CHAPTER FOUR

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

What Is an Internet of Things (Iot)?

Let's us look closely at our mobile device which contains GPS Tracking, Mobile Gyroscope,
Adaptive brightness, Voice detection, Face detection etc. These components have their own
individual features, but what about if these all communicate with each other to provide a better
environment? For example, the phone brightness is adjusted based on my GPS location or my
direction. Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and sensors to
internet enabling to collect and exchange data without human interaction called as the Internet of
Things (IoT). The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything and everything in
day to day life which is accessed or connected through the internet.

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial intelligence,
sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete systems for the product
or services. The system created by IoT has greater transparency, control, and performance.

As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we connect all the
things around us. For example, a house, where we can connect our home appliances such as air
conditioner, light, etc. through each other and all these things are managed at the same platform.
Since we have a platform, we can connect our car, track its fuel meter, speed level, and also track
the location of the car.
If there is a common platform where all these things can connect to each other would be great
because based on my preference, I can set the room temperature. For example, if I love the room
temperature to to be set at 25 or 26-degree Celsius when I reach back home from my office, then
according to my car location, my AC would start before 10 minutes I arrive at home. This can be
done through the Internet of Things (IoT).

How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However, the key
concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts with the device
themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely
communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple
devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to devices.

Features of IOT

The most important features of IoT on which it works are connectivity, analyzing, integrating,
active engagement, and many more. Some of them are listed below:
Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of IoT
to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high speed
messaging between the devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi-directional
communication.

Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data
collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a good insight into
data gathered from all these things, then we call our system has a smart system.

Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.

Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. For
example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then the coffee machine
itself order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer.

Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in the
environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings passive networks to active
networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or true IoT environment.

Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active

engagement between each other.

Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT system
otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system. For example, if a coffee machine itself
order the coffee beans when it goes to end but what happens when it orders the beans from a
retailer and we are not present at home for a few days, it leads to the failure of the IoT system.
So, there must be a need for endpoint management.

Advantages and Disadvantages of (IoT)

Any technology available today has not reached to its 100 % capability. It always has a gap to
go. So, we can say that Internet of Things has a significant technology in a world that can help
other technologies to reach its accurate and complete 100 % capability as well.

Let's take a look over the major, advantages, and disadvantages of the Internet of Things.

Advantages of IoT

Internet of things facilitates the several advantages in day-to-day life in the business sector.
Some of its benefits are given below:

o Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that how each
device work we definitely increase the efficient resource utilization as well as monitor
natural resources.
 o Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with each
other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.
o Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the
primary factor which can save through IoT platform.
o Enhance Data Collection:
o Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then
we can make the system more secure and efficient.

Disadvantages of IoT

As the Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a significant set of challenges.
Some of the IoT challenges are given below:

o Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over networks. The
system offers little control despite any security measures, and it can be lead the various
kinds of network attacks.
o Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system provides
substantial personal data in maximum detail.
o Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large
technology to IoT system is quite complicated.

Challenges of IoT

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of advantages, it also presents a significant set of
challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues:

Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over

networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users
exposed to various kinds of attackers.

Privacy −The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without
the user's active participation.

Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling
technologies.

Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with
another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locking systems.
Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with
regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when
many consider standard software compliance a battle

How does it work?

IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge
device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these
devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one
another.

The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with
the devices. For instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices
largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed

Architecture of IoT

In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists of hardware,
software, network connectivity, and sensors.

the architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components

Sensing
Network
data processing
application layers

Sensing Layer

The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral
and obtain data from the real world.

This layer consists of several sensors. Using multiple sensors for applications is one of the
primary features of IoT devices

Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs. A sensor hub is a common
connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing
unit of a device.
Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad categories as described below

Motion Sensors:-Motion sensors measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of the
devices.There are two types of motions one can observe in a device:

Linear:-The linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an IoT device

angular motions:- the angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the device.

Environmental Sensors:-Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are embedded in
IoT devices to sense the change in environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.

The primary purpose of using environmental sensors in IoT devices is to help the devices to take
autonomous decisions according to the changes of a device’s peripheral

Position sensors: -Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the physical position and location of
the device. The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are magnetic sensors and
Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors. Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass
and help to fix the orientation of the device display. On the other hand, GPS is used for
navigation purposes in IoT devices.

Network Layer :-The network layer acts as a communication channel to transfer data,
collected in the sensing layer, to other connected devices. In IoT devices, the network layer is
implemented by using diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow between other devices within the same
network.

Data Processing Layer :- The data processing layer consists of the main data processing unit of
IoT devices. The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the
data to make decisions based on the result. In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home
hub, etc.), the data processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to improve the
user experience.
Application Layer - The application layer implements and presents the results of the data
processing layer to accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices. The application layer is a
user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.

IoT Tools and Platforms

There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace, offering remarkably similar
capabilities and methods of deployment. These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet
of Things and cloud technology. They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home
automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a few.

IoT Platform Key features

Manage an unlimited number of connected
devices
KAA Set up cross-device interoperability
Perform real-time device monitoring
Perform remote device provisioning and
configuration

SiteWhere Integrates with third-party integration

frameworks such as Mule any point
Default database storage is MongoDB
Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging
InfluxDB for event data storage
Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data

ThingSpeak MATLAB analytics and visualizations

Alerts
Event scheduling
App integrations
Worldwide community

Applications of IoT

The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so many businesses, organizations,
and government branches, that it doesn’t make sense to ignore it. Here’s a sample of various
industries, and how IoT can be best applied.

Agriculture:- For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management of microclimate
conditions a reality, which in turn increases production. For outside planting, devices using IoT
technology can sense soil moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data, better control
smart irrigation and fertilizer systems

Consumer Use:- These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and
fitness. Smart homes take care of things like activating environmental controls so that your house
is at peak comfort when you come home.

Healthcare:- First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients’ health
at home, thereby reducing hospital stays while still providing up to the minute realtime
information that could save lives.

Insurance:- Even the insurance industry can benefit from the IoT revolution. Insurance
companies can offer their policyholders discounts for IoT wearables such as Fitbit.

Manufacturing:- The world of manufacturing and industrial automation is another big winner in
the IoT sweepstakes.

IoT Based Smart Home

Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and monitor different home
devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no physical distance limitations.
With the ongoing development of mass-deployed broadband internet connectivity and wireless
technology, the concept of a Smart Home has become a reality where all devices are integrated
and interconnected via the wireless network. These “smart” devices have the potential to share
79 information with each other given the permanent availability to access the broadband internet
connection.

Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and
save energy.

Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure, wind
speed and rain levels with the ability to transmit data over long distances.

Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food that’s
about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a
smartphone app..

Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their daily life
at home.

Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to prevent
intruders.

Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on
how to save cost and resources, & many more.
IoT Based Smart City

In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and autonomous vehicles will provide
an intelligent platform to deliver innovations in energy management, traffic management, and
security, sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society

Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and
historical monuments.

Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.

Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public announcement systems.

Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages and diversions
according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.

Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available in the city making residents able
to identify and reserve the closest available spaces,

Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection
routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when
garbage has been put out.

IoT Based Smart Farming

Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and
vegetables and its quality.

Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent
fungus and other microbial contaminants.

Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in open pastures or

location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful
gases from excrements.

Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its
survival and health.

Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, accurate ongoing
data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing,
electricity and watering.
Chapter 5: Augmented Reality (AR)

 What do you think about augmented reality?

 What are the common features of augmented reality?
 Describe AR, VR and MR
 Compare and contrast AR, VR and MR.
 What are the three blocks/components of the AR system architecture?
 Describe the functions of the Infrastructure Tracking Unit, the Processing Unit, and the Visual
Unit?
 What is the difference between Video-see through and Optical-see through visualization
technologies?
 Briefly discussed applications of an AR system in assistance?

All of this your going to Define Briefly and explain

Maximum of 8 page

Individual Assignment

Your are going to Summate this assignment By Email

My gmail.com abdikaderkr@gmail.com

To all section they must summate the assignment within February 3