Cambridge O Level: Agriculture 5038/12 October/November 2020

Cambridge O Level
AGRICULTURE 5038/12
Paper 1 Theory October/November 2020
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 100
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2020 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.
This document consists of 30 printed pages.
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over

5038/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level
descriptors.
© UCLES 2020 Page 2 of 30

PUBLISHED
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may
be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or
grade descriptors in mind.
Science-Specific Marking Principles
1 Examiners should consider the context and scientific use of any keywords when awarding marks. Although keywords may be present, marks
should not be awarded if the keywords are used incorrectly.
2 The examiner should not choose between contradictory statements given in the same question part, and credit should not be awarded for any
correct statement that is contradicted within the same question part. Wrong science that is irrelevant to the question should be ignored.
3 Although spellings do not have to be correct, spellings of syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus
terms with which they may be confused (e.g. ethane / ethene, glucagon / glycogen, refraction / reflection).
4 The error carried forward (ecf) principle should be applied, where appropriate. If an incorrect answer is subsequently used in a scientifically
correct way, the candidate should be awarded these subsequent marking points. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where
necessary and any exceptions to this general principle will be noted.
5 ‘List rule’ guidance
For questions that require n responses (e.g. State two reasons …):
• The response should be read as continuous prose, even when numbered answer spaces are provided.
• Any response marked ignore in the mark scheme should not count towards n.
• Incorrect responses should not be awarded credit but will still count towards n.
• Read the entire response to check for any responses that contradict those that would otherwise be credited. Credit should not be
awarded for any responses that are contradicted within the rest of the response. Where two responses contradict one another, this should
be treated as a single incorrect response.
• Non-contradictory responses after the first n responses may be ignored even if they include incorrect science.

PUBLISHED
6 Calculation specific guidance
Correct answers to calculations should be given full credit even if there is no working or incorrect working, unless the question states ‘show
your working’.
For questions in which the number of significant figures required is not stated, credit should be awarded for correct answers when rounded by
the examiner to the number of significant figures given in the mark scheme. This may not apply to measured values.
For answers given in standard form (e.g. a × 10n) in which the convention of restricting the value of the coefficient (a) to a value between 1
and 10 is not followed, credit may still be awarded if the answer can be converted to the answer given in the mark scheme.
Unless a separate mark is given for a unit, a missing or incorrect unit will normally mean that the final calculation mark is not awarded.
Exceptions to this general principle will be noted in the mark scheme.
7 Guidance for chemical equations
Multiples / fractions of coefficients used in chemical equations are acceptable unless stated otherwise in the mark scheme.
State symbols given in an equation should be ignored unless asked for in the question or stated otherwise in the mark scheme.

PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a)(i) the area of land available has reduced; 1
1(a)(ii) Up to two marks for benefits and up to two marks for potential problems, for example: 4
benefits:
increased market demand;
more product sold locally;
reduced transport costs;
more labour available locally;
increased local amenities;
additional profit from sale of land / increased land prices / farm value;
easier management of animals and crops / animals within smaller area;
potential problems:
need to produce more intensively to maintain farm income;
increased production costs;
increased pollution;
more potential for overgrazing;
more waste disposal issues;
additional regulations / laws;
need to relocate facilities, e.g. abattoir;
increased future farmland purchase price increases;
increased risk of theft / trespass;

PUBLISHED
1(b) One mark for each appropriate suggestion, for example: 3
provide recreation / recreation example, e.g. petting zoo;

develop aquaculture;
grow (water hungry) crops on marsh land / drain marsh land;
clear woodland / sell timber / grow crops on woodland;
become an organic producer;
use mixed farming;
improve grassland / grass / invest more in grass;
diversify product range / access higher profit product;
use better / higher production / more valuable varieties of goat;
buy (more) land;
improve marketing / market more directly to consumer;

PUBLISHED
2(a)(i) movement of water down through the soil / removal of (excess) water from an area; 1
2(a)(ii) ditches / pipes / tiles / piping system / channels / gullies / reservoirs / ponds / sub-soiling / add sand / add sandy soils / add 1

gravel / mole draining;
2(b) Explanation required for second mark, for example: 2
less oxygen;
root cannot respire aerobically;
more anaerobic respiration;
low aeration in root zone;

carbon dioxide accumulates;
acidity levels rise;
root tissues decompose / rot / grow slowly / are shallow / die;

plants wilt / poor growth / falls over / susceptible to fungus / disease;
plants fail to absorb nutrients;
2(c)(i) dig channels / lay pipes from water source; 3

filter / net at pipe entry;
description of appropriate plumbing system / joining;
pumps;
tank / reservoir / lake;
description of irrigation rig / watering can, etc.;
2(c)(ii) Explanation required for second mark. 2
water drains much more quickly through sandy soil than clay soil;
because of bigger gaps between particles in sandy soil than clay soil;
so soil will dry out faster so more irrigation needed;
water-holding capacity of sandy soil is lower than that of clay soil;

because there are bigger particles in sandy soil than in clay soil;
so soil will dry out faster so more irrigation needed;

PUBLISHED
3(a) passage / movement / loss of water from plants; 2

through xylem / vascular tissue / capillary action;
through stomata / from leaves;
by diffusion / by evaporation;
3(b) high humidity – decreases rate; 4

high wind speed – increases rate;
low light intensity – decreases rate;
low temperature – decreases rate;

PUBLISHED
4(a) large area of land; 2

with low stocking rate / low density of livestock;
unimproved / natural pasture;
without irrigation / fertiliser / pest control / etc. / high inputs;
4(b) improve drainage; 2

irrigate;
correct pH levels;
correct nutrient levels / add fertiliser;
sow with legumes;
control pests;
grow more productive types of grass / eq.;
rotational grazing using paddocks / eq.;
management to avoid overgrazing, e.g. strip grazing;
use zero grazing / housing / do not let animals graze outdoors;
use of concentrates / supplementary feeding;
animals individually tethered;

PUBLISHED
4(c) One mark for each problem. Explanation of problem required for second mark. Two marks max. per problem. For 4
example:
overgrazing;
pasture destruction / damage / exhaustion / no grass;
disease;
easier to spread illness between animals / animals in contact more;
degrades pasture quality;

preferred plants die out / poor diet / weeds grow;
animals may receive poor diet;

lower growth rates / longer time to finish animals;
animals are crowded;

animal stress / animals fight / hurt each other / animals fight for food;
increased animal movements / trampling;

soil compaction / erosion / poaching;
land can be left bare;
all / most grass removed;

with no plant roots to hold soil in place;
loss of nutrients from pasture / loss of soil fertility / soil erosion;
overirrigation possible;
leaching / water run-off removes nutrients / soil acidification;
soil fertility is reduced;
soil acidification;
leaching / ion exchange / increased hydrogen ion concentration;
increased pest / parasite burden;

soil more likely to contain parasites / more parasites;
high cost of feed / supplements;

increased costs of production / reduced profits;

PUBLISHED
cost of buying fertiliser;

increased costs of production / reduced profits;

PUBLISHED
5(a)(i) 25 kg; 1
Correct unit required.
5(a)(ii) any answer in range 117.5 to 122.5 kg per hectare; 1
5(a)(iii) 0.2 (arbitrary units); 1
5(b) the yield increase stops before / at approximately 250 kg of nitrogen fertiliser per hectare for variety B (so any more 2
added is wasted or causes pollution / wastes money);
yield from variety A continues to increase when more / above approximately 250 kg of nitrogen fertiliser per hectare is
added (so it could be cost effective to add more);
5(c) soil acidity; 3

leaching;
run-off;
pollution of water courses / eutrophication;
overgrowth of crop / too lush / soft;
more incidence of pests / disease;
may cause bolting / lower yield of useful crop / product quality;
weed growth increases;
could lead to lodging;
(long-term) decline in soil structure / reduced microbial activity / decline in humus;
cost of inputs too high to be profitable / not cost effective;
may cause a fall in yield at very high levels / reverse osmosis;
may cause problems with plants accessing other nutrients;

PUBLISHED
6(a)(i) Accept suitable signs, including animal specific examples, for example: 3
hair loss;
faeces contains blood / worms / faeces sticks to skin / fur / feathers;
runny faeces / diarrhoea;
abnormal urine, e.g. blood / dark in colour;
dull coat;
watery / dull / sunken eyes;
patches / wounds on skin / ruffled feathers;
rib cage stands out;
poor stance / head down / tail between legs;
cough / sneeze / nasal discharge;
panting / breathing fast;
dry nose (in cattle);
cold ears;
drooping ears (if not breed characteristic);
abnormal temperature;
raised pulse rate;
lethargy;
no appetite / will not eat;
isolating itself;
erratic behaviour / aggression;
weight loss despite eating;

PUBLISHED
6(a)(ii) One mark for describing a way that disease can spread. One mark for each appropriate method to reduce this spread. 3
Max. two marks for methods.
disease spread:
spread by direct contact / during mating / during sex / in faeces / in urine / by licking / by rubbing / by
blood / tissue / sperm / eggs / saliva / by using the same equipment between animals, e.g. insemination
equipment / spread by indirect contact, e.g. air / droplets / sneezing / water / feed;
spread reduction:
regular cleaning of walls / floors;
use of disinfectants;
clean bedding;
foot bath / dip;
good drainage;
provide / plan for effective ventilation;
maintain clean water / food / replace supplies;
regular vaccination;
isolation / quarantine / cull sick animals;
movement restrictions for animals / fencing / barrier to other farms;
identify and treat sick animals;
regular health checks on animals;
dispose of dead animals hygienically;
handler cleanliness / protective clothing / change clothes;

PUBLISHED
6(b) One mark for each problem. One mark for a linked appropriate explanation, for example. 4
death;
there may be toxic / organ damage effects;
lower output / quality of output / damaged product;

reduced sales / profits;
unsaleable product;
sucking blood;
has less energy / anaemic;
low growth rate / loss in mass;

takes longer to finish animals / production cycle extended;
take host’s nutrients;

slower growth / higher food costs;
output may be condemned / prohibited from sale / laws against selling;

income and profit reduced;
animals less healthy / do not thrive;

increased vet / medicine costs;
to treat parasite;
risk of transfer to humans / farm workers / other animals;

health risks / issues / medical costs;
pasture / housing contamination;
may be costly to deep clean / relocate / build new facilities / draining area, etc.;

PUBLISHED
7(a) One mark for each item correctly labelled on the correct diagram. 4
penis;
uterus;
testicle;
ovary;
7(b) One mark for each characteristic, for example, 2
yield / quantity of production;
production quality / product quality;
disease resistance;
hardiness;
appearance;
size;
growth rate;
fertility;
conformation / breed standard;
strength of draught animals;
a good mother for female animals;
docile / well-tempered animal;
healthy animal / avoid runt of litter, etc.;
7(c) less likely that an animal is physically hurt (during mating); 2

less likelihood of disease spread / avoids contact between animals / no transporting of animals for mating;
animals are calmer / the stress of arousal is avoided;
can choose non-genetically defective semen / screen semen / straws / hereditary diseases are not passed on;
can selectively breed for disease resistance;

PUBLISHED
8(a)(i) A; 1
8(a)(ii) D; 1
8(a)(iii) B; 1
8(b) the small intestine: 2

digestion / nutrient absorption, e.g. protein and fat / receives output of stomach / contains bile to increase pH / receives
the secretions of the pancreas / liver / gall bladder / emulsification / enzyme action;
the large intestine:

water absorption / bacterial action / transport of waste to rectum;
8(c) Explanation needed for second mark, for example: 2
can chew cud / regurgitate;

allows greater extraction of nutrients;
can digest grass / can digest cellulose / fibre;

can eat other types of material / takes in more energy;
reduced need to buy supplementary feed;
microbes can make protein / amino acids;

these do not need to be added to the diet;
microbes can synthesise vitamins;

these do not need to be added to the diet;
absorption also takes place in the rumen;

less energy lost as digestion process more efficient;

PUBLISHED
9(a) an alternative version of a gene; 1
9(b)(i) gametes: 2
D D x d d;
offspring genotypes:
Dd Dd Dd Dd;
9(b)(ii) all offspring contain the allele D; 2
the allele D is dominant / allele D is always expressed;
9(c) global warming / increasing temperatures / lack of rainfall / extremes of climate / shortage of land available / viable for 1

agriculture / need to grow crops in new areas / less available water, e.g. due to damming / cost of irrigation;

PUBLISHED
10(a) One mark for what is meant by the term: 2

(a fertiliser containing) more than one (major) nutrient;
One mark for a suitable example:

NPK / compost / manure / numbered ratio of 2 or more nutrients, e.g. 6:24:6;
10(b) Both areas must be covered for full marks. 7
air contains nitrogen;

N cycle is the movement of N through environment;
nitrogen fixation;
by bacteria / Rhizobium;
root nodules / legumes can fix N for plants;
plants / organic material / dung / urine decays releasing N into soil / nitrogen is incorporated into soil;
action of lightning;
produces ammonium compounds / ammonification;
action of nitrifying bacteria / nitrification;
production of nitrites / nitrates;
nitrate can be absorbed by plants;
used for protein production / for growth;
some animals consume plant material containing N;
action of denitrifying bacteria / denitrification;
importance to soil fertility:

nitrogen in the air cannot be directly absorbed by plants;
usable N needed for soil fertility / N cycle makes N available to plants;
N cycle avoids nutrient depletion;
farmers can manipulate the N cycle to increase the N available to plants, e.g. N-rich fertiliser, planting legumes;

PUBLISHED
10(c) increases soil fertility; 6

adds nutrients;
increased humus / organic matter;
enhanced loam / crumb structure;
improved soil aeration;
improved drainage / aids water movement in soil;
prevents soil drying out / improved water-holding capacity;
increased (aerobic) respiration;
reduces leaching;
reduces soil erosion / soil more robust / harder to remove;
increased soil microbes / soil organisms / greater biodiversity;

PUBLISHED
11(a) introduce a predator; 3

example of a predator and prey relationship;
preys on / kills pest;
monitor pest numbers for the threshold for introduction;
reduction in pest numbers;
reintroduce if necessary;
sterile male;
example of how produced, e.g. irradiation;
released into area;
mates with female;
prevents viable offspring;
Accept other methods with description, e.g. disease / parasite use;

PUBLISHED
11(b) Up to three marks for a developed description of a method, for example: 6
crop rotation;
to break life cycle of pest;
future crops not infected;
early planting;
to establish plants before pest numbers are high;
therefore total loss of crop is reduced;
collect by hand / pick off;

prevents pests from eating crop;
pests do not reproduce as much;
use nets to protect / fences / barriers;

prevent pests landing on crop / reaching crop;
scaring device;
prevents pest settling in area;
good field hygiene;

reduce breeding sites;
remove trash / field waste;
burning of crop residues;
companion planting;
other plants used to deter pest from a crop;
or to act as a sacrificial host;
planting a crop which is toxic to the pest;

kills pest;
reducing loss;
use naturally pest-resistant varieties;

pest not attracted;
less damage;
sticky traps to catch pest;

PUBLISHED
reduces pest numbers / ability to reproduce / causes death;
pheromone traps;
attract pest;
allows easier removal / dies in trap;
11(c) Both areas must be covered for full marks. Explanation required for each mark, for example: 6
storage:
store safely / away from food / in a well-ventilated room to avoid contamination of food supplies;
keep in locked area / cupboard to avoid access to toxic chemicals;
store in a dry and cool room / not near flammable material / with a fire-resistant door to minimise fire risk;
warning signage to inform people of danger / to keep children out;
store high up so out of reach of children;
well labelled products / good lighting means easy to identify / no mixing by mistake, etc.
good records / kept up to date / rotate stock / legal compliance to avoid spoilage / dangerous use / fumes, etc.;
leakage retention / bunding to avoid water contamination / release of chemicals;
store powders above liquids to avoid leaking liquids affecting powders stored below / avoid chemical reactions;
use:
do not spray on windy day to avoid chemical drift;
do not spray near water / drains / do not wash out sprayer in stream to avoid pollution of water / polluting drinking water;
do not spray on rainy day to avoid run-off;
do not spray near animals as spray could be toxic to animals / kill animals;
use suitable dilution of spray / follow instructions / mix correctly / use of mixing chamber avoids contamination / provides
containment / obtain correct affect / avoid other effects;
training / comply with product instructions to avoid toxicity to humans / reduce accidents / promotes correct use;
safe disposal of containers / gloves / mask / clothes / respirator, etc. to avoid contamination of environment / people;
no eating / drinking / smoking when using to avoid ingesting toxic chemical / adverse reactions, e.g. nausea;
maintain equipment / wash after using to ensure correct operation / prevent mixing;
wear protective clothing / gloves / mask / suit / boots / respirator to prevent skin / face contact / avoid inhalation;

PUBLISHED
12(a) fruits / seeds eaten by birds / animals; 4

egested / pass through digestive system;
(hooks) catch on something and carried away;
blown by wind;
carried by water;
by rhizome / weed root;
by runners;
seeds / etc. are sharp / bury in ground / animal / coat / fur;
in (contaminated) harvested crop;
lack of field hygiene / on machinery / workers;
field residues / from crop to crop in seedbed;
seeds / rhizomes contained in manure / organic fertiliser;
12(b) Allow up to two marks for developed methods: 6
harrow / hoe / machine / cut;
dig up / pull up / remove rhizome from soil;
ridge / plough in;
result, e.g. roots exposed / weed cut or removed / burning or composting;
use rotation;
to break life cycle;
intercropping;
under sowing;
fast-growing varieties to outgrow weeds;
removing crop residues;
timely planting;
mulching / covering soil;
burning residues;
use of insect / animal to eat weed prior to sowing;

PUBLISHED
12(c) One mark for each explanation, for example: 5
weeds compete for water may prevent germination / seedling plants from growing / cause wilting / stunted growth, etc.;
weeds compete for nutrients so low yields / growth rate can be reduced;
weeds compete for light reducing light getting to crop / lower photosynthesis;
weeds compete for space so can strangle / smother plants / reduce growth;
weeds may act as a host for crop disease / pests so crop growth rate reduced / crop dies / eaten by pest;
weeds can be toxic so crop plants may die / harvested crop may be toxic to humans or animal;
weeds may be resistant to herbicides so cannot be removed easily;
weeds may over grow irrigation system so crop does not get get enough water;
weed seeds mix with harvested crop so harvested crop may be rejected by buyer / be contaminated / be unsafe for
consumption / lower selling cost;
crops contain weed plants at harvest time so may clog up harvesting machinery;

PUBLISHED
13(a) mixed size of soil particles; 4

mixture of sand, silt and clay;
light / easy to work;
large air spaces / well aerated;
good drainage;
retains enough water for growth;
retains nutrients;
high organic matter;
13(b) sampling method, e.g. random / W-shape / cover all areas of field; 5

use of GPS;
tool used, e.g. auger;
depth (not at immediate surface);
mixing detail;
repeats;
detail of repeats, e.g. depth and location;
remove contaminants;
mix with water;
add barium sulfate / flocculating agent;
add an appropriate indicator / using pH meter;
shake and leave;
calibrate pH probe;
place probe in water;
compare with colour chart / read off scale;
colour / probe-reading detail;

PUBLISHED
13(c) Award one mark for each explanation: 6
affects water availability, high temperatures cause increased evaporation / transpiration;

low temperatures reduce availability of liquid water / frozen water cannot be absorbed;
affects rate of photosynthesis through effect on enzyme-catalysed reactions;
temperature affects soil microbes impacting nutrient availability and soil structure;
slower uptake of nutrients by roots;
freezing causes ice crystals which damage cells;
seedlings more vulnerable to extremes of temperature;
freezing prevents transport of materials throughout plant;
plants can wilt due to water stress;

PUBLISHED
14(a)(i) Maximum of three marks for each implement. 4
mouldboard plough:
turn the upper layer of soil;
increases aeration of soil;
helps soil to drain / dries out soil;
brings fresh nutrients to the surface;
bury weeds / remains of previous crops;
encourage residues to break down;
creates long trenches;
deeper tillage;
cultivator:
breaks up lumps / creates fine tilth;
controls young weeds;
mix soil;
aerates soil;
medium depth tillage;
harrow:
breaks up large soil lumps;
smooths the surface of the soil / makes fine soil tilth;
may compress / firm seed bed;
shallower / surface tillage;
Allow relevant physical descriptions of use of the tools.

PUBLISHED
14(a)(ii) Up to two marks for relevant tool names. Up to four marks for relevant maintenance, for example: 6
hoe;
mattock;
axe / machete;
seeder;
fertiliser spreader;
spade;
fork;
rake;
watering can;
sprayer;
relevant maintenance described, for example:

clean;
sharpen;
grease / oil;
remove soil;
wash;
dry;
oil / grease / lubricate;
check for damage;
tighten nuts / bolts;
repair (if broken);

PUBLISHED
14(b) Maximum of three marks for advantages or disadvantages alone. 5
advantages:
may be more powerful so tasks can be tasks completed faster;
greater versatility allows cultivation of slopes / uneven ground etc;
may have attachments for a wider variety of implements allowing various tasks to be completed;
machinery is more reliable as does not get ill / sick etc. unlike animals;
mechanisation means more work can be done by fewer people so labour costs could be reduced;
machinery can operate for longer periods of time / does not get tired;
disadvantages:
machinery is heavy so may cause more damage to soil structure / drains;
machinery needs more maintenance, so may be expensive to maintain;
cost of keeping an animal may be offset, as it may do other jobs / may be able to produce milk / produces manure;
cost of fuel may be high so is expensive to run;
fuel and other oil can pollute the environment, so need to be disposed of carefully / in the correct way / in specified
containers;
specific skills / training / licences may be needed, so employee costs may increase;
machinery causes air pollution;
machinery may be more prone to breakdown;

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Cambridge O Level

This document consists of 30 printed pages.

© UCLES 2020 [Turn over

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

© UCLES 2020 Page 2 of 30

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Science-Specific Marking Principles

5 ‘List rule’ guidance

© UCLES 2020 Page 3 of 30

7 Guidance for chemical equations

© UCLES 2020 Page 4 of 30

1(a)(i) the area of land available has reduced; 1

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1(b) One mark for each appropriate suggestion, for example: 3

provide recreation / recreation example, e.g. petting zoo;

© UCLES 2020 Page 6 of 30

2(a)(ii) ditches / pipes / tiles / piping system / channels / gullies / reservoirs / ponds / sub-soiling / add sand / add sandy soils / add 1

2(b) Explanation required for second mark, for example: 2

low aeration in root zone;

root tissues decompose / rot / grow slowly / are shallow / die;

2(c)(i) dig channels / lay pipes from water source; 3

2(c)(ii) Explanation required for second mark. 2

water-holding capacity of sandy soil is lower than that of clay soil;

© UCLES 2020 Page 7 of 30

3(a) passage / movement / loss of water from plants; 2

3(b) high humidity – decreases rate; 4

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4(a) large area of land; 2

4(b) improve drainage; 2

© UCLES 2020 Page 9 of 30

degrades pasture quality;

animals may receive poor diet;

animals are crowded;

increased animal movements / trampling;

all / most grass removed;

increased pest / parasite burden;

high cost of feed / supplements;

© UCLES 2020 Page 10 of 30

cost of buying fertiliser;

© UCLES 2020 Page 11 of 30

Correct unit required.

5(a)(ii) any answer in range 117.5 to 122.5 kg per hectare; 1

5(a)(iii) 0.2 (arbitrary units); 1

5(c) soil acidity; 3

© UCLES 2020 Page 12 of 30

© UCLES 2020 Page 13 of 30

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lower output / quality of output / damaged product;

low growth rate / loss in mass;

take host’s nutrients;

output may be condemned / prohibited from sale / laws against selling;

animals less healthy / do not thrive;

risk of transfer to humans / farm workers / other animals;

© UCLES 2020 Page 15 of 30