Definition of Science

-from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge" is a systematic enterprise that

builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and

predictions about nature and the universe. In an older and closely related meaning,

"science" also refers to a body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be

rationally explained and reliably applied. A practitioner of science is known as

a scientist.

The Branches of Science and their Meaning

1. Natural Science

Natural science is a branch of science that seeks to elucidate the rules that

govern the natural world by applying an empirical and scientific method to

the study of the universe. The term natural sciences is used to distinguish it

from the social sciences, which apply the scientific method to study human

behavior and social patterns; the humanities, which use a critical,

or analytical approach to the study of the human condition; and the formal

sciences.

2. Physical Science

Physical Science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural

science and science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life

sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat

arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study

biological phenomena. There is a difference between physical science and

physics.
3. Physics

Physics (from Ancient Greek: φύσις physis "nature") is a natural science that

involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with

related concepts such asenergy and force. More broadly, it is the general

analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how

the universe behaves.

Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through

its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part

of philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics,

and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century,

the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own

right. Certain research areas are interdisciplinary, such

as biophysics and quantum chemistry, which means that the boundaries of

physics are not rigidly defined. In the nineteenth and twentieth

centuries physicalism emerged as a major unifying feature of the philosophy

of science as physics provides fundamental explanations for

every observed natural phenomenon. New ideas in physics often explain the

fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening to new research

areas in mathematics and philosophy.

4. Chemistry
Chemistry (the etymology of the word has been much disputed) is

the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter

is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and

fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with

 the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter,

as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical

science which studies various substances, atoms, molecules, and matter

(especially carbon based); biochemistry, the study of substances found

in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes

using physical concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics;

and analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an

understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more

specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the

chemical study of the nervous system (see subdisciplines).

5. Earth Science

Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth

sciences) is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to

the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth

being the only known life-bearing planet. There are

both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The formal

discipline of Earth sciences may include the study of the atmosphere,

hydrosphere, oceans and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically

Earth scientists will use tools

from physics, chemistry,biology, geography, chronology and mathematics to

build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works, and how

it evolved to its current state.

6. Ecology

Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships that living organisms have

with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to

 ecologists include the composition, distribution, amount (biomass), number,

and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems.

7. Oceanograpgy

Oceanology, or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies

the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine

organisms and ecosystem dynamics;ocean currents, waves, and geophysical

fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor;

and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the

ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple

disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world

ocean and understanding of processes within

it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics as well

as geography.

8. Geology

Geology is the science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of

which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can

also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any celestial body

(such as the geology of the Moon or geology of Mars).

Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth, as it provides the

primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and

past climates. In modern times, geology is commercially important

for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation and for

evaluating water resources. It is publicly important for the prediction and

understanding of natural hazards, the remediation

 of environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate

change. Geology plays a role in geotechnical engineering and is a

major academic discipline.

9. Meteorology

Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere.

Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in

meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw

breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several

countries. After the development of the computer in the latter half of the

20th century, breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.

10. Life Science

Life science comprises the branches of science that involve the scientific

study of living organisms, like plants, animals, and human beings. However,

the study of behavior of organisms, such as practiced in ethology and

psychology, is only included in as much as it involves a clearly biological

aspect. While biology remains the centerpiece of life science, technological

advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of

specializations and new, often interdisciplinary, fields.

11. Biology

Biology is the branch of natural science concerned with the study of life and

living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution,

distribution, and taxonomy.[14] Biology is a vast subject containing many

subdivisions, topics, and disciplines.

12. Zoology

Zoology /zoʊˈɒlədʒi/, occasionally spelled zoölogy, is the branch of biology

that relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology,

evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living

and extinct. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zōon, "animal") +

λόγος (logos, "knowledge").

13. Human Biology

Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological

anthropology, nutrition and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely

related to primate biology, and a number of other fields.

14. Botany

Botany, plant science(s), or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves

the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific

disciplines including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development,

diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships among taxonomic

groups. Botany began with early human efforts to identify edible, medicinal and

poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest sciences. Today botanists study

over 550,000 species of living organisms.

 Foreign Scientists and their Contributions

1. Jonas Edward

Salk 

(October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an

American medical researcher and virologist.

He discovered and developed the first

successful inactivated polio vaccine. Born in

New York City to Jewish parents, he

attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do

medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician.

2. Marie Skłodowska

(7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish

and naturalized-

Frenchphysicist and chemist who conducted

pioneering research on radioactivity. She was

the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the

first person (and only woman) to win twice, the

only person to win twice in multiple sciences, and was part of the Curie family

legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a

professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be

entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.

 3. Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac 

(8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an

English theoretical physicist who made fundamental

contributions to the early development of both quantum

mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He was

the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at

the University of Cambridge, a member of the Center

for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, and spent the last decade of his life

at Florida State University.

Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation, which describes the

behavior of fermions and predicted the existence of antimatter. Dirac shared

the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1933 with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of

new productive forms of atomic theory". He also did work that forms the basis of

modern attempts to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics.

4. Robert Heinrich Herman

Koch 

(11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a

celebrated German physician and pioneering

microbiologist. The founder of modern bacteriology,

he is known for his role in identifying the specific

causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera,

and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious

disease. In addition to his trail-blazing studies on these diseases, Koch created

 and improved laboratory technologies and techniques in the field of microbiology,

and made key discoveries in public health. His research led to the creation of

Koch’s postulates, a series of four generalized principles linking specific

microorganisms to specific diseases that remain today the "gold standard" in

medical microbiology. As a result of his groundbreaking research on

tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.

5.Christiaan Huygens
(14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a prominent
Dutch mathematician and scientist. He is known
particularly as an astronomer, physicist, probabilist and 
horologist.
Huygens was a leading scientist of his time. His work
included early telescopic studies of the rings of
Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan, the
invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations
in timekeeping. He published major studies
of mechanics and optics, and a pioneer work on games of chance.

6. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

(
8 February 1834 – 2 February 1907 O.S. 27 January

1834 – 20 January 1907) was a Russian chemist and

inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created

his own version of the periodic table of elements,

and used it to correct the properties of some

already discovered elements and also to predict the

properties of eight elements yet to be discovered.

 7. Murray Gell-Mann 

(Born September 15, 1929) is an

American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize

in physics for his work on the theory of elementary

particles. He is the Robert Andrews MillikanProfessor

of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California

Institute of Technology, a Distinguished Fellow and co-

founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy

Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of

Physics and Medicine at theUniversity of Southern California.

He introduced, independently of George Zweig, the quark - constituents of

allhadrons - having first identified the SU(3) flavor symmetry of hadrons. This

symmetry is now understood to underlie the light quarks, extending isospin to

include strangeness, a quantum number which he also discovered.

8. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel 

(16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a

German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician,

professor, and artist who discovered, described and

named thousands of new species, mapped

a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and

coinedmany terms

in biology,including anthropogeny, ecology,phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the

 kingdom Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in

Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory ("ontogeny

recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological

development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary

development, orphylogeny.

9. James Clerk Maxwell 

 (1 3 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish

mathematical physicist. His most notable

achievement was to formulate the classical theory

of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for

the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as

manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's

equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in

physics"after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.

10. Archimedes of Syracuse

 ( 287 BC –c. 212 BC) was an Ancient

Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor,

and astronomer. Although few details of his life are

known, he is regarded as one of the

leading scientists in classical antiquity.

Generally considered the greatest mathematician of

antiquity and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated

modern calculus and analysisby applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method

of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems,

including the area of acircle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area

under aparabola. Other mathematical achievements include deriving an accurate

approximation of pi, defining and investigating the spiral bearing his name, and

creating a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers. He was

also one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena,

foundinghydrostatics and statics, including an explanation of the principle of

the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, such as his screw

pump,compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse

from invasion.
 Local Scientists and their Contributions

1. Gregorio Y. Zara 

(8 March 1902 – 15 October 1978) was a Filipino engineer

and physicist. He was the inventor of the first two-way

videophone.

2. General Alfredo Manapat Santos

 (July 13, 1905 – February 7, 1990) was Chief of Staff of

the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1962 to 1965,

making him the first four-star general of the Philippines'

armed forces.

Engineer turned soldier, General Alfredo M. Santos is one

of the most notable "Freedom Fighters" of the Philippines with a heroic war

record. His outstanding achievements proved his selfless dedication to the service

of his country and people, thereby bringing distinct honor to the Armed Forces of

the Philippines.

He is well known for his physical and moral courage, and keen sense of fairness,

justice, honesty and integrity. He spearheaded programs for reserved officers and

integrees to gain merits and recognition in their military service.

 3. Dr. Amando F. Kapauan 

(July 4, 1931 – October 12, 1996) was a chemist and

researcher. He graduated magna cum laude

from University of the Philippines, Diliman in 1952, with a

bachelor’s degree in chemistry. He obtained his

doctorate from theUniversity of Southern California in

1959. In the Ateneo de Manila University Department of Chemistry, he worked on

inorganic and physical chemistry, particularly on radioactive bromine. With other

colleagues, he initiated investigations in the 1970s on heavy metals analysis in our

environment. He was among the first to look into the problem of mercury in the

environment, and he designed the appropriate equipment for mercury analysis in

water, fish and soil.

4. Dr. Hilario Lara

has been recognized as the pioneer in Philippine public

health research. He devoted over five decades of his life

to the study and application of of knowledge regarding

the epidemiology, prevention, and control of epidemics

such as cholera, typhoid, fever, dysentery, measles, and

diphtheria in the country.

As acclaimed medical man, Dr. Lara is also the founder of the Institute of Public

Health, University of the Philippines. He also organized the first medical library in

the country and established Community Health Demonstration Centers all over the

country.
 5. Ramon Cabanos Barba 

(born August 31, 1939, San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte) is a

Filipino inventor and horticulturistbest known for

inventing a way to induce more flowers in mango trees

using ethrel and potassium nitrate. Barba was proclaimed

a National Scientist of the Philippines in June 2014.

Dr. Barba was also recognized as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men in

Agriculture in 1974, and was given the Horticultural Technology Award in June

1999.

6. Paulo C. Campos

 (July 7, 1921 – June 2, 2007) was a Filipino physician and

educator noted for his promotion of wider

community health care and his achievements in the field

of nuclear medicine for which he was dubbed as "The

Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines" .[1] The first

president of the National Academy of Science and Technology, he was conferred

the rank and title of National Scientist of the Philippines in 1988.

 7. Angel Alcal

has more than thirty years of experience in tropical marine

resource conservationa. Angel Alcala is considered a world

class authority in ecology and biogeography of amphibians

and reptiles, and is behind the invention of artifical coral

reefs to be used for fisheries in Southeast Asia. Angel

Alcala is the Director of the Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental

Management.

8. Dr. Francisco Fronda

On December 22, 1896, Dr. Francisco Fronda, the so-called

"Father of Poultry Science in the Philippines" for his

contributions in the improvement of methods of production

of local poultry and livestock, was born in Aliaga, Nueva

Ecija.

Fronda finished his degree in Agriculture from the University of the Philippines

Los Baños in 1919, Master of Science in Animal Husbandry from Cornell University

in 1920, and Doctor of Philosophy degree in Poultry Science, also from Cornell

University in 1922.

Hence, he earned the distinction of being one of the first five people in the world

who had a doctorate in poultry science.

 9. Daniel Dingel 

is a

controversial Filipino en

gineer who claims to

have invented a

“hydrogen reactor” - a

device which he claims

to have used to power a water-fuelled car.

10. Dr. Josefino C. Comiso 

Comiso, who obtained his doctorate degree in

physics from the University of California at Los

Angeles, is a physical scientist at the Earth

Sciences Directorate of the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard

Space Flight Center for more than two decades.

Most of his studies dealt with the polar processes and the detection of climate

change in the polar regions.

Comiso has developed techniques for using satellite data to obtain trends in the

parameters of studying sea ice. These data collected from his research have been

useful in the analysis and evaluation of changes in the ice cover in both the Arctic
and Antarctic regions, and provided scientists valuable information about the

extent and scope of global warming during the last two decades.

A
Research Work
In
Physics 2
(NATSCI 2)

Submitted to:

Mrs. Jeanne C. Berja

Instructress

Submitted by:

Nestor C. Octavio Jr. BSIT-III

Student