Unit -2: Machine to Machine Communication

2.1 Introduction to IoT

Book website: http://www.internet-of-things-book.com Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 Introduction

• IoT consists things that have unique identifiers and are connected to internet(e.g networked
computers,4G enabled mobile phones)
• The focus of IoT is to configure, control and connect devices to internet that are not already
associated with internet such as home appliances, utility meters, irrigation pumps, control circuits of
electric car engine ,etc
• The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things (devices ,appliances, machines) to internet
but IoT allows these things to communicate and exchange data with each other.
• Data-The raw data is obtained from IoT devices

• Information-Information is obtained from data by filtering, processing and categorizing data

• Knowledge-Knowledge is obtained from information by organizing and structuring information

 Definition of IoT

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical

and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers
(UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human
or human-to-computer interaction.
• In simple term IoT means connecting all kind of physical objects to internet especially ones that
you might not except such as refrigerators, tube lights , air conditioners, medical devices, irrigation
pumps and so on.
• The term “Things” in IoT refers to anything or everything in day to day life which is accessed or
connected through the internet
 Characteristics of IoT

• Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have capability to dynamically adapt with changing context
and take actions based on their operating conditions or sensed environment.

• Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self configuring capability, allowing large no. of devices to work together to provide
certain functionality(such as weather monitoring).

• Interoperable Communication Protocols: oT devices may support number of Interoperable Communication

Protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.

• Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identifier such as IP address, that allows user to query
devices, monitor their status and control them remotely.

• Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are integrated into information network that allows them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices and system
• Enormous Scale:
 Features of IoT

• Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of IoT to IoT
platform it may be server or cloud.
• Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data collected and
use them to build effective business intelligence.
• Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.
• Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data.
• Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in the environment
and report on their status.
• Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active engagement
between each other.
• Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT system otherwise; it
makes the complete failure of the system
 Advantages of IoT

• Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that how each device work we
definitely increase the efficient resource utilization as well as monitor natural resources.
• Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with each other and do lot of task for
us, then they minimize the human effort.
• Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the primary factor which can
save through IoT platform.
• Reduced Waste: IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT
provides real-world information leading to more effective management of resources.
• Enhanced Data Collection: Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for passive use.
IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it
 Disadvantages of IoT

• Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over networks. The system offers little
control despite any security measures, and it can be lead the various kinds of network attacks.
• Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system provides substantial personal data in
maximum detail.
• Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large technology to IoT system is
quite complicated.
• Less Flexibility: Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another.
IoT Applications
 Home Automation

• Smart lighting: it helps in saving energy by switching ON/OFF lights when needed
-internet connected lights cab be controlled remotely from IoT applications such as mobile or
web application

• Smart appliances: home appliances such as TV, refrigerator, music system, washing
machine can be controlled remotely by IoT applications.
• -smart refrigerator keep track of items stored (RFID tags) and sends update to user when item
is low on stock
• -smart TV allows users to search and stream videos and movies from internet

• Intrusion detection: Home Intrusion detection systems uses security cameras and door
sensors to detect intrusion and send alerts(SMS or email) to users or send image or short
video clip of intruder .
 Home Automation

Smoke/gas detectors : Smoke detectors installed in home &buildings detects

smoke(i.e early sign of fire) in a air and send SMS or email to users or local fire
safety department.
-Gas detector can detect presence of harmful gases in air such as carbon monoxide
, nitrogen monoxide , nitrogen dioxide using gas sensor and send SMS or email to
users
 Cities

Smart parking : In Smart parking sensors are used for each parking slot to detect
whether parking slot is empty or occupied and send this information over smart
parking application to car drivers.

Smart lighting: for roads , parks and buildings can help in saving energy

Smart Roads : In smart roads sensors can collect traffic information and send alert
in case of traffic congestion or accidents .
-such information helps reducing traffic jams.
 Environment

Weather monitoring : Weather monitoring system collect data from no. of sensors such as
temperature, humidity and send data to cloud based application
-data collected in cloud can be analyzed and alert send to subscribed users

Air pollution monitoring : system can monitor and collect harmful gases in air such as carbon
monoxide , nitrogen monoxide , nitrogen dioxide using gaseous sensor
-collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollution control approaches.

Forest fire detection : Forest fire can causes damage to natural resource and human life .
early detection of fire can help in minimizing damage

River flood detection: River flood can causes damage to natural resource and human life .
-IoT based river flood monitoring system uses no. of sensors that monitor water level and flow
rate of water and gives early warning of flood.
 Agriculture

Smart Irrigation: IoT based Smart irrigation system uses soil moisture
sensors to determine amount of moisture(water contents) in soil and if soil
moisture level is low then sends alert to irrigation pump to turn ON and gives
water to plants
-also Smart irrigation system helps in saving water
 Physical Design of IoT
• Things in IOT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can perform
remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• The "Things" in IoT can be any object that has unique identifier and which can send or
receive data over network (for example such as smart phone, smart TV,computer,printer,
surveillance camera,refrigerator,etc.)
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly),or
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing the
data or
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based
constraints.
 Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for

connections to other devices, both wired and
wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.
Fig.Generic block diagram of an IoTDevice

• An IoT devices can collect various types of data from attached sensors such as temperature,
humidity, light intensity and sensed data can be communicated either to other devices or cloud
based server/storage.
• For e.g soil moisture sensor sense(detect) water content in soli and when processed to determine
watering schedule
Examples of IoT devices
 IoT Protocols
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-
WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
 IoT Protocols

• Link Layer :it determines how data is physically send over networks physical layer or medium
• 802.3-Ethernet:
-IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired standards for link layer,
-It provides data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 Gb/s

for e.g. 802.3 is a standard for 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable
802.3.i is a standard for 10BASE-T Ethernet that uses twisted pair cable
802.3.j is a standard for 10BASE-F Ethernet that uses fiber optic cable
802.3.ae is a standard for 10 Gbit/s Ethernet that uses fiber optic cable

• 802.11-WiFi:
- IEEE 802.11 is a collection of WLAN standards, it provides data rates from 1 Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s

for e.g 802.11a and 802.11ac operates in the 5 GHz bands,

802.11b and 802.11g operates in the 2.4 GHz bands,
802.11ad operates in the 60 GHz bands,
 IoT Protocols

• Link Layer :it determines how data is physically send over networks physical layer or medium
• 802.16 WiMax:
-IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards,
-It provides data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s

• 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: :
-IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless personal area networks,
-It provides data rates from 40 Kb/s to 250 Kb/s
- These standards provides low cost and low speed communication for power constrained devices

• 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication:
-There are different generations of mobile communication standards,
-2G(including GSM and CDMA),
-3G(including UMTS and CDMA2000),
-4G(including LTE)
-IoT devices based on these standard can communicate over cellular networks
 IoT Protocols
• Network/Internet Layer:
• It is responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination network
• This layer also performs the packet routing and host addressing(using IP addressing schemes such as IPv4 or
IPv6

• IPv4: it is used to identify device on network using 32 bit addresses

• IPv6: it is used to identify device on network using 128 bit addresses
• 6LoWPAN: 6LoWPAN(IPv6 over Low power WPAN) used to identify low power devices have limited
processing capability

• Transport Layer:
• It is responsible for error free, end to end delivery of data from source host to destination host.
• transport layer provides functions such as segmentation, error control, flow control and congestion control

• TCP: TCP is a connection oriented, reliable and stateful transport layer protocol used by web browsers
(HTTP,HTTPS),email programs(SMTP) and file transfer(FTP)
• UDP: UDP is a connectionless, unreliable and stateless transport layer protocol useful for time sensitive
applications that have small data units to exchange(DNS,DHCP)
 IoT Protocols

Application Layer: It consists protocols that focus on process to process connections using ports
(e.g port 80 for HTTP, port 22 for SSH)
• HTTP:It is used to transfer and access files and other data on web , HTTP uses request-response model,
HTTP uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify web resources

• CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol(CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol used by constrained
devices and constrained networks in the IoT.
• it allows constrained devices to join the IoT even through constrained networks with low bandwidth and low
availability .
• CoAP uses request-response model, however it runs on top of UDP instead of TCP

• Web Socket: It allows full duplex communication over single socket connection for sending messages
between client and server. WebSocket is based on TCP.

• MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport(MQTT) is light weight messaging protocol based on publish
subscribe model ,where publishers generates data and subscribers consumes data.
 IoT Protocols

• XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence protocol(XMPP) is a protocol for real time communication
between IoT devices and streaming XML data between network entities

• DSS: Data Distribution Services( DDS) is a data centric middleware standard for device to device and
machine to machine communication,
• DDS uses a publish subscribe model

• AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocol(AMQP) is an open application layer protocol for business
messaging .
• AMQP supports both point to point and publish subscribe models
,
 Logical Design of IoT

• Logical design of an IoT system refers to an

abstract representation of the entities and
processes without going into the low-level
specifics of the implementation.
• An IoT system comprises of a number of
functional blocks that provide the system
the capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication and
management.
 IoT Communication Models:

1.Request-Response communication model

2.Publish-Subscribe communication model
3. Push-Pull communication model
4. Exclusive Pair communication model
 Request-Response communication model

• Request-Response is a communication
model in which the client sends
requests to the server and the server
responds to the requests.
• When the server receives a request, it
decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource
representations ,prepares the response,
and then sends the response to the
client.
 Publish-Subscribe communication model

• Publish-Subscribe is a communication model

that involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send
the data to the topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware of the
consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are
managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from
the publisher, it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.
 Push-Pull communication model

• Push-Pull is a communication model

in which the data producers push the
data to queues and the consumers
pull the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be aware of
the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the producers and
consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps
in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers
push data and the rate rate at which the
consumers pull data.
 Exclusive Pair communication model

• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully

duplex communication model that
uses a persistent connection between
the client and server.
• Once the connection is setup it
remains open until the client sends a
request to close the connection.
• Client and server can send messages to
each other after connection setup.
 REST-based Communication APIs

• Representational State Transfer (REST) is

a set of architectural principles by
which you can design web services and
web APIs.
• REST APIs follow the request-
response communication model.
• The REST architectural constraints
apply to the components, connectors,
and data elements, within a distributed
hypermedia system.
 Web Socket-based Communication APIs

• Web Socket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex
communication between clients and
servers.
• Web Socket APIs follow the exclusive
pair communication model
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How IoT Works?

ENVIRONMENT SENSOR EMBEDDED HARDWARE
Surroundings or conditions in which a A device whose purpose is to detect It uses a Microcontroller/Microprocessor to
person, animal, or plant lives or events or changes in its environment perform a single Job. Contains few or all the
operates. and send the information to other peripherals inside the module, i.e. SOC (System
electronic device On Chip).

Properties:
• Sense.
• Send/Receive. ACTUATORS
• Analyze. Receives a control signal and performs
• Control action. Responsible for moving and
controlling a system.

PEOPLE
INTERNET
Sensors:
Sensor detects input information from physical environment(Input can be light, heat,
moisture,motion,pressure ,etc.) and transmit this information to IoT system through network.

Temperature sensor :
• it measure temperature of air, liquid or gas.
• It can be used in refrigerators ,air conditioners, computers, aircraft,
greenhouses ,etc.

Humidity sensor :
• it detect level of water vapors in air.
• It can be used in wide range of industries including agriculture,
manufacturing, data centers, air conditioning ,etc.

Motion sensor :
• it detect movement of near by objects or people.
• It can be used in automatic door controls, automatic parking systems,
automated sinks, automated toilet flushers, hand dryers,
 Sensors:

Gas/Smoke sensor :
• it detects harmful gases in air.
• It can be used in chemical factories to identify gas leaks.
• It can detect smoke and carbon monoxide in homes
• It can be used in fire alarm system, monitoring indoor air quality ,etc

Pressure sensor :
• it detect pressure of liquids or gases.
• It can be used in machinery , aircrafts, automobiles.
• In vehicle, tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is used to alert the driver
when tyre pressure is too low and could create unsafe driving conditions.
Image sensor :
• it convers light received on camera lens into digital images.
• It can be used in digital cameras, biometric systems , medical imaging
systems, night-vision equipment, thermal imaging devices, radars, etc
 Sensors:

Accelerometer sensor :
• it measures objects acceleration , making its possible to measure tilt,
vibration and motion,etc
• These sensors are used in vehicles, aircrafts, smartphones to detect
orientation of an object, shake, tap, tilt, motion, positioning or vibration
IR sensor :
• It detects infrared radiations in its surrounding environment.
• Its used in various IoT projects including healthcare to monitor blood
pressure, smartphones to use as remote control and wearable devices to detect
amount of light.

Proximity sensors:
• It detects the presence or absence of a nearby object .
• They are used in elevators ,parking lots.
 Actuators:
Actuator is a device that converts input energy into motion(physical movement).
-input energy it may be electrical, hydraulic fluid or compressed air and motion it may be linear or rotary
Actuator is a device that allows something to move or operate

Linear Actuator : Actuator that create motion in a straight line

• Linear actuator can move forward or backward on a set linear plane.
• In shopping mall door open automatically with linear actuator.
• Linear actuators used in applications such as robotics , medical equipment , industrial automation,
in computer peripherals such as hard disk, printer, etc.

Rotary Actuator : Actuator can move something in circular motion.

• Rotary actuators used in applications such as valves, turbines and pumps.

DC Motor : It convert electrical energy into rotary mechanical energy.

• It allows rotor to continuously rotate(move) in one direction.
• It is used in applications such as fan, pump, compressor, wheel, etc.
 Actuators

Stepper Motor : It convert electrical energy into mechanical movement .

• It allows rotor to move in forward or reverse direction, rotates in steps and holds position.
• It allow very precise movement.
• It is used in applications such as 3D printer, CNC machine ,etc.

Servo Motor : It is used to rotate or push parts of machine with great precision.
• servo motor is used to rotate object at some specific angle or distance.
• It is used in applications such as automatic packaging machine, toy cars,
robotics, automobiles, etc.

Relay : It is electrically operated switch.

• It can be turned ON/OFF using application.
• It is used in applications such as heaters, lamps, AC circuits etc.
 Actuators:

Solenoid Actuator : It is a specially designed electromagnet.

• Solenoid actuators are simple ON/OFF actuators used in applications such as latching,
locking, automatic car doors locks, etc.