According to the Section 3.

1 of CoP FSI (2012), the building is intended to be used for business

and is more than 30m above the point of staircase discharge at ground floor level. Hence, it is
assumed that the building premise is classified as commercial building – high rise. As per Section
4.15 of CoP FSI (2012), FH/HR system and sprinkler system shall be provided.

1. System Description of FH/HR and Automatic Sprinkler

1.1 FH/HR System
1.1.1 Legislative Requirements
Refer to the following sections of CoP FSI (2012)
 Section 5.14 Fire hydrant / hose reel system
 Section 5.25 Street fire hydrant system
 Section 5.26 Supply Tank
 Section 5.30 Water Supply

1.1.2 Design Criteria

Fire Hydrant System
 Water pressure at the outlet of fire hydrant shall be maintained at 350kPa to 850kPa.
 Water flow of 450L/min shall be provided at each outlet.
 Fixed fire pump set (100% standby) of 900L/min (2 x 450L/min) shall be provided for
building types other than industrial building.
 Since the height between the topmost hydrant outlet and lowest fire service inlet is
greater than 60m, intermediate booster pump set shall be provided. 2 rising mains are
assumed and hence the pump shall be capable of providing water flow of 1800L/min.
Hose Reel System
 Every location in a floor is within the reach of the hose.
 Each hose shall have a maximum length of 30m.
 A minimum of 6m length water jet shall be provided from the hose reel nozzle.
Assume there are 2 staircases in the building. 2 fire hydrant outlets shall be provided for
each floor and each one is located near one of the escape staircases. Since the gross floor
area is over 920m2, the FS tank of 36,000L shall be provided.

1.1.3 Locations of Major Tanks and Pumps

FS tank is assumed to be located at R/F and fixed fire pump is located next to the FS tank
at R/F. Locating the tank and pumps at R/F can make use of gravity in feeding water to fire
hydrants and hose reels at lower levels. Static head gain from gravity can reduce the
pressure head of fixed fire pump and hence, power consumption can be reduced. In
addition, since the FS tank is of 36m3, locating the FS tank and fixed fire pump at roof will
not affect the usable area for accommodations like office, car park…etc. in other floors.
However, an upfeed transfer pump with a sump tank shall be provided at G/F (assuming fire
service inlets are at G/F) to deliver water from the government main to the FS tank at R/F.
 It is noted that intermediate booster pump set shall not be placed more than 60m above the
lowest fire service inlet. Assuming the fire service inlet is at G/F and the pump is not allowed
to be installed in the typical office floors, it is anticipated to install the intermediate booster
pump set at G/F. The advantage is to make use of the 5.5m floor to floor height of G/F
(which is more than other office and car park floors), 200mm thick floor slab and 600mm
beams. This gives: 4000 – 600 = 3400mm usable room for pipe works and accommodation.
It is anticipated to be more spacious for pipe works than locating the pump set at car park
floors which have smaller floor to floor height and deeper beams.

1.2 Automatic Sprinkler System

1.2.1 Legislative Requirements
Refer to Section 5.24 of CoP FSI (2012), it states that “such systems shall be designed and
installed in accordance with the Loss Prevention Council Rules (LPC rules) incorporating
BS EN 12845.

1.2.2 Hazard Class

 The building is an office building with a car park and conference center. According to
LPC Rules, the hazard class should be LH for office and OH-2 for carpark (Annex A
Table A1 of LPC rules). The hazard class for conference area is OH4 as per the
instruction (G/F – 2/F).
 As area of the office is > 126m2, the hazard class should be increased to OH-1.
(Clause 6.2.1 of LPC Rules)
 Since the building height is 108.50m (from G/F to R/F), the highest and lowest sprinkler
> 45m, thus the system should be considered as a high-rise sprinkler system. In this
case, the system should be classified as OH-3. (Annex E of LPC Rules)
 Further to Circular Letter 03/2012, the hazard class should follow Clause 6.2.1 of the
LPC Rules, thus OH-3 classification is not necessary. The hazard of the building
remains OH-1 for office floors, OH-2 for car park and OH-4 for conference halls.

1.2.3 Separation of Installations

 Each single installation can only cover 45m, thus 108.5m / 45m = 2.4 (say minimum 3
installations)
 Installation No. 1 covers G/F to 2/F (OH-4), highest to lowest sprinkler = 13.5m
 Installation No. 2 covers G/F to 3/F (OH-2), highest to lowest sprinkler = 17.5m
 Installation No. 3 covers G/F to 8/F (OH-1), highest to lowest sprinkler = 35m
 Installation No. 4 covers 9/F to 19/F (OH-1), highest to lowest sprinkler = 38.5m
 Installation No. 5 covers 20/F to R/F (OH-1), highest to lowest sprinkler = 35m
 Each installation shall be a zoned installation, i.e. installed with zone subsidiary stop
valves and flow switches. Each zone shall be less than 500 sprinklers; but if considered
 as “Life Safety Systems”, each zone shall be less than 200 sprinklers.
 The maximum coverage per sprinklers for OH-1, OH-2 and OH-4 = 12m2
 For office floors from 4/F to 28/F (i.e. OH-1 floor), estimated no. of sprinkler heads
required for a single layer = 1200m 2 / 12m2 = 100
 Since there is a ceiling, pendant and upright sprinklers shall be provided. Hence, total
no. of sprinklers required = 100x2 = 200 < 500.
 Therefore, one zone per office floor will be considered from 4/F – 28/F.
 G/F to 3/F consists of various areas with different OH hazard.
 For G/F, assuming 500m2 of office lobby, carpark entrance 500m2 1000m2 of
conference halls, the condition of no false ceiling for carpark area and false ceiling in
conference hall and meeting rooms. Hence, there is only one layer of sprinkler heads is
needed in carpark area. A summary of estimated number of sprinklers are listed in the
following table
Zone Installation Number
Floor 1 2 3 4 5
G/F Carpark 42 Conference 167 Office 42
entrance hall lobby
1/F Carpark 42 Conference 167 Meeting 84
hall Room
2/F Carpark 42 Conference 167 Meeting 84
hall room
3/F Covered 100 Conference 167 Meeting 84
Carpark hall room
4-8/F Office 1000
9-19/F Office 2400
20-28 Office 1800
Total no. of 226 668 1294 2400 1800
sprinkler

 The number of sprinklers in each OH places is less than 500.

 Therefore, there are 3 zones on each floor from G/F to 2/F and 1 zone on 3/F.
 The total number of sprinklers controlled by any one control valve set shall not exceed
10,000 or equivalent to 120,000m2 of maximum sprinkler protected area. (Annex D of
LPC Rules + FSD CL 03/2006). In the above table, the number of sprinklers in each
zone is less than 10,000, thus the system copes with the requirement.
1.2.4 Location of Sprinkler Tank, Pumps and Control Valves
 Sprinkler tank, sprinkler pumps and jockey pumps are assumed to be located at G/F.
 The advantages include enjoying the merits of reduced tank size from double end feed
from the government main and refiling the tank within 24 hours instead of 6 hours (if
 the tank is placed on the roof). The Control valve set including alarm valves will placed
on G/F as water alarm gong has to be position at the exit
 However, there is an inflow requirement of the town main supply for the use of reduced
tank size.
2. Brief Calculation for FS Systems
2.1 FH/HR System
2.1.1 Identification of the Part of System Served by Gravity Feed and Pump Feed by Fixed Fire
Pump
 The required minimum pressure at FH outlet = 350kPa = 35mH
 The head loss at the FH outlet is 150kPa = 15mH (by assumption)
 Minimum head required at FH outlet = 35mH + 15mH = 50mH
 Assume 2 nos. of 80mm diameter rising mains are used. By Hazen-Williams formula
𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝟓
𝐏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝟒.𝟖𝟕
𝑪 𝒅
Where C = 120, L = 1m, Q = 900L/min, d = 100mm
∴ P = 0.0046mH/m
 For ground floor G/F, static head gain = 5.5mH, head loss = 0.0046mH/m x 5.5m ->
0.025mH. Thus, total head gain = 5.5mH - 0.025mH = 5.475mH per floor
For 1/F – 2/F, static head gain = 4mH, head loss = 0.025mH/m x 4m -> 0.1mH. Thus,
total head gain = 4mH – 0.1mH = 3.9mH per floor
For typical office floors and refuge floors, static head gain = 3.5mH, head loss =
0.025mH/m x 3.5 ~ 0.0875mH. Thus, total head gain = 3.5mH – 0.0875mH = 3.4125mH
per floor
 Let y be the no. of floors counting from R/F which can be fed by gravity. With 30 floors
below R/F, there will be (30-y) floors fed by pump. Assuming the part of system to be
gravity fed is above 4/F,
50mH = 3.4125mH × y
This gives y = 14.7 (say 15 floors)
i.e. Choose 14/F to be the first floor to have gravity feed (15 floor below roof)
 From the consideration of fixed fire pump, G/F – 14/F by gravity, 15/F – 28/F by pump
feed

2.1.2 Identification of the Part of System Served by Gravity Feed and Pump Feed by FS Inlet
(FSI)
 As per section 2.1.1, minimum head requirement at each FH outlet = 50mH
 Assume horizontal piperun from FSI to the rising main is 30m and fire services inlet
connecting pipe is 100mm dia.
 By Hazen-Williams formula
𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝟓
𝐏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝟒.𝟖𝟕
𝑪 𝒅
Where C = 120, L = 30m, Q = 900L/min, d = 100mm
∴ Head loss for the 30m piperun = 1.38mH
 Head gain from the FSI by fire engine = 80mH
 Head loss from FSI = 6mH (By assumption)
  Head loss for 100mm diameter rising main = 0.0046mH/m
 Static loss = 1mH/m
 Let z be the maximum height (in meters) that can be fed by FSI without intermediate
booster pump.
50 = 80 − (1 × z + 0.0046 × z + 1.38 + 6)
z = 22.52
 Since from Static loss from G/F to 5/F is 21mH, from the consideration of FSI, G/F – 5/F
by gravity, 6/F – R/F by pump feed.
 Therefore, from the consideration of fixed fire pump feed and Fire Service Inlet, G/F –
5/F by gravity, 6/F – R/F by pump feed.

2.1.3 Main Vertical and Header Pipe Sizing

As per CoP FSI (2012),
 Diameter of vertical FH pipe (rising main) = 80mm (minimum requirement for building
types other than industrial / godown building, however, It is common to allow 100mm
diameter). In this case, 100mm is adopted for riser.
 Diameter of vertical HR pipe = 40mm (minimum requirement)
 Diameter of header pipe connecting the FS inlet = 100mm (minimum requirement for
building types other than industrial / godown building)

2.1.4 FS Tank and Upfeed Tank Sizing

 From section 1.1.2, FS tank size = 36,000L.
 Upfeed Tank acts as a break tank and has no storage capacity, thus tank size is
arbitrary, therefore, this tank is set to 3,000L)

2.1.5 Upfeed Pump Sizing

 As per Section 5.30 of CoP FSI (2012), “Means shall be provided to refill the supply
tank automatically. If the tank is situated at upper level of building and transfer pumps
in duplicate for duty and standby are required to relay water to the tank, the pumps
capacity shall be able to refill the tank to its full capacity within 6 hours.”
 With FS tank size of 36,000L, refilling the FS tank within 6 hours gives Q = 36,000L /
6hr = 100L/min
i.e. 100L/min of water is to be supplied by the government main
 Consider an upfeed pipe size = 40mm diameter
 By Hazen-Williams formula
𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝐏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝒅𝟒.𝟖𝟕
Where C = 120, L = 1m, Q = 100L/min, d = 40mm
P = 0.069mH/m
Total pipe length = 5.5m x 1 (G/F) + 4m x 2 (1/F – 2/F) + 3.5m x 26 (3/F – 28/F with
 Ref/F) + 4m x 1 (R/F) = 108.5m (vertical)
Say 110m total piperun including horizontal run.
Assume ~50% for fitting loss.
Thus total equivalent length = 110 x 1.5 = 165m
Head loss due to friction = 165m x 0.069mH/m = 11.385mH
Static head required = 108.5mH (G/F + 1 – 38/F including Ref/F + R/F)
Total pressure head required = 11.385mH + 108.5mH = 119.89mH (say 120mH)

2.1.6 Fixed Fire Pump Sizing

 From section 1.1.2, design flow rate of fixed fire pump = 900L/min
 Assume total pipe length from the FS tank (at R/F) to 38/F (one floor down below) =
30m and add 50% for fitting loss.
Total equivalent length = 30 x 1.5 = 45m
By Hazen-Williams formula
𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝐏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝒅𝟒.𝟖𝟕
Where C = 120, L = 45m, Q = 900L/min, d = 100mm
P = 2.06mH
Static head gain = 3.5mH (from the roof to 28/F, one floor down below)
With 50mH at FH outlet, total pressure head required = (2.06 – 3.5 + 50) = 48.56mH
(say 49mH)
 While the fixed fire pump is designed to deliver 900L/min at a head of 49mH, the
minimum pump flow for the fixed fire pump after pump selection will be 200L/min @
60mH.
 The backflow pipe is generally very short from the pump discharge back to the FS tank,
but it will have to experience huge pressure at 60mH. By Hazen-Williams formula
𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝐏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝒅𝟒.𝟖𝟕
Where C = 120, L = 1m, Q = 200L/min, d = 32mm
A chosen pipe size of 32mm diameter would give 0.73mH/m run. If the length of the
pipe is just 15m, the total head loss will just be 10.95mH. An extra orifice must be
installed to dissipate the around 49mH extra pressure from the pump.

2.1.7 Intermediate Booster Pump Sizing

 From section 1.1.2, design flow rate for intermediate booster pump =
1800L/min
 There are several sections of the pipe work running at different flow rate:
a) FS Inlet via pump to header pipe at 6/F = 100mm diameter pipe running at
1800L/min
b) Vertical FH pipe from 6/F to uppermost FH = 100mm diameter pipe running at
 900L/min
 For pipe work in a),
Assume pipe length = 50m (including 28m vertical pipe – G/F to 6/F H/L)
Add 50% for fitting, thus equivalent length = 50 x 1.5 = 75m
By Hazen-Williams formula
𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝐏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝒅𝟒.𝟖𝟕
Where C = 120, L = 75m, Q = 1800L/min, d = 100mm
P = 12.4mH @ 1800L/min
 For pipe work in b) (from 6/F H/L to 28/F uppermost FH),
Pipe length = 80.5m (vertical pipe only, as no particular allowance for fitting loss for
vertical rising main)
Head loss for this section = 3.69mH @ 900L/min in 100dia riser
 Static head required = 5.5+ 4 x 3 + 3.5 x 26 = 108.5mH
 Total pressure head required by the intermediate booster pump
= FS Inlet loss (assume 6mH) + pipe loss from a) + pipe loss from b) + static head
required + FH loss + pressure requirement at FH outlet – pressure from FS inlet
(assume 80mH)
= 6 + 12.4 + 3.69 + 144.1 + 15 + 35 – 80
= 136.19 mH (say 140mH)

2.1.8 Consideration of Parity Valve and Drain Pipe

 CoP FSI (2012) Section 5.14 states, “The pressure at any fire hydrant outlet shall in no
case exceed 850kPa” (85mH)
 During the operation of fixed fire pump, the maximum pressure delivered by the pump
= 60mH (from section 2.1.6)
 Static head will gradually build up along the rising main, and up to the point where
pressure at FH outlet exceeds 85mH. Parity valve and drain pipe will be required. The
allowance available at the upper floors = 85 – 60 = 25mH
At 8 floors below roof, the pressure built up = 3.5mH x 8 = 28mH > 25mH
Therefore, parity valve and drain pipe are required at 21/F FH and floors below (6/F –
21/F)
 For gravity system (G/F – 5/F),
Static pressure at 5/F FH = 87.5mH > 85mH
Thus parity valve and drain pipe are required for G/F – 5/F.
 In the result, parity valve and drain pipe are required for G/F – to 21/F.
 Assume a 50mm diameter drain pipe is used.
2.2 Automatic Sprinkler System
2.2.1 Tank Location and Sizing
 As per Section 1.2.4, the sprinkler tank is located at G/F.
 For a design with an installation of OH-4 with highest to lowest sprinkler = 13.5m (for
installation no. 1), the water tank size = 160m3 (Table 9 of LPC Rules and FSD CL
03/2006 List 2 Item 2.10)
 For a design with 1 installations of OH-2 with highest to lowest sprinkler = 17.5m (for
installation no. 5), the water tank size = 125m3 (Table 9 of LPC Rules and FSD CL
03/2006 List 2 Item 2.10)
 For a design with 3 installations of OH-1 with highest to lowest sprinkler = 38.5m (for
installation no. 5), the water tank size = 80m 3 (Table 9 of LPC Rules and FSD CL
03/2006 List 2 Item 2.10)
 i.e. consider the full tank size = 160m3

 Enjoying the merits of double end feed, minimum capacity of reduced capacity tank for
OH-1, OH-2 and OH-4 are 25m3,50m3 a and 100 m3 respectively. (in accordance to
FSD CL 3/2006)
 i.e. consider the reduced tank size = 100m3

 Inflow requirement = 160 – 100 = 60m3 in 60min = 1000L/min (To be supplied by the
town main)
 Tank refill requirement (24 hour or 75L/min whichever is the larger) = 100m 3 in 24 hr =
69L/min or 75L/min, thus 75L/min is chosen (FSD CL 03/2006 List 2 Item 2.9)
 Inflow requirement = 917L/min > tank refill requirement = 75L/min, thus if inflow
requirement can be achieved by the town main, tank refill requirement can also be
achieved.

2.2.2 System Arrangement and Sizing (Based on pre-calculated method)

Firstly, consider the system pressure and flow requirement:
Use Table 6 (Pressure and Flow requirements) at the Subsidiary Stop Valve, the flow
characteristic should be:
 OH-1: 375L/min @ 1.0bar + ps, 540L/min @ 0.7bar + ps
 OH-2: 725L/min @ 1.4bar + ps, 1000L/min @ 1.0bar + ps
 OH-4: 1800L/min @ 2.0bar + ps, 2100L/min @ 1.5bar + ps
 ps = 0mH (0 bar) assume height of subsidiary stop valve at same level as sprinkler
head

For Installation No.1 (G/F to 2/F) (OH-4)

 Highest subsidiary stop valve over G/F installation valve = 13.5m (1.35 bar)
 Friction for vertical riser (use Hazen Williams Formula) assuming 100mm pipe:
 1800L/min, 100mm dia, 13.5m length = 0.05 bar
2100L/min, 100mm dia, 13.5m length = 0.09 bar
2650 L/min (nominal flow), 100mm dia, flow velocity = 5.6m/s (acceptable)
 Thus, measurement at installation valve “C” gauge
= pressure requirement at subsidiary valve + static head + frictional loss
1800L/min @ 3.6 bar (2.0 + 1.35 + 0.22 bar)
2100L/min @ 3.2 bar (1.5 + 1.35 + 0.30 bar)

For Installation No.2 (G/F to 3/F) (OH-2)

 Highest subsidiary stop valve over G/F installation valve = 17.5m (1.75 bar)
 Friction for vertical riser (use Hazen Williams Formula) assuming 100mm pipe:
725L/min, 100mm dia, 17.5m length = 0.054 bar
1000L/min, 100mm dia, 17.5m length = 0.097 bar
2050L/min (nominal flow), 100mm dia, flow velocity = 4.18m/s (acceptable)
 Thus, measurement at installation valve “C” gauge
= pressure requirement at subsidiary valve + static head + frictional loss
725L/min @ 3.2 bar (1.4 + 1.75 + 0.054 bar)
1000L/min @ 2.9 bar (1.0 + 1.75 + 0.097 bar)

For Installation No.3 (G/F to 8/F) (OH-1)

 Highest subsidiary stop valve over G/F installation valve = 35.0m (3.5 bar)
 Friction for vertical riser (use Hazen Williams Formula) assuming 100mm pipe:
375L/min, 100mm dia, 35.0m length = 0.03 bar
540L/min, 100mm dia, 35.0m length = 0.06 bar
1360L/min (nominal flow), 100mm dia, flow velocity = 2.9m/s (acceptable)
 Thus, measurement at installation valve “C” gauge
= pressure requirement at subsidiary valve + static head + frictional loss
375L/min @ 4.5 bar (1.0 + 3.50 + 0.03 bar)
540L/min @ 4.3 bar (0.7 + 3.50 + 0.06 bar)

For Installation No.4 9/F to 19/F (OH-1)

 Highest subsidiary stop valve over G/F installation valve = 73.5m (7.35 bar)
 Friction for vertical riser (use Hazen Williams Formula) assuming 100mm pipe:
375L/min, 100mm dia, 73.5m length = 0.07 bar
540L/min, 100mm dia, 73.5m length = 0.10 bar
1360L/min (nominal flow), 100mm dia, flow velocity = 2.9m/s (acceptable)
 Thus, measurement at installation valve “C” gauge
= pressure requirement at subsidiary valve + static head + frictional loss
375L/min @ 8.4 bar (1.0 + 7.35 + 0.07 bar)
540L/min @ 8.2 bar (0.7 + 7.35 + 0.10 bar)
 For Installation No.5 (20/F to R/F) (OH-1)
 Highest subsidiary stop valve over G/F installation valve = 108.5m (10.85 bar)
 Friction for vertical riser (use Hazen Williams Formula) assuming 100mm pipe:
375L/min, 100mm dia, 108.5m length = 0.10 bar
540L/min, 100mm dia, 108.5m length = 0.19 bar
1360L/min (nominal flow), 100mm dia, flow velocity = 2.9m/s (acceptable)
 Thus, measurement at installation valve “C” gauge
= pressure requirement at subsidiary valve + static head + frictional loss
375L/min @ 12.0 bar (1.0 + 10.85 + 0.10 bar)
540L/min @ 11.7 bar (0.7 + 10.85 + 0.19 bar)

2.2.3 Pump Pressure and Flow Requirement

Sprinkler Pump
 Assume sprinkler pump and tank are at the same level as the installation valve,
therefore,
Pump output = measurement at installation valve (“C” gauge) + head loss from pump
outlet to installation valve “C” gauge
 Assume arbitrarily the hydraulic pipe run from pump to installation valve = 30m (100mm
dia. Pipe)
 From Table 23 of LPC Rules,
Gate valve = 0.81m
Check valve = 5.1m
Installation Alarm valve = 5.1m
 Total hydraulic run
= 30m (hydraulic run) + 5.1m (check valve at pump) + 0.81m (gate valve at pump) +
0.81m (gate valve upstream of installation valve) + 5.1m (installation alarm valve)
= 41.8m
Thus, head loss from pump outlet to installation valve “C” gauge
0.04 bar @ 375L/min
0.07 bar @ 540L/min
0.13 bar @ 725L/min
0.24 bar @ 1000L/min
0.69 bar @ 1800L/min
0.91 bar @ 2100L/min

Thus, the pressure at the pump outlet

 Installation No. 1 (G/F to 2/F)
1800L/min @ 4.3 bar (3.6 + 0.69 bar)
 2100L/min @ 4.1 bar (3.2 + 0.91 bar)
2650L/min @ 1.9 bar (nominal flow) (Table 16 of LPC Rules)

 Installation No. 2 (G/F to 3/F)

 725L/min @ 3.3 bar (3.2 + 0.13 bar)
 1000L/min @ 3.1 bar (2.9 + 0.24 bar)
2050L/min @ 2.0 bar (nominal flow) (Table 16 of LPC Rules)

 Installation No. 3 (G/F to 8/F)

375L/min @ 4.6 bar (4.5 + 0.04 bar)
540L/min @ 4.4 bar (4.3 + 0.07 bar)
1360L/min @ 2.7 bar (nominal flow) (Table 16 of LPC Rules)
 Installation No. 4 (9/F to 19/F)
375L/min @ 8.5 bar (8.4 + 0.04 bar)
540L/min @ 8.3 bar (8.2 + 0.07 bar)
1360L/min @ 6.55 bar (2.7 bar nominal + 3.85bar static between lowest sprinkler to
pump, 10 floors from G/F low level to 9/F high level) (Table 16 of LPC Rules + FSD CL
03/2012)

 Installation No. 5 (20/F to R/F)

375L/min @ 12.1 bar (12.0 + 0.04 bar)
540L/min @ 11.8 bar (11.7 + 0.07 bar)
1360L/min @ 10.05 bar (2.7 bar nominal + 7.35bar static between lowest sprinkler to
pump, 22 floors from G/F low level to 20/F high level) (Table 16 of LPC Rules + FSD
CL 03/2012)

Pump Pressure and Flow of Low Flow High Flow Nominal Flow
Sprinkler Pump
Installation No. 1 (G/F to 2/F) 1800 L/min @ 4.3 2100L/min @ 4.1 2650L/min @ 1.9
(OH-4) bar bar bar
Installation No. 2 (G/F to 3/F) 725L/min @ 3.3 1000L/min @ 3.1 2050L/min @ 2.0
(OH-2) bar bar bar
Installation No. 3 (G/F to 8/F) 375L/min @ 4.6 540L/min @ 84.4 1360L/min @ 2.7
(OH-1) bar bar bar
Installation No. 4 (9/F to 20/F) 375L/min @ 8.5 540L/min @ 8.3 1360L/min @
(OH-1) bar bar 6.55 bar
Installation No. 5 (20/F to R/F) 375L/min @ 12.1 540L/min @ 11.8 1360L/min @
(OH-1) bar bar 10.05 bar

 As the flow rate (L/min) requirements are the same for Installation No. 3, 4 and 5, it is
 possible to choose a multi-stage multi-outlet pump to serve the installations.

Jockey Pump
 The head of the jockey pump (Clause E.2.3 of Annex E of LPC Rules) = 1.25 x static
height of the highest sprinkler above the installation valve
Installation No. Pump Pressure of Jockey Pump
1 1.25 x 13.5mH (G/F to 2/F)
= 1.9 bar
2 1.25 x 17.5mH (G/F to 3/F)
= 5.9 bar
3 1.25 x 35.0mH (G/F to 8/F)
= 10.0 bar
4 1.25 x 77.0mH (G/F to 20/F)
= 14.5 bar
5 1.25 x 108.5mH (G/F to R/F)
= 18.6 bar
 The flow rate = flow of one sprinkler = 60L/min (maximum) to prevent jockey pump
operation from interfering with duty pump operation.
 Separate jockey pumps are required to serve the 5 installations.

Intermediate Booster Pump

 Installation No. 1 (G/F to 2/F) has its highest sprinklers at 13.5m above ground which is
less than 60m, thus, no intermediate booster pump is required.
 Installation No. 2 (G/F to 3/F) has its highest sprinklers at 17.5m above ground which is
less than 60m, thus, no intermediate booster pump is required.
 Installation No. 3 (G/F to 8/F) has its highest sprinklers at 35.0m above ground which is
less than 60m, thus, no intermediate booster pump is required.
 Installation No. 4 (9/F to 20/F) has its highest sprinklers at 77m above ground which is
greater than 60m, thus, intermediate booster pump is required.
 Installation No. 5 (20/F to R/F) has its highest sprinklers at 108.5m above ground which
is greater than 60m, thus, intermediate booster pump is required.
 Since the sprinkler pumps are already at G/F, thus the sprinkler pumps can serve both
purposes with the sprinkler inlet at the upstream side of the pump.
 i.e. No extra intermediate booster pump will therefore be installed for installation no. 4
and 5.

2.2.4 Sprinkler Inlet

 Sprinkler inlets are required for every installation between the sprinkler pump discharge
and installation valve.
 If an intermediate booster pump is required, then the sprinkler inlet shall be connected
to the suction of the intermediate booster pump to help deliver the water with sufficient
pressure to the installation valve.
APPENDIX A
FH/HR System Schematics
APPENDIX B
Automatic Sprinkler System
Schematics