Surveying 2019b
Surveying 2019b
Surveying 2019b
Surveying
The art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth surface.
From points to lines and distances, to areas, and to volumes
Two Classifications
1. Plane Surveying - Considers the earth surface as flat
2. Geodetic Surveying - Considers the earth’s shape as sphere
Measurement of Distances
1. By Pacing
1.1 Pacing – counting the number of steps
of steps paces
Average Pacing
# of Trials, n
2
Measurement of Distances
2. By Taping 1 tally = 10 pins
1 pin = 1 tape length = 100 links
1 link = 1 foot
3. By Tachymetry- It is a branch of surveying where horizontal distance and vertical distance can
be obtained through stadia line by using theodolite.
. 3.1 Stadia Method
3.2 Subtense Bar Method ( 2-m long )
2
Horizontal Dis tan ce, D
tans
; s subtended angle
k = 0.0000116m/0C
T1 = standard temp of tape
T2 = measured temp of tape
L = original length of tape
3
Corrections Applied for Measurement of Distances
2. Pull Correction, Cp : ( +/ - )
Cp
P2 P1 L1
AE
; E mod ulus of elasticity
P1 s tan dard pull of tape
P2 measured pull of tape
L1 original length of tape
A cross sec tional area of tape
3. Sag Correction, Cs : ( - )
L
2
w L
Cs
24 p2 Lc
; w weight of tape in kg Cs
P measured pull of tape
L un sup ported length of tape Lc corrected length
4
Corrections Applied for Measurement of Distances
4. Slope Correction, Ch : ( - )
h2
Ch ; H S Ch
2S S
; S inclined dis tan ce h
h difference in elevation bet. po int s
H Corrected Dis tan ce
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Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 1:
In five trials of walking along a 90m course on fairly level ground, a pacer for a
survey party counted 51, 52.5, 51.5, 52.5, and 51.5 strides respectively. He
then started walking an unknown distance XY in four trials which were
recorded as follows: 88.5, 89, 88, and 87. Determine the length of the line XY.
Required: Length of XY, L
Given: Trial Length = 90m
Solution: He used the 90m course to get his PF, and use that PF to measure another course.
Length of XY , L PaceFactor * Ave.Pacing of XY
Trial Length
Pace Factor , PF
Average Pacing
Average Pacing
of steps
# of Trials, n
n5 of steps 518
6
Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 1: continuation…
Solution:
Trial Length
Pace Factor , PF
Average Pacing Trial Length = 90m
Average Pacing
of steps
# of Trials, n n5 of steps 518
518
= 103.6
5
90m
Pace Factor , PF 0.8687 m / pace
103.6
Average Pacing of XY
of steps of XY
# of Trials, n
705
= 176.25
4
Length of XY , L PaceFactor * Ave.Pacing of XY
7
Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 2:
Determine the length of the line in meters if there were 3 tallies, 8 pins, and the
last pin was 9m from the end of the line. The tape used was 50m long.
Solution:
Note: 1 tally = 10 pins
1 pin = 1 tape length = 100 links
1 link = 1 foot
Hence:
10 pins 1 tapelength 50m
L 3 tallies
tally pin
tapelength
1 tapelength 50m
8 pins 9m
pin tapelength
L 1,909 m
8
Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 3:
The subtended angles read on a subtense bar using theodolite is 00 54’ 13”.
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to the position of the bar.
Solution:
2 2
D
tans tan 005413
' "
D 126.8 m
9
Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 12:
A 30m tape is of standard length at a temp of 100C and a pull of 50N. The
tape has a cross sectional area of 6.46sq.mm and a modulus of elasticity
Of 200GPa. At the time of measurement of a distance, the length of the 30m
Tape was found to be 0.00058 m too long. How much tensile force was
Applied during the measurement.
Given:
L1 30 m at T 100 C
E 200 GPa P1 50N A 6.46mm2
Solution:
Cp
P2 P1 L1
AE
0.00058
P2 50 30
6.46 200,000
P2 75N
10
Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 19:
A line is measured to be 7800m at elevation 900m above sea level. The
average radius of curvature in the area is 6400km. Compute the sea level
distance.
Required: Sea level distance, B’
Given:
B 7,800m h 900m R 6,400km
Solution:
h
B ' B 1
R
900
B ' 7,800 1
6,400,000
B ' 7,798.903m
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Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 13:
A 30m tape is supported only at its ends and under a steady pull of 8kg. If the
tape weighs 0.91kg, determine the correct distance between the ends of the
tape.
Required: Correct distance, Lc Sag correction is always subtraction
Given:
L 30 m P 8 kg W 0.91kg
Solution: L
Lc L Cs
Lc
w 2L
0.91 30
2 Cs
Cs
24 8
2
24 p2
Cs 0.016 m
subtituting,
Lc L Cs 30 0.016
Lc 29.9838 m
12
Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 14:
A 50m steel tape weighing 0.035kg/m is constantly supported at mid-length
and at its end points and is used to measure a line AB with a steady pull of
6.5kg. If the measured length of AB is 1,268.256m, determine the correct
length of line AB.
w12L1 w 22L2
Cs1 Cs 2
24 p 2 24 p 2
w1; L1 w 2 ; L2
13
Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 14: continuation…
Solution:
w1 0.875kg; L1 25m w 2 0.875kg; L2 25m
Lc Lm Ct Cs Lm
where; Ct ; Cs Cs1 Cs 2
Lt
w12L1
0.875 25
2
w 22L2 0.875 25
2
Cs1 Cs 2
24 6.5 24 6.5
2 2
24 p 2 24 p 2
Cs1 0.0189 m Cs 2 0.0189 m
subtituting,
Cs Cs1 Cs 2 0.0189 0.0189 0.0378m
Cs Lm 0.0378 1,268.256
Ct 0.959
Lt 50
Lc Lm Ct 1,268.256 0.959
Lc 1,267.297m
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Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 10:
A steel tape with a coefficient of linear expansion of 0.0000116/0C is known to
be 50m long at 200C. The tape was used to measure a line which was found
to be 532.28m long when the temperature was 350C. Determine the correct
length of the line.
Required: Correct Length, Lc
Given:
Lm 532.28m Lt 50m k 0.0000116 / 0 C T1 200 C T2 350 C
Solution:
Lc Lm CT ,sin ce use to measure where CT total correction
Ct Lm
CT where Ct temperature correction
Lt
Ct Lm 8.7mm 532.28m
CT 0.0926m
Lt 50m
Lc Lm CT 532.28 0.0926
Lc 532.3726m
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Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 4:
The length of the line AB measured with a 50m tape is 465.285m. When the
tape is compared with a standardized Invar tape, it is found to be 0.016m too
long in almost the same conditions of support, tension and temperature that
existed during measurement of the line. Determine the correct length AB.
Required: Correct Length AB, Lc
Given:
Lm 465.285m Lt 50m Cr 0.016m, too long, correction per tape
Solution:
Lc Lm CT ,sin ce use to measure where CT total correction
Cr Lm
CT where Cr 0.016m, too long
Lt
0.016m 465.285m
CT 0.149m
50m
Lc Lm CT 465.285 0.149
Lc 465.434m
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Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 5:
A rectangular lot was measured using a 50m steel tape which was found to be
0.025m too short. If the recorded length of the lot is 180.455m, determine the
correct length of the line.
Required: Correct Length of the line, Lc
Given:
Lm 180.455m Lt 50m Cr 0.025m, too short, correction per tape
Solution:
Lc Lm CT ,sin ce use to measure where CT total correction
Cr Lm
CT where Cr 0.025m, too short
Lt
0.025m 180.455m
sin ce too short , CT 0.09m
50m
Lc Lm CT 180.455 0.09
Lc 180.365m
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Measurement of Distances and Errors
Problem 7:
The sides of a square lot having an area of 10.6 hectares were measured
using a 100m tape that was 0.03m too short, compute the error in the area in
sq.m.
Required: Error in the Area, Ae
Given:
Am 10.6ha., measured area Lt 100m Cr 0.03m, too short, correction per tape
Solution:
Ae Am AC , where AC corrected Area
Am Lm x Lm , where Lm 10.6 10,000 325.5764m
AC LC x LC , where LC Lm CT
Cr Lm
CT where Cr 0.03m, too short
Lt
0.03m 325.5764m
sin ce too short , CT 0.0977m
100m
Lc Lm CT 325.5764 0.0977 325.4787m
Ac LC xLC 325.4787 x 325.4787 105,936.3842 m 2
Solution:
sin ce too long : subtract correction when laying out
Lc LL CT , where CT total correction
420.65 420.604 CT CT 0.046m
Cr LL
CT where Cr X
Lt
X 420.604m
0.046
100m
X 0.0109m, per tape length , subtract when laying out
if tape is too long
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Leveling
Problem 16:
In the two peg test method of a dumpy level the following observations were
taken.
1. What is the difference in elevation between A and B
2. If the line of sight is not in adjustment, determine the correct rod reading on
A with the instrument still set up at B
3. Determine the error in the line of sight.
Required:
1. Difference in Elevation, X
2. Road reading on A
3. Error in line of sight, e
Solution:
e
e
0.938
1.505
A 2.054
A 1.449
x x
B B
Instrument near rod B Instrument near rod A
20
Leveling
Problem 16: continuation…
Solution:
e
e
0.938
1.505
2.054
A A 1.449
x x
B B
Instrument set near A : Instrument set near B :
1.505 X 2.054 e 0.938 X e 1.449
e 0.019m
21
Leveling
Problem 17:
From the given data of a differential leveling as shown in the tabulation
1. Find the difference in elevation of station 7 and station 5
2. Find the difference in elevation of station 7 and station 4
3. Find the elevation of station 3
Required:
1. Difference in Elevation of
sta 7 and sta 5
2. Difference in Elevation of
sta 7 and sta 4
3. Elevation of sta 3
Solution:
NOTE :
1. H.Ii Elev i BSi
2. Elev n H.In 1 FSn , example Elev 3 H.I2 FS3
3. FS BS Elev n Elev1
22
Leveling
Problem 17:
Solution: NOTE :
1. H.Ii Elev i BSi
2. Elev n H.In 1 FSn
3. FS BS Elev n Elev1
392.61 396.09
389.01 396.26
390.69 400.88
396.43 405.72
400.78
Problem 30:
A trigonometric leveling conducted by a Surveying Company, the two
points A and B of a certain rough terrain are each distance 2,000m from a
third point C, from which the measured vertical angles to A is +30 30’ and
to B is + 10 30’. Elevation at C is known to be 342.60m above sea level.
Compute the difference in elevation between A and B considering the
effect of the earth’s curvature and refraction.
Answer: 69.96m
Problem 31:
Two hills A and C have elevations of 600m and 800m respectively. In
between A and C is another hill B which has an elevation of 705m and is
located 10km from C. Determine the clearance or obstruction of the line
of sight at hill B if the observer is at A so that C will be visible from A.
Answer: 3.95m
25
Compass Surveying
Problem 35:
A field is in the form of a regular pentagon. The direction of the bounding
sides were surveyed with an assumed meridian 5” to the right of the true
north and south meridian. As surveyed with an assumed meridian, the
bearing of one side AB in N 330 20’ W. Compute the true bearing of line BC
Answer: N 430 40’ E
Problem 36:
The side AB of an equilateral field ABC with an area of 692.80sq.m. has
a magnetic bearing of N 480 45’ E in 1930 when the magnetic declination
was 00 52’ E. Assume B and C is on the north east side. Find the length
of AD with point D on the line BC and making the area of the triangle
ABD one third of the whole area.
Answer: 36.3m
26
Triangulation
Problem 39:
The triangulation stations A, B, C and D has the following observation
angles, find the angle CBD.
Answer: 800
Angle Values
ACB 50 0
BAD 20 0
BCD 30 0
ABC 50 0
CAD 60 0
27
Stadia Surveying
Problem 40:
A stadia interval factor has a value of 99.8 and the stadia constant is
equal to 0.30. If the stadia intercept on the stadia rod was 1.07m, what is
the horizontal distance.
Answer: 107.086m
Problem 41:
1. A transit with a stadia constant equal to 0.30 is used to determine the
horizontal distance between points B and C, with a stadia intercept
reading of 1.85m. The distance BC is equal to 182.87m. Compute the
stadia interval factor of the instrument.
Answer: 98.69
2. Using the same instrument, it was used to determine the difference in
elevation between B and D having a stadia intercept reading of 2.42m at
D at a vertical angle of 60 30’. Compute the difference in elevation, and
the horizontal distance between B and D.
Answer: 26.90m; 236.07m
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