is vowel ऋ (ṛ). The leftmost symbol is consonant त (ta). So, the seal inscription from right to left

मह सा ओH र् म ऋ त can be read as ”महसा ओमर् मऋत (Mahasā Omr Maṛta)“. महसा (Mahasā) can be identified as Maheśa (Lord Shiva). ओमर् (Omr)

means Long Lived (Arabic word) and मऋत (Maṛta) are Stroam Deities and Sons of Lord Rudra. So, the seal inscription meaning is “Lord Shiva’s Long

Lived Maruts”. It also means Rudra and Maheśa (Shiva) are same god with different names.

*********************
90
72)) महस पंच महकृिस (Mahasa Pṁc Mahakṛsi) (Seal no.M-878 a ):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महस पंच महकृिस

(Mahasa Pṁc Mahakṛsi). This seal can be read from left to right.
The leftmost symbol is word मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd

symbol from left is consonant स (sa) {This symbol looks like Horn,

which is called `सग (singa) in Indic Language.}. The 3rd symbol is

five short lines symbol representing word पंच (Pṁc), meaning

Number 5. The 4th symbol from left is again मह (Maha). The 5th

symbol from left is vowel इ (i). The rightmost symbol represents

word कृa (kṛs) as explained in image. So, seal inscription from left

to right मह स पंच मह इ कृa can be read as

महस पंच महकृिस (Mahasa Pṁc Mahakṛsi). Here, two different

interpretations are possible:-

1) महस (Mahasa) can be identified as Mahesh, a name of Lord Shiva, पंच महकृिस (Pṁc Mahakṛsi) can be identified as पंच महाPोशी (Pṁc Mahakṛoṣi).

{A Sacred Pilgrimage site for Vedic Hindu peoples around Ancient City of Kashi (Varanasi) mentioned in Vedas}. So, the seal inscription meaning is

“Lord Mahesha’s Panch Mahakroshi Pilgrimage (Kashi)”.

2) महस (Mahasa) can be read/ identified as Nहै स (Mhaisa) meaning Buffalo, पंच (Pṁc) means 5, महकृिस (Mahakṛsi) means Great Farming. So, the

inscription meaning is “The Great Farming with 5 Buffalo’s”. ********************

91
73)) कृEणी (KṛsṇĪ) (Seal no.6114):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is कृEणी (KṛsṇĪ). This

seal can be read from left to right. The left symbol

represents word कृa (Kṛs) as explained in image. The right

symbol is consonant ण (ṇa) with variant, representing

णी (ṇĪ). As basic symbol of consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated

4 times, hence 4th vowel of Sanskrit i.e. ई (Ī) is added to

consonant ण (ṇa), which makes it णी (ṇĪ). So, the seal

inscription from left to right कृa णी can be read as

“कृEणी (KṛsṇĪ)”. This word कृEणी (KṛsṇĪ) can be read/

identified with the name “कृyण (Kṛṣṇa)”. So, the name

कृEणी (KṛsṇĪ) is either changed to कृyण (Kṛṣṇa) by the time

or name कृEणी (KṛsṇĪ) itself was written in local dialect

from original word कृyण (Kṛṣṇa) in this IVC seal. Any

ways, it proves existence of Lord Krushna before or during IVC times. This means, Mahabharata is history of Ancient India and Mahabharata happened
atleast before 1900 BCE, because most of the seal are made in mature period of IVC i.e. in between 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.

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92
74)) कृEणी चतुरइ (KṛsṇĪ Caturai) (Seal no.H-55 a) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is कृEणी चतुरइ (KṛsṇĪ Caturai). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol is कृa (Kṛs) as

explained in the image. The 2nd symbol from right is consonant ण (ṇa) with variant, representing word णी (ṇĪ). The 3rd symbol from right is four short line

symbol representing Number 4, called as चतुर (Catura) in Sanskrit. But, चतुर (Catura) also means Cleaver in Sanskrit. The leftmost symbol is vowel

93
इ (i). So, the seal inscription कृa णी चतुर इ can be read as “कृEणी चतुरइ (KṛsṇĪ Caturai)”. कृEणी (KṛsṇĪ) is a name of Lord Krushna and

चतुरइ (Caturai) means Cleverness. This inscription meaning is “The cleverness of Lord Krushna”.

Lord Krushna is known for his Cleverness. Ex.:– Lord Krushna wanted to avoid Mahabharata war. He went to Duryodhan’s camp, but duryodhna
denied any negotiation. Mahabharata war was inevitable. Krushna was on Pandavas side. Lord Krushna saw Ashwattama is in Kaurava’s camp.
Ashwattama was a Great Warrior. So, Lord Krushna asked Ashwattama for a private talk. This was seen by Duryodhana and Shakuni suspiciously. This
is what Lord Krushna wanted. Because of this, Ashwattama was kept away from leading the Kaurava Army despite being loyal to Kauravas.
Another example is, before start of war of Mahabharata, a warrior named Barbarik came to Kurukshetra (Son of Ghatotkach). He was a very
Brave warrior who can single handedly destroy any enemy side he wants with his Teen Baan. So, Lord Krushna said to Barbarik that, Greatest warrior
needs to be sacrificed to worship the Battlefield. Knowing the command of Lord Krushna, Barbarik beheaded himself. With this, Lord Krushna avoided
Barbarik taking any side, which gave fair chance to both Pandav and Kaurav.
Many more such incidents happened in Lord Krushna’s life. Hence, lord krushna is known as चतुर (cleaver), which is stated in this seal

inscription.

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94
75)) नमन (Namana):- (Seal no.M-1118 A)

The seal inscription is नमन (Namana). This seal can be read from both ways. The right and left symbol represents consonant न2 (na).

Consonant न (na) represented with another symbol too, as used in previous seals. The middle fish like symbol represents consonant म (ma). So, seal

inscription can be read as नमन (Namana), which means Greetings.

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95
76)) हEत नमन (Hasta Namana) (H-946 A, 5477) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is हEत नमन (Hasta Namana).

This seal can be read from left to right. The left symbol
represents word हEत (Hasta), means Hand. The five Horizontal

lines represent five fingers of the Hand. Rest of the symbol

represents word नमन (Namana) as explained in seal above. The

seal inscription हEत नमन (Hasta Namana) meaning is

“Hand Greetings”.

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96
77)) नRद नमन (Nanda Namana) (Seal no.2585):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नRद नमन

(Nanda Namana). This seal can be read from left to right. The
left symbol represents word नRद (Nanda) means “Joyful/

Happy” and “Cowherd”. Explaination for this symbol is given

in image. Rest of the symbol represents word नमन (Namana).

So, the inscription meaning is either “The Joyfull/ Happy

Greetings” or “Greetings to the Cowherd”.

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97
78)) नरम (नमT) निथ (Narma Nathi):-

The seal inscription is नमT निथ (Narma Nathi) {नर्-म निथ}. This seal can be read from right to left. The right symbol represents consonant

न (na). The 2nd symbol from right is word र्-म (rma). The 3rd symbol from right is again consonant न (na). The leftmost symbol is consonant थ (tha) with

variant, representing word िथ (thi). A double line variant means consonant थ (tha) is repeated three times. Hence 3rd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. इ (i) is added

to consonant थ (tha). So, the seal inscription from right to left न र्-म न िथ can be read as “नमT निथ (Narma Nathi)”. This inscription meaning is

“The soft (spoken) Natha”. Natha’s are Ancient Philosophers/ Sages of India. Lord Shiva is the first yogi having name आिदनाथ (Ādinātha).

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98
79)) महनसुन (Mahanasuna) (Seal no.M-946 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महनसुन (Mahanasuna). This

seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol is

मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from right is consonant

न (na). The 3rd symbol from right is consonant स (sa) with variant,

representing word सु (su). Here, the base symbol consonant स (sa)

has 4 extra lines to it, which means consonant स (sa) is repeated

5 times. Hence, 5th vowel of Sanskrit i.e. उ (u) is added to

consonant स (sa), which makes it सु (su). Again, the leftmost

symbol represents consonant न (na). So, the seal inscription is

महनसुन (Mahanasuna). The word महनसुन (Mahanasuna) can be

read/ identified as “Monsoon”. Monsoon is a seasonal rain in

Indian subcontinent. The word monsoon is corrupted form of IVC
term “महनसुन (Mahanasuna)”.

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99
80)) नूथन (Nūthana) (Seal no.M-137a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नूथन (Nūthana). This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol represents consonant न (na). The 2nd

symbol from right represents vowel ऊ (ū). The 3rd symbol from right is consonant थ (tha). The rightmost symbol is again consonant न (na). So, the seal

inscription from left to right न ऊ थ न can be read as नूथन (Nūthana). This word नूथन (Nūthana) has two different interpretations,

1. नूथन (Nūthana) can be read/ identified as नूतन (Nūtana), meaning “New”.

2. नूथन (Nūthana) can be read as नथनी (NathanĪ), means Nose Ring.

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100
81)) मह इRद मिनमह (Maha Inda Manimaha):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह इRद मिनमह

(Maha Inda Manimaha). This seal can be read from right

to left. The rightmost symbol represents word मह

(Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from right is vowel

इ (i). The 3rd symbol from right is word Rद (nda) as

explained in image. As consonant द (da) is on the top of

consonant न (na), it goes with flow of the seal

inscription, i.e. towards left. The 4th fish symbol

represents consonant म (ma). The 5th symbol is made up

of three symbols of consonant न (na). That means

consonant न (na) is repeated 3 times. Hence, 3rd vowel

of Sanskrit i.e. इ (i) is added to consonant न (na), which

makes it िन (ni). Again the leftmost symbol represents

word मह (Maha). So, the seal inscription मह इ Rद म िन मह from right to left can be read as ”मह इRद मिनमह (Maha Inda Manimaha)”.

मह इRद (Maha Inda) is a name of Lord Indra and मिनमह (Manimaha) means Heroic. So, the seal inscription meaning is “The Great heroic Indra”.

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101
82)) वाणी (VāṇĪ) (Seal no.M-329 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscrption is वाणी (VāṇĪ). This seal can

be read from right to left. The right symbol is consonant व (va)

with variant, representing वा (Vā). As consonant व (va) repeated

twice, hence 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. आ (ā) is added to व (va),

which makes it वा (vā). The leftmost symbol represents

consonant ण (ṇa) with variant, representing word णी (ṇĪ). Here,

Consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated 4 times, hence 4th vowel of

Sanskrit i.e. ई (Ī) is added to consonant ण (ṇa), which makes it

णी (ṇĪ). So, the seal inscription from right to left can be read as

वाणी (VāṇĪ). This inscription meaning is “Businessman”.

वाणी (VāṇĪ) is a name given to a merchant caste of Hindus.

वाणी (VāṇĪ) also means “Voice” in Sanskrit.

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102
83)) ईCछम नाG (Īcchama Nātra) (Seal no.3350, 3352):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is ईCछम नाG (Īcchama Nātra).

This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost symbol
represents vowel ई (Ī). The 2nd symbol from left is word Cछ (ccha).

This symbol is made up of two combined consonant च (ca),

representing Cच (ccha) and horizontal line inside the symbol

representing consonant ह (ha). So, Cq (cca) + ह (ha) = Cछ (ccha).

The 3rd fish symbol represents consonant म (ma). The rightmost

symbol represents word नाG (Nātra), means Sage. The explanation

for this symbol is shown is image. So the seal inscription from left

to right is “ईCछम नाG (Īcchama Nātra)“. This seal inscription

meaning is “Desire of a Sage”.

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103
84)) पाशा सानमचा (Pāśā Sānamacā):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is पाशा सानमचा (Pāśā Sānamacā). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost image is pictorial

representation of a looped rope used in fishing net as shown in 2nd symbol from right. Inscription starts from 2nd symbol from right. This symbol looks
like a Fishing Net. Net of looped rope means पाश (Pāśa) in Sanskrit. As this symbol has a single line variant, it means consonant श (śa) of word

पाश (Pāśa) is added with 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. आ (ā), which makes it पाशा (Pāśā). The 3rd symbol represents word सा (sā). It is made up of curved

Horn like symbol representing consonant स (sa) and straight line representing vowel अ (a). The 4th symbol from right is consonant न (na). The 5th fish

104
like symbol represents consonant म (ma). The leftmost symbol represents consonant च (ca) with variant, representing word चा (cā). As this symbol

repeated twice, 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant च (ca). So, the seal inscription from right to left पाश अ सा न म चा can be read as

“पाशा सानमचा (Pāśā Sānamacā)”

”. पाशा (Pāśā) means Net (जाल) and सानमचा (Sānamacā) can be read/ identified as word “सनमचा (Sanamacā)” means

“of Lover”. This inscription meaning is “Lover’s Net or Net of Lover”. सानम (Sānama) /सनम (Sanama) is a Persian word.

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105
85)) ईCछम नाG् अ> (Īcchama Nātra Akṣa) (No.M-1295 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is ईCछम नाG् अ> (Īcchama

Nātra Akṣa). This seal can be read from left to right. The leftmost
symbol represents vowel ई (Ī). The 2nd symbol from left is word

Cछ (ccha). This symbol have two combined consonant च (ca),

representing Cच (ccha). The horizontal line inside the symbol

represents consonant ह (ha). So, Cच (ccha) + ह (ha) = Cछ (ccha).

The 3rd fish symbol represents consonant म (ma). The 4th symbol

represents word नाG (Nātra), means Sage. The explanation for

this symbol is shown in the image. The rightmost symbol

represents > (kṣa). So the seal inscription from left to right

ई Cछ म नाG
G > can be read as “ईCछम नाG् अ>

(Īcchama Nātra Akṣa)“. This seal inscription meaning is

“Desire of an Eye of a Sage”.

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106
86)) संपुणUिसर
Uिसर (Sṁpurṇāsir) (M-2033 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is संपुणUिसर

(Sṁpurṇāsir). This seal can be read from rigtht to

left. The rightmost Horn (`सग) like curved symbol is

consonant स (sa) with variant, representing word

सं (Sṁ). The 2nd symbol from right is word

पुर (pura). The 3rd symbol from right is consonant

ण (ṇa) with variant, representing word णा (ṇā). As

consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated twice, 2nd vowel of

Sanskrit language i.e.आ (ā) is added to the

consonant ण (ṇa). The 4th symbol from right is word

अिसर (Asira) as explained in image. The leftmost

image is a pictorial representation of a man named

“संपुणUिसर (Sṁpurṇāsir)”. Sṁpurṇāsir is a name of

an Asira (Asura) which means “A complete Asir”.

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107
87)) महपाश विशकरण (Mahapāśa Vaśikaraṇa) (Seal no.M-99A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महपाश विशकरण

(Mahapāśa Vaśikaraṇa). This seal can be read from right

to left. The rightmost symbol represents word मह (Maha),

means Great. The 2nd symbol from right is पाश (pāśa),

means “Net of looped rope (जाल)”. The 3rd symbol from

right is वश (Vaśa), means Control. As this symbol have

two stroke variant, means right consonant श (śa) of word

पाश (pāśa) is repeated three times. Hence, 3rd vowel of

Sanskrit i.e. इ (i) is added to consonant श (śa), which

makes the word विश (Vaśi). The 4th symbol is a

combined symbol representing word करण (karaṇa) as

explained in image. So, the seal inscription from right to

left मह पाश विश करण can be read as “महपाश विशकरण

(Mahapāśa Vaśikaraṇa)”. महपाश (Mahapāśa) means “The Great Net” and विशकरण (Vaśikaraṇa) means “Hypnotism”. So, the seal inscription meaning is

“The Great Net (Control), Hypnotism”.

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108
88)) सूअिसर सूअEस >ुवदासु (Sūasira Sūassa Kṣuvadāsu) (Seal no.H-5 A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is सूअिसर सूअEस >ुवदासु

(Sūasira Sūassa Kṣuvadāsu). This seal can be read from left to

right. The leftmost curved horn like symbol represents
consonant स (sa) with variant, representing word सू (sū).

A round at the top means vowel ऊ (ū) is added to consonant

स (sa), which makes it सू (sū). The 2nd symbol from left is

word अिसर (Asira) as explained in image. The 3rd symbol

from left is consonant स (sa) with a variant, representing word

सु (su). The round in the middle means vowel उ (u) is added

to consonant स (sa), which makes it सु (su). The 4th symbol

from left is vowel ऊ (ū). The 5th symbol from left is word

अEस (Assa). {A straight line represent vowel अ (a) and two

curve side around vowel अ (a), are two combined

consonant स, representing Eस (ssa)}. The 6th symbol from

left represents word >ु (Kṣu). As this symbol for > (Kṣa) has 4 extra lines, means it is repeated 5 times, hence 5th vowel of Sanskrit i.e. उ (u) is added to

> (Kṣa), which makes it >ु (Kṣu). The 7th symbol from left is word वदा (vadā). The “U” shaped symbol represents consonant व (va) and symbol inside,

represents दा (dā) as explained in image. As दा (dā) is on upper side, it goes with flow of the seal inscription i.e. toward right. Again the rightmost symbol

109
represents सु (su). So, the seal inscription from left to right सू अिसर सु ऊ अEस >ु वदा सू can be read as “सूअिसर सूअEस >ुवदासु

(Sūasira Sūassa Kṣuvadāsu)”.

Here, सू (Sū) means Generator, अिसर (Asira) was a ruling tribe of Vedic IVC and सूअEस >ुवदासु (Sūassa Kṣuvadāsu) is probably a name of a

person. During Early IVC times, Horses were very rare in Indian Subcontinant. But, Donkey (अEस) were easily available in Rann of Kutch and are as big

as Horse. That’s why Donkey was very popular and respected animal in IVC. So, peoples name was attached with Donkey like सूअEस (Sūassa), just like

names were given to peoples in later times, with name of Horse, For Ex.:- Bridasva, Ashwatthama, Ashwin etc. So, we can conclude that, Horses were
very rare in early IVC and Donkeys (Assa) were domesticated first.
Horse is mentioned less in ramayana than Mahabharata, so it takes Ramayana to end of Early IVC period, i.e. around 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE.
IVC seals talks about Lord Krushna and during Mahabharata, horses were avaibale in big numbers. It means Mahabharata happened after Ramayana, in
between 3000 BCE to 1900 BCE, as most of the seal are made in mature period of IVC i.e. from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.

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110
89)) अनRदन (Anandana) (H-67 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is अनRदन (Anandana). This seal

can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol is vowel अ (a).

The 2nd symbol from right is consonant न (na). The 3rd symbol from

right is Rद (nda) as explained in image above. Again the leftmost

symbol represents consonant न (na). So seal inscription from right

to left अ न Rद न can be read as “अनRदन (Anandana)”. अनRदन

can be identified with word आनंद (Ānand), means Happiness.

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111
90)) महचारा अिससोवदा (Mahacārā Asisovadā) (Seal/ Tablet no.M-1270 a):-

The seal inscription is महचारा अिससोवदा (Mahacārā

Asisovadā). This seal can be read from left right. The leftmost
symbol represents word महचारा (Mahacārā) as explained in

image above. The 2nd symbol from left is अिस (Asi). It has

stripes inside, means it is a combined word. The 3rd symbol

from left is सो (so). The horn like symbol represents consonant

स (sa) and two straight lines to it means, vowel ऊ (ū) is added

to consonant स (sa), which makes it सो (so). It has stripes in it,

means it’s also a combined word. The rightmost symbol

represents word वदा (vadā). As दा (dā) is on top of consonant

व (va), it goes to the right i.e. towords the flow of the seal

inscription. So, the seal inscription can be read as

“महचारा अिससोवदा (Mahacārā Asisovadā)”.

महचारा (Mahacārā) means Cattle Owner, अिस (Asi) means Donkey and सोवदा (sovadā) can be read/ identified as सौदा (Saudā), meaning Deal.

So, inscription meaning is “Deal of donkey by the owner”.

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112
91)) दानावा ददT र पGौ -- भृगवौ,
वौ, rहम,
rहम, l^ो>,
l^ो>, सुयt
T , भुवस बषT राG -- णा आ -- -- (Dānāvā Dardar Patrau, -- Bhṛgavau, Brahama, Rudrokṣa, Sūryan

Bhuvasa Barṣa rātra -- ṇa ā -- --):-

The copper plate inscription is दानावा ददT र् पGौ -- भृगवौ, rहम, l^ो>, सूयTt भुवस बषT राG -- णा आ -- -- (Dānāvā Dardar Patrau, -- Bhṛgavau,

Brahama, Rudrokṣa, Sūryan Bhuvasa Barṣa rātra -- ṇa ā -- --). This copper plate is a 5 line inscription with having longest 34 symbols. This inscription
can be read in Zigzag way. It starts from the top, from left to right, then right to left….., until it reaches to the bottom.

113
 In the first row, the leftmost symbol represents consonant द (da) with variant, representing word दा (dā). The 2nd symbol from left is

consonant न (na). The 3rd symbol from left is vowel आ (ā). It looks like a water stream, called as आप: in Sanskrit. The 4th symbol from left is consonant

व (va) with single line variant, representing वा (vā). As this consonant is repeated twice, 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant व (va),

which makes it वा (vā). The 5th and 6th symbol from left represents दर् (dar). So, they can be read as ददT र् (Dardar) {दर् + दर् = ददT र}
् . The 7th symbol

from left is पG (Patra). The triangular shape (looks like a mountain/पवTत) represents consonant प (pa) and 3 horizontal lines inside represents G (tra). The

8th symbol represents vowel औ (au). The 9th symbol from left is -- (not deciphered yet).

Now, in the second row (Starting from right), 10th symbol from right is वौ (vau). The ”U“ shape symbol is consonant व (va) and three adjacent

”S“ shaped symbol (like a water stream) represents vowel ओ (o). The 11th symbol represents consonant ग (ga). The 12th symbol is a variant for consonant

बर (bar), which makes it बृ (bṛ) as shown in image above. The 13th symbol is बर (bar). It looks like a pictorial representation of Hook. The 14th symbol

represents vowel अ (a). The 15th symbol represents halant consonant ‚ (bh). This symbol looks like a Water Well or Drilled Hole, called as भेद (bhed)/

भेर (bher) in Sanskrit. Hence, Consonant ‚ (bh) is denoted to that symbol. The word बर (bar) is derived from word भेर (bher). भेर (bher) is done with the

help of Hook like tools. The 16th symbol represents word बर (bar) and 17th symbol is a variant for word बर (bar), which makes it r (bra). The 18th symbol

represents word मह (maha), means Great. The 19th symbol represents word उl (Uru) {means Large in Sanskrit}.

Now, the third row starts from left. The 20th symbol represents word दर् (dar). The 21st symbol represents > (kṣa). The 22nd symbol represents

word सूर (sūra). The horn shaped curved symbol is consonant स (sa), with round on upper side means vowel ऊ (ū) is added to consonant स (sa), which

makes it सू (sū). The inverted “V” shape at the bottom represents halant consonant र् (r). The 23rd symbol is word यन (yana). The “X” symbol is

consonant य (ya) and cap symbol is halant consonant t (n). As consonant t (n) is on the top, it goes with flow of the seal inscription i.e. towards the

right. The 24th oval shaped symbol is consonant भ (bha) with variant, representing word भु (bhu), means Earth in Sanskrit.
114
 Now, the fourth row starts form right. The 25th symbol is consonant व (va). The 26th symbol represents consonant स (sa). The 27th symbol

represents consonant ब (ba). The 28th symbol represents consonant ष (ṣa) with variant, representing षT (rṣa). This symbol looks like a crab which is known

as षोडशािW (ṣodaśāhri) in Sanskrit. Hence this crab symbol is used to represent ष (ṣa) in Indus Script. The 29th symbol shows an image of rainy night,

representing word राG (Rātra). The 30th symbol represents word ---. (Not deciphered yet).

Now, last fifth row starts from left. The 31st symbol is consonant ण (ṇa) with variant, representing word णा (ṇā). As consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated

twice, means 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. आ (ā) is added to consonant ण (ṇa), which makes it णा (ṇā). Again 32nd symbol represents vowel आ (ā). The 33rd

34th symbols are not deciphered yet. So, the seal inscription दा न आ वा दर् दर् पG औ -- वौ ग (बृ) बर अ ‚ बर (r) मह उl दर् > सूर यt भु व स ब षT राG --

णा आ -- -- can be read as “दा

दाना
दानावा
नावा ददT
ददT र्
र् पGौ -- भृगवौ,
वौ, rहम,
rहम, l^ो>,
l^ो>, सूयTt भुवस बषT राG -- णा आ -- -- (Dānāvā Dardar Patrau, -- Bhṛgavau,

Brahama, Rudrokṣa, Sūryan Bhuvasa Barṣa rātra -- ṇa ā -- --)”. This copper plate inscription meaning is “Earth resident Bhṛgavau (Maharṣi Bhrugu),

fatherly figure of Dānāvā’s (Demons) and Dardar MunĪ, (Drunk Soma ?) along with Brahama, Rudrokṣa (Rudra) and Suryan (Sun God) at rainy night”.

दानावा (Dānava’s) were the Demons mentioned in ancient texts. ददT र मुनी (Dardar muni) was a disciple of महVष भृगु (Maharṣi Bhṛgu).

Maharshi Bhṛgu was Guru of Dardar Muni and Father of शुPाचायT (Shukracharya). शुPाचायT Shukracharya was a Guru (Teacher) of रा>स (Rakṣasa)/

Demons as mentioned in Ramayana. भृगवौ (Bhṛgavo) is a name of Maharṣi Bhṛgu. rहम (Brahma), l^ो> (Rudra), सुयTt (Surya) are names of Hindu

Gods. भुवस (Bhuvasa) means Earth resident. बषT means Rain and राG means Night. So, this inscription proves Vedic roots of IVC. This copper plate talks

about meeting between Gods like Rudra (Shiva), Brahma, Surya and Great Sage Bhṛgu (महVष भृगु).

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92)) महशु दे व जित (Mahaśu Deva Jati) (Seal no.M-235A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महशु दे व जित

(Mahaśu Deva Jati). This seal inscription can be read

from right to left. The rightmost symbol is word
मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd symbol from right

is consonant श (śa) with variant, representing word

शु (śu). The 3rd symbol from right is word

दे वज (Devaja) as explained in image. The leftmost

symbol represents consonant त (ta) with variant,

representing word ित (ti). This symbol have two line

variant means consonant त (ta) is repreated 3 times,

hence 3rd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. इ (i) is added to

consonant त (ta). So, seal inscription from right to

left मह शु दे वज ित can be read as “महशु दे व जित

(Mahaśu Deva Jati)”. महशु (Mahaśu) can be read/ identified as महे श (Maheśa), which is a name of Lord Shiva. दे व (Deva) means God. जित (Jati)

means Born. So, the seal inscription meaning is “Lord Mahesha has born”.

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93)) नमन महशुदेव जनादT ना Eवािम ओम शिण (Namana Mahaśudeva Janārdanā Swāmi Oma Śṇi) (Seal no.K-15 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is नमन महशुदेव, जनादT ना Eवािम, ओम, शिण (Namana Mahaśudeva, Janārdanā Swāmi, Oma, Śṇi). This seal can be

read from left to right. The leftmost symbol represents Hand, taken as a word नमन (Namana) in this context. नमन (Namana) means Greetings. The 2nd

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symbol from left is word मह (Maha), means Great. The 3rd symbol from left is consonant श (śa) with variant, representing word शु (śū). The 4th symbol

represents word दे वज (Devaja) as explained in image above. The 5th symbol from left is consonant न (na) with variant, representing ना (nā). As it is

repeated twice, 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant न (na). The 6th symbol from left is दT (rda) {र् (r) +द (da)}. Again 7th symbol is

ना (nā). The 8th symbol from left is word Eवािम (Swami) as explained in image. The 9th symbol from left is word ओH (Om), which is a sacred symbol of

Vedic Hinduism. The 10th symbol from left is word अश (Aś) as explained in image above. The 11th symbol from left is consonant ण (ṇa) with variant,

representing word िण (ṇi). As this symbol is having two line variant, means consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated 3 times. Hence, 3nd vowel of Sanskrit

i.e.इ (i) is added to consonant ण (ṇa). The last four symbols are two different images of Saturn shown in bracket. So the seal inscription

नमन मह शु दे वज ना दT ना Eवािम ओH अƒ िण can be read as ”नमन महशुदेव, जनादT ना Eवािम, ओम, शिण (Namana Mahaśudeva, Janārdanā Swāmi,

Oma, Śṇi)“.

Here, नमन (Namana) means Greetings, महशुदेव (Mahaśudeva) is name of Lord Mahesh/ Shiva, जनादT ना (Janārdanā) is name of Lord Vishnu,

Eवािम (Swāmi) means Religious Teacher. ओH (Om) is a sacred Vedic Hindu symbol ƒ-िण (Śṇi) is name of Lord of Saturn in Vedic Hinduism. So, this

seal inscription meaning is “Greetings to Lord Mahesh (Shiva), Janardana Swami (Lord Vishnu), Om and Shani (Lord of Saturn)”.

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94)) मह इR^म Eवािमषू दे वज (Maha Īndrama Swāmiṣū Devaja) (Seal no.M-66A):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मह इR^म Eवािमषू दे वज (Maha Īndrama Swāmiṣū Devaja). This seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost

symbol is मह (Maha), meaning Great. The 2nd symbol from right is vowel इ (i). The 3rd symbol from right is combined word Rद (nda). The symbol on top

is consonant द (da) and symbol at the bottom is consonant न (na). As consonant द (da) is on top, it goes toward flow of the seal inscription i.e. towards

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left. The 4th symbol from right is र्-म (rma). The 5th symbol from right is Eवािम (Swāmi). The 6th symbol from right is consonant ष (ṣa) with variant,

representing word षू (ṣū). As base symbol have 5 lines variant, it means 6th vowel of Sanskrit i.e.उ (ū) is added to consonant ष (ṣa). The leftmost symbol

is word दे वज (Devaja) as explained in image. So, the seal inscription from right to left मह इRद र् म Eवािम षू दे वज can be read as

”मह इR^म Eवािमषू दे वज (Maha Īndrama Swāmiṣū Devaja)“.

मह इR^म (Maha Īndrama) means The Great Indra, Eवाम (Swāma) means Blessings, इषू (iṣū) means Presiding Daity, दे वज (Devaja) means

Born of Gods. So, the seal inscription meaning is “With Blessings of Presiding Daity Great Indra, Son of God Borns”.

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95)) संकस„ दादौ,
दादौ, दे वज कृEणां,िG अिस (Sṁkarsṁa Dādau, Devaja Kṛsṇṁā, Tri Asi) (Seal no.C-23 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is संकस„ दादौ, दे वज कृEणां, िG अिस (Sṁkarsṁa Dādau, Devaja Kṛsṇṁā, Tri Asi). This tablet is having a three row

inscription can be read from bottom to top. In first row at the bottom, inscription starts from right. The 1st symbol represents word संकस„ (Sṁkarsṁa).

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The 2nd symbol from right is consonant द (da) with variant, representing word दा (dā). As this consonant is repeated twice, 2nd vowel of Sanskrit

i.e.आ (ā) is added to consonant द (da).

The second row has only one symbol (3rd symbol of tablet) representing word दौ (dau) as explained in image.

The third row at the top, starts from left. The 4th symbol represents word दे वज (Devaja) as explained in image. The 5th symbol is word

कृa (Kṛs). The 6th symbol represents consonant ण (ṇa) with variant, representing word णा (ṇā). {Consonant ण (ṇa) repreated 2 times, hence 2nd vowel

i.e.आ (ā) is added}. The 7th symbol is a three short line symbol representing number 3, called as G/ िG (tri) in Sanskrit. The 8th symbol represents word

अिस (Asi) as explained in image. So, the seal inscription संकस„ दा दौ दे वज कृa णां िG अिस can be read as “संकस„ दादौ, दे वज कृEणां, िG अिस

(Sṁkarsṁa Dādau, Devaja Kṛsṇṁā, Tri Asi)”.

संकस„ (Sṁkarsṁa) can be read/ identified as संकषTण (Sṁkarṣṇa) /बलराम (Balrāma), which is a name of elder brother of Lord Krushna.

दादौ (Dādau) means elder Brother in Indic Languages. दे वज (Devaja) means Born of Gods, कृEणां (Kṛsṇṁā) is a name of Lord Krushna, िG अिस means

3 Donkeys. Here 3 Donkeys are 3 Asirs including धेनुकािसर (Dhenukasir) who was killed by Balrama. Image of Donkey with Horns is caved on right

side of the tablet, representing Dhenukasir and image of Palm tree is carved in the middle which clearly shows, this tablet is about Dhenukasir episode of
Lord Krushna and Balrama’s life.

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96)) महायT मG (Mahārya Matra) or महायTH अG (Mahāryam Atra):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is महायT मG (Mahārya Matra)

or महायTH अG (Mahāryam Atra). This seal can be read from left

to right. The leftmost symbol is मह (Maha), means Great. The 2nd

symbol from left is अयT (Arya). The 3rd fish (मCछ) like symbol

from left is consonant म (ma). The rightmost symbol is a three

short line symbol representing Number 3, which is called as

G (tra) in Sanskrit. So, the seal/ tablet inscription मह अयT म G can

be read as महायT मG (Mahārya Matra) or महायTH अG

(Mahāryam Atra). The meaning for inscriptions is as follows,

1) Mahārya Matra means “The Great Arya Minister”

(Mahārya means “The Great Arya” and Matra can be identified as
“मंGी (MṁtrĪ)”, means Minister.

2) Mahāryam Atra means “The Great Arya arrived” (Mahāryam

means The Great Arya and Atra means Arrived). It means

अयT (Arya) is a Title given to Great Kings/ Administrators/ Sages.

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97)) मेष (Meṣa) (Seal no.4676):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मेष (Meṣa). This seal can

be read from right to left. The symbol on right side

(Fish/ मCछ) is a variant of consonant म (ma), representing

मे (Me). The Crab like symbol on left represents consonant

ष (ṣa), which is taken from Sanskrit word for Crab

(षोडशाही). मेष (Meṣa) is the Sanskrit word for Domesticated

Animal Ram (मेढा).

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98)) मेष बबTर (Meṣa Barbara) (Seal no.5469, 5478, 4360) :-

The seal/ tablet inscription is मेष बबTर (Meṣa Barbara). This

seal can be read from right to left. The rightmost symbol is a variant
of fish (मCछ) symbol consonant म (ma), representing मे (me). The

middle symbol looks like crab which is called as षोडशाही

(ṣodaśāhi) in Sanskrit. Hence, Crab symbol is used to represent

consonant ष (ṣa) in IVC Script. So, the first two symbols from right

make a word मेष (Meṣa), which is a Sanskrit word for Ram/ मेढा

(Meḍha). The leftmost symbol is बबTर (Barbara), made up of two

hook like symbols (बर् (Bar)) and Horizontal line inside, which

makes consonant र (ra) as हलंत i.e.,र् (r) as shown in image above.

बबTर् (Barbar) word is like a regional identity of Non Vedic Curly

Haired Greek/ Mesopotamian people’s. Ram {मेष (Meṣa)/

मेढा (Meḍha)} also have Curly Hairs like बबTर् (Barbar’s). So, in

this seal inscription, Ram (मेष/ मेढा) is compaired with Greeks/

Near Eastern (बबTर)् peoples because of their Hair similarities. So,

the word बबTर् (Barbar) is used as a synonym to “Curly Hair” in this seal inscription. Hence, the seal inscription meaning is “A Ram with Curly Hairs”.

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99)) गौ (Gau) (Seal no.4474):-

गौ (Gau) is a Sanskrit word, meaning Cow.

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100)) मिहष (Mahiṣa) (Seal no.8212) :-

The seal inscription is मिहष (Mahiṣa). This

seal can be read from right to left. The right

symbol represents word मिह (Mahi), which is a

variant of basic symbol मह (Maha). This symbol is

having a variant of double stroke inside, means

Consonant ह (ha) of word मह (Maha) is repeated

3 times. Hence, 3rd vowel of Sanskrit (In a row)

i.e.इ (i) is added to the consonant ह (ha), which

makes the word मिह (Mahi). The left symbol is

consonant ष (ṣa) {This symbol looks like a crab,

which is called as षोडशािW in Sanskrit}. So the

Seal Inscription from right to left “मिह ष” can be

read as “मिहष (Mahiṣa)”, which is a name of a

person.

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101)) कृEणा मह (Kṛsṇā Maha) (Seal no.1305):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is कृEणा मह

(Kṛsṇā Maha). This seal can be read from right to left.

The rightmost symbol represents word कृa (Kṛs) as

explained in image above. The middle symbol is

consonant ण (ṇa) with variant, representing णा (ṇā).

As basic symbol of consonant ण (ṇa) is repeated

2 times, hence 2nd vowel of Sanskrit i.e. आ (ā) is

added to consonant ण (ṇa), which makes it णा (ṇā).

The leftmost symbol represents word मह (Maha),

means Great. So, the seal inscription from right to left

कृa णा मह can be read as “कृEणा मह (Kṛsṇā Maha)”.

This word कृEणा (Kṛsṇā) can be read/ identified with

the name “कृyण (Kṛṣṇa)”. So, the seal inscription

meaning is “Kruṣna, The Great”.

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102)) गोसूर (Gosūra) (H-503 a):-

The seal/ tablet inscription is गोसूर (Gosūra), can be

read from left to right. The left symbol used in IVC script to

represent गव (Gava), meaning Cattle. Cow is known as गो (Go)

in Sanskrit, which is a domesticated animal and hence, गो (Go)

{Cow} is also a cattle. Therefore, left symbol represents word

गो (Go) in this Seal Inscription. The right symbol represents

word सूर (Sūra) as explained in image above. The Curved Horn

like symbol represents consonant स (sa). The round on top of

consonant स (sa) means, vowel ऊ (ū) is added to consonant

स (sa), which makes it सू (sū). The inverted “V” at the bottom is

consonant र (ra). So the seal inscription from left to right is

“गोसूर (Gosūra)”, which have two different meanings/ interpretations as follows :-

1. गोसूर (Gosūra) also called as गो>ूर (Gokshūra) or गोखl (Gokharu), a plant used in Ayurvedic Medicines to cure ulcer and Kidney diseases.

2. गो (Go) means Cow and सूर (Sūra) means Light shade Brown Color. So, seal inscription गोसूर (Gosūra) means “Light shade Brown Colored Cow”.

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References:-
1. The Indus Script, Text, Concordance and Tables- Iravatham Mahadevan.
2. Corpus of Indus seals and Inscriptions, 1. Collection in India, Edited by Jagat Pati Joshi and Asko Parpola.
3. Corpus of Indus seals and Inscriptions, 2. Collection in Pakistan, Edited by Sayid Ghulam Mustafa Shah and Asko Parpola.
4. Fish symbolism and Fish Remains in Ancient South Asia- William Belcher-1998.
5. Innovative Cryptography- Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay.
6. A video of Thatpara Ahoratra on relation between Swastika and Saptrishi constellation.
7. Wikipedia.

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